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Article: The efficacy of the prime-boost regimen for heterologous infectious bronchitis vaccines mandates the administration of homologous vaccines

Al-Kubati, Anwar A. G. / Hemida, Maged Gomaa / Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I. A.

Virusdisease. 2022 Sept., v. 33, no. 3

2022

Abstract: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been frequently reported in chickens worldwide, including in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia (ERS). Several IBV outbreaks were recently reported in chickens despite the massive use of various vaccines. Based on ... ...

Abstract	Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been frequently reported in chickens worldwide, including in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia (ERS). Several IBV outbreaks were recently reported in chickens despite the massive use of various vaccines. Based on partial sequencing of the S1 gene, at least three genotypes were reported (CK/CH/LDL/97I, IS/720/99, and IS/Variant2/98) in the ERS with no available homologous vaccines. Herein, we tried to evaluate the protection provided by some selected commercial-available vaccines against these three genotypes. We divided the experimental chickens into eight groups. Representative isolates from these genotypes were inoculated into three groups of broiler chickens vaccinated with the H-120 vaccine at the age of 1 day and boosted with the 4/91 vaccine at the age of 14 days (challenged groups). One group of chickens had received the same protocol of IBV vaccines but was kept without infection to serve as a vaccine control group. The three isolates were inoculated into three other similar but unvaccinated groups of broiler chickens (infected groups). Group eight chickens were neither vaccinated nor infected and used as a negative control group. Evaluation of the protection induced by the tested vaccination schedule was assessed by several criteria, including the ability to reduce the severe clinical signs caused by IBV infection, changes in the body temperature of various groups of chickens, the reduction in the magnitude of IBV-induced lesions, and the reduction in the viral loads in tracheas of a different group of chicken. Monitoring the immune status of chickens was also recorded based on the hemagglutination inhibition antibodies in sera of various groups of chickens. Our results show clinical and tracheal protection against IBV/IS/Variant2/98-like and IBV/IS/720/99-like strains. Moderate protection was observed in the IBV/CK/CH/LDL/97I-like pressure. The kidneys of the challenged groups of chickens showed minimal or no gross lesions compared with the infected groups, even in those chickens challenged with the IBV/CK/CH/LDL/97I-like strain. In conclusion, this is the first study to perform the protectotyping of some IBV strains from Saudi Arabia. It demonstrated the proficiency of the investigated vaccination schedule in control of infection of broiler chickens with IBV/IS/Variant2/98 and IBV/IS/720/99 strains. It is highly recommended to introduce the homologous IBV/CK/CH/LDL/97I-based vaccine to the vaccination protocols of chickens in the ERS to match the circulating strains and ensure better protection.
Keywords	Infectious bronchitis virus ; body temperature ; chickens ; genes ; hemagglutination ; infectious bronchitis ; vaccination ; vaccines ; Saudi Arabia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-09
Size	p. 291-302.
Publishing place	Springer India
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2846993-8
ISSN	2347-3517 ; 2347-3584
ISSN (online)	2347-3517
ISSN	2347-3584
DOI	10.1007/s13337-022-00780-0
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Cocirculation of Four Infectious Bronchitis Virus Lineages in Broiler Chickens in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia from 2012 to 2014.

Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A / Al-Kubati, Anwar A G

Veterinary medicine international

2020 Volume 2020, Page(s) 6037893

Abstract: Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an evolving and dynamic virus that causes major economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. Continuous evolution and emergence of new variants of this virus are the major challenges for controlling the ... ...

