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  1. Article ; Online: Interrogating the lack of diversity of thought in the pandemic response that led to mistakes - holistic evidence-based approach to deal with future pandemics.

    Aldous, Colleen / Kruger, Hendrik G

    Frontiers in public health

    2023  Volume 11, Page(s) 1310210

    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic, triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), rapidly became a worldwide emergency. How it was managed garnered both commendation and vehement censure. This crisis profoundly affected healthcare, ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic, triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), rapidly became a worldwide emergency. How it was managed garnered both commendation and vehement censure. This crisis profoundly affected healthcare, the economy, education, and public confidence in scientific endeavors. Our primary aim was to scrutinize the shortcomings in the pandemic management and to articulate a more effective strategy for handling prospective pandemics. We delved into the errors encountered in the COVID-19 response and posited a holistic, evidence-grounded approach for future pandemic mitigation.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Pandemics ; Prospective Studies ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Educational Status ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-21
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2711781-9
    ISSN 2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
    ISSN (online) 2296-2565
    ISSN 2296-2565
    DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1310210
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Factors associated with in-hospital mortality in HIV-infected children treated for tuberculous meningitis hydrocephalus.

    Enicker, Basil / Aldous, Colleen

    Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery

    2023  Volume 40, Issue 3, Page(s) 695–705

    Abstract: Purpose: The study aimed to investigate factors associated with in-hospital mortality in children diagnosed with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) hydrocephalus and HIV co-infection undergoing cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedures and their complications.! ...

    Abstract Purpose: The study aimed to investigate factors associated with in-hospital mortality in children diagnosed with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) hydrocephalus and HIV co-infection undergoing cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedures and their complications.
    Methods: Data were collected retrospectively and prospectively between 2007 and 2022. Data collected included demographics, clinical characteristics, antiretroviral therapy (ART) status, biochemistry results, CD4 count, radiology findings, CSF diversion procedures (and complications), length of hospital stay (LOHS), and in-hospital mortality.
    Results: Thirty-one children were included, with a mean age of 6.7 ± 5.3 years and 67.7% males. Median admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 11 (IQR 9-15). Hypertonia (64.5%) and seizures (51.6%) were frequently observed clinical characteristics. Sixty-one percent of children were on ART. Cerebral infarcts and extra-meningeal TB were diagnosed in 64.5% and 19.3% of cases, respectively. The median CD4 count was 151 (IQR 70-732) cells/µL. Surgical procedures included ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) in 26 cases and endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in five children. VPS complication rate was 27%. No complications were reported for ETV. Median LOHS was 7 days (IQR 4-21). Eleven children (35.5%) died during admission. Factors associated with mortality included GCS (p = 0.032), infarcts (p = 0.004), extra-meningeal TB (p = 0.003), VPS infection (p = 0.018), low CD4 count (p = 0.009), and hyponatremia (p = 0.002). No statistically significant factors were associated with VPS complications.
    Conclusion: TBM hydrocephalus in HIV-infected children carries a high mortality. Clinicians in high-prevalence settings should have a high suspicion index and institute early treatment.
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Tuberculosis, Meningeal/complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Hospital Mortality ; Neuroendoscopy/methods ; HIV Infections/complications ; HIV Infections/surgery ; Hydrocephalus/surgery ; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt/adverse effects ; Ventriculostomy/methods ; Treatment Outcome ; Third Ventricle/surgery
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-15
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 605988-0
    ISSN 1433-0350 ; 0302-2803 ; 0256-7040
    ISSN (online) 1433-0350
    ISSN 0302-2803 ; 0256-7040
    DOI 10.1007/s00381-023-06205-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Diagnostic Differentiation between Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer: A Scoping Review.

    Madela, Fusi / Ferndale, Lucien / Aldous, Colleen

    Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

    2024  Volume 14, Issue 3

    Abstract: Pancreatitis, encompassing acute and chronic forms, and pancreatic cancer pose significant challenges to the exocrine tissue of the pancreas. Recurrence rates and complications following acute pancreatitis episodes can lead to long-term risks, including ... ...