Abstract	Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an evolving and dynamic virus that causes major economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. Continuous evolution and emergence of new variants of this virus are the major challenges for controlling the disease with routine vaccination. Successful vaccination usually requires the use of a homologous vaccine, which in turn necessitates continuous investigation of the circulating strains. Herein, we performed a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction- (RT-PCR-) based investigation in broiler chicken flocks of the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. IBV was detected in 36.5% of the tested flocks (42 out of 115) from January 2012 to March 2014. Direct sequencing of hypervariable region-3 (HVR-3) of the Spike (S)-1 gene was performed, followed by phylogenetic analysis to determine the circulating IBV genotypes. Four lineages appear to coexist in this region, including the GI-13 or 4/91 IBV (31%), GI-16 or CK/CH/LDL/97I IBV (28.6%), GI-1 or Mass IBV (19%), and GI-23 or Middle East IBV (21.4%). The latter lineage include two subgroups: IS/720/99 IBV (16.7%) and IS/Variant2/98 IBV (4.7%). Some of the detections made in the 4/91 and Mass lineages are expected to belong to the vaccine strains. Lineages without a homologous vaccine in use (CK/CH/LDL/97I and Middle East) represent 50% of the isolates recovered in this study. Based on identity with the vaccine sequences, field observations, and frequent detection, these two lineages appear to be out of coverage of the IBV vaccines used in Saudi Arabia. This is the first time to identify Middle East lineage (IS/720/99 IBV and IS/Variant2/98 IBV) in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2536385-2
ISSN	2042-0048 ; 2090-8113
ISSN (online)	2042-0048
ISSN	2090-8113
DOI	10.1155/2020/6037893
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: The efficacy of the prime-boost regimen for heterologous infectious bronchitis vaccines mandates the administration of homologous vaccines.

Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Hemida, Maged Gomaa / Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A

Virusdisease

2022 Volume 33, Issue 3, Page(s) 291–302

Abstract	Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been frequently reported in chickens worldwide, including in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia (ERS). Several IBV outbreaks were recently reported in chickens despite the massive use of various vaccines. Based on partial sequencing of the S1 gene, at least three genotypes were reported (CK/CH/LDL/97I, IS/720/99, and IS/Variant2/98) in the ERS with no available homologous vaccines. Herein, we tried to evaluate the protection provided by some selected commercial-available vaccines against these three genotypes. We divided the experimental chickens into eight groups. Representative isolates from these genotypes were inoculated into three groups of broiler chickens vaccinated with the H-120 vaccine at the age of 1 day and boosted with the 4/91 vaccine at the age of 14 days (challenged groups). One group of chickens had received the same protocol of IBV vaccines but was kept without infection to serve as a vaccine control group. The three isolates were inoculated into three other similar but unvaccinated groups of broiler chickens (infected groups). Group eight chickens were neither vaccinated nor infected and used as a negative control group. Evaluation of the protection induced by the tested vaccination schedule was assessed by several criteria, including the ability to reduce the severe clinical signs caused by IBV infection, changes in the body temperature of various groups of chickens, the reduction in the magnitude of IBV-induced lesions, and the reduction in the viral loads in tracheas of a different group of chicken. Monitoring the immune status of chickens was also recorded based on the hemagglutination inhibition antibodies in sera of various groups of chickens. Our results show clinical and tracheal protection against IBV/IS/Variant2/98-like and IBV/IS/720/99-like strains. Moderate protection was observed in the IBV/CK/CH/LDL/97I-like pressure. The kidneys of the challenged groups of chickens showed minimal or no gross lesions compared with the infected groups, even in those chickens challenged with the IBV/CK/CH/LDL/97I-like strain. In conclusion, this is the first study to perform the protectotyping of some IBV strains from Saudi Arabia. It demonstrated the proficiency of the investigated vaccination schedule in control of infection of broiler chickens with IBV/IS/Variant2/98 and IBV/IS/720/99 strains. It is highly recommended to introduce the homologous IBV/CK/CH/LDL/97I-based vaccine to the vaccination protocols of chickens in the ERS to match the circulating strains and ensure better protection.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-29
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2846993-8
ISSN	2347-3517 ; 2347-3584
ISSN (online)	2347-3517
ISSN	2347-3584
DOI	10.1007/s13337-022-00780-0
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Evidence of the circulation of avian metapneumovirus in domestic backyard chickens in Eastern Saudi Arabia in 2019.

Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A / Hussen, Jamal / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Falemban, Baraa / Hemida, Maged Gomaa

Veterinary world

2023 Volume 16, Issue 6, Page(s) 1246–1251

Abstract: Background and aim: Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is a recently discovered respiratory virus in chickens. Avian metapneumovirus has been linked to respiratory syndromes, reproductive failure in affected chickens and turkeys, swollen head syndrome in ... ...

Abstract	Background and aim: Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is a recently discovered respiratory virus in chickens. Avian metapneumovirus has been linked to respiratory syndromes, reproductive failure in affected chickens and turkeys, swollen head syndrome in chickens, and rhinotracheitis in turkeys. Wild birds are considered potential reservoirs of aMPV, particularly aMPV-C. However, little is known about the prevalence of aMPV in Saudi Arabia. Considering the relevance of backyard chickens in the transmission and sustainability of certain avian viral diseases, this study aimed to assess aMPV exposure in backyard chickens and wild birds circulating near selected locations. Materials and methods: We collected 368 serum samples from unvaccinated backyard chickens in ten locations in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, we collected 78 serum samples from species of free-ranging birds belonging to the Columbidae family, such as pigeons and doves, captured from the same areas. Using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, we tested the sera of domestic backyard chickens and wild birds for antibodies against aMPV. Results: Our results showed that 74/368 birds were positive for aMPV-related antibodies. Conversely, none of the tested wild birds seroconverted to aMPV. Conclusion: The antibody titers detected in the backyard chickens suggested recent exposure to aMPV. Considering these results, further large-scale serological and molecular studies are needed to evaluate the prevalence of aMPV in these birds and characterize the circulating strains of aMPV in this region.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-08
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2456277-4
ISSN	2231-0916 ; 0972-8988
ISSN (online)	2231-0916
ISSN	0972-8988
DOI	10.14202/vetworld.2023.1246-1251
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Article: Avian encephalomyelitis virus in backyard chickens.

Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A / Hussen, Jamal / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Falemban, Baraa / Hemida, Maged Gomaa

Veterinary world

2023 Volume 16, Issue 9, Page(s) 1866–1870

Abstract: Background and aim: Avian viral diseases usually cause high economic losses because of high morbidity and mortality and poor growth. The rearing of chickens in backyards could have an important role in the spread of certain diseases, particularly those ... ...

Abstract	Background and aim: Avian viral diseases usually cause high economic losses because of high morbidity and mortality and poor growth. The rearing of chickens in backyards could have an important role in the spread of certain diseases, particularly those of viral origin. Infected birds might be prone to many viral infections for several reasons, including a lack of vaccination programs, the mixing of different bird species in the same location, and the close interactions of these birds with wild and migratory birds carrying various pathogens. This study aimed to conduct serological surveillance of avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) in some backyard chickens in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods: Serum samples (n = 368) were collected from domestic chickens reared in 10 backyards in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. None of the domestic birds in these 10 backyards were vaccinated against the virus. In addition, 78 serum samples were collected from free-ranging birds belonging to Columbidae, such as pigeons and doves, in common areas near the domestic backyards. We tested these sera for specific antibodies against AEV. Results: Our results revealed seroconversion to AEV among the examined chickens (14.6%). None of the tested pigeons and doves displayed seroconversion to AEV. Conclusion: Seroconversion of these non-vaccinated birds against AEV was suggestive of a recent natural infection by this virus. Further studies with a large number of birds are required to molecularly characterize the circulating strains of this virus in this area.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-17
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2456277-4
ISSN	2231-0916 ; 0972-8988
ISSN (online)	2231-0916
ISSN	0972-8988
DOI	10.14202/vetworld.2023.1866-1870
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Article: A longitudinal study of bovine viral diarrhea virus in a semi-closed management dairy cattle herd, 2020-2022.

Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A / Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Skeikh, Abdullah / Hussen, Jamal / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Flemban, Baraa / Hemida, Maged Gomaa

Frontiers in veterinary science

2023 Volume 10, Page(s) 1221883

Abstract: Introduction: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) brings great economic loss to the cattle industry worldwide. Developing a control/prevention strategy requires the prior assessment of certain epidemiological parameters. To determine the BVD incidence ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) brings great economic loss to the cattle industry worldwide. Developing a control/prevention strategy requires the prior assessment of certain epidemiological parameters. To determine the BVD incidence rate and associated risk factors, a dairy cattle herd in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia was monitored between 2020 and 2022. Methods: Nasal swabs ( Results and discussion: Our data show BVDV seroprevalence (18.8%, 15%, and 8.2%) in the tested animals in 2020-2022, respectively. None of the collected nasal swabs, rectal swabs, or sera tested positive for the BVDV antigen, whereas 10.1%, 10%, and 18.1% of the tested sera were positive for BVDV nucleic acid in 2020-2022, respectively. The incidence rate was estimated at 0.02446 new cases/year despite the detection of BVDV in seronegative animals on single or two occasions at ≥6-month intervals. Young calves and bulls remained apparently unexposed to BVDV despite their presence with BVDV-infected females, with no significant physical separation. Both seropositivity and nucleic acid detectability showed significant positive and negative correlations, respectively, with reproductive performance. Collectively, the present study provides useful clues about the transmissibility of BVDV in the presence of possibly persistently infected animals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study of BVDV in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Further detailed characterization of the circulating BVDVs is encouraged.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2023.1221883
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Article: Immunoinformatic prediction of the pathogenicity of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotypes: implications for viral virulence determinants, designing novel diagnostic assays and vaccines development.

Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Hussen, Jamal / Hemida, Maged Gomaa / Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A

Frontiers in veterinary science

2023 Volume 10, Page(s) 1130147

Abstract: Introduction: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) significantly impacts the bovine industries, both dairy and beef sectors. BVDV can infect various domestic and wild animals, most notably cattle. The dynamic variations among BVDV serotypes due to the ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) significantly impacts the bovine industries, both dairy and beef sectors. BVDV can infect various domestic and wild animals, most notably cattle. The dynamic variations among BVDV serotypes due to the continuous genetic diversity, especially in BVDV1 (BVDV1), reduce the effectiveness of the currently available vaccines and reduce the specificity/sensitivity of the diagnostic assays. The development of novel, safe, and effective vaccines against BVDV requires deep knowledge of the antigenicity and virulence of the virus. Previous studies on the antigenicity and the virulence of BVDV serotypes have been mainly focused on one or a few BVDV proteins. While however, little is known about the orchestration of all BVDV in the context of viral virulence and immunogenicity. The main aim of the current study was to do a comparative computational evaluation of the immunogenicity, and virulence for all the encoded proteins of both BVDV1 and BVDV2 and their sub-genotypes. Methods: To achieve this goal, 11,737 protein sequences were retrieved from Virus Pathogen Resource. The analysis involved a total of 4,583 sequences after the removal of short sequences and those with unknown collection time. We used the MP3 tool to map the pathogenic proteins across different BVDV strains. The potential protective and the epitope motifs were predicted using the VaxiJen and EMBOSS antigen tools, respectively. Results and discussion: The virulence prediction revealed that the NS4B proteins of both BVDV1 and BVDV2 likely have essential roles in BVDV virulence. Similarly, both the capsid (C) and the NS4-A proteins of BVDV1 and the N
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-06
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2023.1130147
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Article: Modern Advances on the Diagnosis of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus In Camelids

Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I.A. / Al-Kubati, Anwar A.G. / Hussen, Jamal / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Hemida, Maged Gomaa

Journal of camel practice and research. 2022 Apr. 14, v. 29, no. 1

2022

Abstract: Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is one of the most leading causes of diarrhoea in many species of animals including camelids. Special attention is being paid to studying various aspects of the BVDV infection, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and ...

Abstract	Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is one of the most leading causes of diarrhoea in many species of animals including camelids. Special attention is being paid to studying various aspects of the BVDV infection, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and vaccines in the bovine species. Little is still known about these aspects in camelids especially dromedaries. The development of accurate diagnostic tests is a critical step for the identifcation of infected animals, especially persistently infected and for the control and eradication of BVDV. Although adaptation of the currently used diagnostic assays for the virus in the bovine and ovine species for the diagnosis of BVDV in the camelids, it is highly recommended to develop novel specifc diagnostic assays of the virus in camels. There are several strategies for the diagnosis of BVDV including virus isolation, detection of viral (antigens, antibodies and nucleic acids) and identifcation of the circulating strains of the virus by doing sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Identifcation of the persistently infected animals is one of the main challenges facing the diagnosis and control of the virus. Our main objectives are to highlight the most recent advances in the feld of BVDV diagnosis, currently used diagnostic assays and suggested some specifc approaches for the diagnosis of BVDV in camelids. Fine-tuning the currently used diagnostic assays and development of other novel specifc assays to detect BVDV infection in dromedary camels will have a substantial positive impact on the control of BVDV infections in camels.
Keywords	Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 ; Camelus dromedarius ; camels ; cattle ; diarrhea ; epidemiology ; pathogenesis ; phylogeny ; research ; sheep ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0414
Size	p. 49-60.
Publishing place	Camel Publishing House
Document type	Article
ISSN	2277-8934
DOI	10.5958/2277-8934.2022.00007.8
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Detection of Avian Orthoavulavirus-1 genotypes VI.2.1 and VII.1.1 with neuro-viscerotropic tropism in some backyard pigeons (Columbidae) in Eastern Saudi Arabia.

Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A / Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Sheikh, Abdullah / Abdelaziz, Adel M / Hussen, Jamal / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Falemban, Baraa / Hemida, Maged Gomaa

Frontiers in veterinary science

2024 Volume 11, Page(s) 1352636

Abstract: Introduction: Avian orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV1) has a wide host range, including domestic and wild birds. The present study aimed to identify the currently circulating AOAV1 strains from some outbreaks in some backyard pigeons in the eastern region of ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Avian orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV1) has a wide host range, including domestic and wild birds. The present study aimed to identify the currently circulating AOAV1 strains from some outbreaks in some backyard pigeons in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia (ERSA). Methods: Tracheal/cloacal swabs and tissue specimens were collected from eight backyards in Al-Ahsa, ERSA, between January 2021 and March 2023. Samples were tested for the presence of AOAV1 using commercial real-time RT-PCR. Part of the fusion gene was also amplified by gel-based RT-PCR, and the obtained amplicons were sequenced. Results and discussion: AOAV1 was detected in samples from the eight flocks. The retrieved sequences from samples of 6/8 pigeon backyards are reported. Phylogenetic analysis based on the obtained sequences from these backyard pigeons showed the segregation of the obtained sequences in AOAV1 genotypes VI.2.1 and VII.1.1. Clinically, nervous manifestations were dominant in pigeons infected with both genotypes. Respiratory manifestations and significantly higher overall mortality rate were induced by genotype VI.2.1. The deduced amino acid sequences of the fusion protein cleavage site (FPCS) showed that all the detected isolates belong to velogenic strains. Differences in clinical profiles induced by the natural infection of pigeons with AOAV1 genotypes VI.2.1 and VII.1.1 were reported. The present findings highlight the potential roles of some backyard pigeons in the long-distance spread and cross-species transmission of the reported AOAVI genotypes. Further research is required to perform biotyping and pathotyping of the reported strains.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2024.1352636
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Article: Risk-associated factors associated with the bovine viral diarrhea virus in dromedary camels, sheep, and goats in abattoir surveillance and semi-closed herd system.

Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I A / Hussen, Jamal / Kandeel, Mahmoud / Al-Kubati, Anwar A G / Falemban, Baraa / Skeikh, Abdullah / Hemida, Maged Gomaa

Veterinary world

2022 Volume 15, Issue 8, Page(s) 1924–1931

Abstract: Background and aim: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important viral pathogens causing high economic losses in cattle of all ages. Despite the active vaccination campaigns against BVDV, many outbreaks are still detected in various ... ...

Abstract	Background and aim: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important viral pathogens causing high economic losses in cattle of all ages. Despite the active vaccination campaigns against BVDV, many outbreaks are still detected in various populations of cattle worldwide. Other species of animals such as dromedary camels, sheep, and goats may harbor BVDV infection and cause variable clinical syndromes. Thus, they may act as a source of infection to the cattle population around them. However, little is still known about the roles of these animals in the viral transmission and sustainability of BVDV in the environment. This study aimed to explore if the dromedary camels, sheep, and goats may seroconvert against BVDV and to study some associated risk factors for BVDV in these species of animals. Materials and methods: We tested 1012 serum samples from dromedary camels, 84 from goats, and 21 from sheep for BVDV antibodies using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Meanwhile, we selected 211 serum samples from dromedary camels to be tested for the BVDV antigen using the commercial ELISA kits. Results: Our results show that 49/1117 serum samples were positive for the BVDV antibodies in dromedary camels (46/1012), goats (3/84), and none of the tested sheep samples were positive. However, none of the collected serum samples tested positive for the BVDV antigen. Conclusion: Seroconversion of some dromedary camels, sheep, and goats to the BVDV with no history of vaccination against BVDV strongly suggests the potential roles of these species of animals in the virus transmission cycle. The main limitations of the current study are (1) the lack of samples from other species of animals that lived close by these animals, particularly cattle. (2) lack of follow-up samples from the same animal over a long period. We believe the long-term longitudinal study of BVDV in various species of animals, particularly dromedary camels, goats, and sheep, is one of our future research directions. This will provide more information about the dynamics of BVDV antibodies in these species of animals.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-16
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2456277-4
ISSN	2231-0916 ; 0972-8988
ISSN (online)	2231-0916
ISSN	0972-8988
DOI	10.14202/vetworld.2022.1924-1931
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