    Abstract Pancreatitis, encompassing acute and chronic forms, and pancreatic cancer pose significant challenges to the exocrine tissue of the pancreas. Recurrence rates and complications following acute pancreatitis episodes can lead to long-term risks, including diabetes mellitus. Chronic pancreatitis can develop in approximately 15% of cases, regardless of the initial episode's severity. Alcohol-induced pancreatitis, idiopathic causes, cigarette smoking, and hereditary pancreatitis contribute to the progression to chronic pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer, with older age at onset and smoking identified as risk factors. This scoping review aims to synthesise recent publications (2017-2022) on the diagnostic differentiation between pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer while identifying knowledge gaps in the field. The review focuses on biomarkers and imaging techniques in individuals with pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Promising biomarkers such as faecal elastase-1 and specific chemokines offer non-invasive ways to assess pancreatic insufficiency and detect early biomarkers for chronic pancreatitis. Imaging techniques, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), and positron emission tomography (PET), aid in differentiating between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. However, accurately distinguishing between the two conditions remains a challenge, particularly when a mass is present in the head of the pancreas. Several knowledge gaps persist despite advancements in understanding the association between pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, including the correlation between histopathological grading systems, non-invasive imaging techniques, and biomarkers in chronic pancreatitis to determine the risk of progression to pancreatic cancer, as well as differentiating between the two conditions. Further research is necessary to enhance our understanding of these aspects, which can ultimately improve the diagnosis and management of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-29
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2662336-5
    ISSN 2075-4418
    ISSN 2075-4418
    DOI 10.3390/diagnostics14030290
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunting in Children with Hydrocephalus and Increased Intracranial Pressure Secondary to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Cryptococcal Meningitis.

    Enicker, Basil / Aldous, Colleen

    World neurosurgery

    2022  Volume 168, Page(s) e530–e537

    Abstract: Background: Hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure secondary to human immunodeficiency virus-related cryptococcal meningitis are rare in children. The role and outcomes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting in children are not well reported. ... ...

    Abstract Background: Hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure secondary to human immunodeficiency virus-related cryptococcal meningitis are rare in children. The role and outcomes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting in children are not well reported. We report our experience with CSF shunting in the management of this condition in children over a 14-year period.
    Methods: This was a retrospective review of data collected from a single neurosurgery unit. Data collected included demographics, clinical characteristics, Glasgow Coma Scale score, lumbar puncture opening pressure, antiretroviral therapy, laboratory results, neuroimaging findings, shunting procedures, complications, and mortality.
    Results: Seventeen children underwent CSF shunting. Median age was 10 years (range, 6-13), most being male (76%). All children were on antiretroviral therapy. Median Glasgow Coma Scale score was 15 (interquartile range [IQR], 14-15). Clinical characteristics included headaches (100%), visual impairment (82%), and seizures (47%). Lumbar puncture opening pressure was >30 cm H
    Conclusions: This study is the largest series reporting on CSF shunting of hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure in children with human immunodeficiency virus-related cryptococcal meningitis. Treatment with ventriculoperitoneal shunt and lumboperitoneal shunt regardless of the CD4 count is an important option in suitable children to reduce mortality.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2534351-8
    ISSN 1878-8769 ; 1878-8750
    ISSN (online) 1878-8769
    ISSN 1878-8750
    DOI 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.10.024
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Wheel Replacing Pyramid: Better Paradigm Representing Totality of Evidence-Based Medicine.

    Aldous, Colleen / Dancis, Barry M / Dancis, Jerome / Oldfield, Philip R

    Annals of global health

    2024  Volume 90, Issue 1, Page(s) 17

    Abstract: Background: Evidence-based medicine (EBM), as originally conceived, used all types of peer-reviewed evidence to guide medical practice and decision-making. During the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the standard usage of EBM, modeled ...

    Abstract Background: Evidence-based medicine (EBM), as originally conceived, used all types of peer-reviewed evidence to guide medical practice and decision-making. During the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the standard usage of EBM, modeled by the Evidence-Based Medicine Pyramid, undermined EBM by incorrectly using pyramid levels to assign relative quality. The resulting pyramid-based thinking is biased against reports both in levels beneath randomized control trials (RCTs) and those omitted from the pyramid entirely. Thus, much of the evidence was ignored. Our desire for a more encompassing and effective medical decision-making process to apply to repurposed drugs led us to develop an alternative to the EBM Pyramid for EBM. Herein, we propose the totality of evidence (T-EBM) wheel.
    Objectives: To create an easily understood graphic that models EBM by incorporating all peer-reviewed evidence that applies to both new and repurposed medicines, and to demonstrate its potential utility using ivermectin as a case study.
    Methods: The graphics were produced using Microsoft Office Visio Professional 2003 except for part of the T-EBM wheel sunburst chart, which was produced using Microsoft 365 Excel. For the case study, PubMed® was used by searching for peer-reviewed reports containing "ivermectin" and either "covid" or "sars" in the title. Reports were filtered for those using ivermectin-based protocols in the treatment of COVID-19. The resulting 265 reports were evaluated for their study design types and treatment outcomes. The three-ringed graphical T-EBM wheel was composed of two inner rings showing all types of reports and an outer ring showing outcomes for each type.
    Findings-conclusions: The T-EBM wheel avoids the biases of the EBM Pyramid and includes all types of reports in the pyramid along with reports such as population and mechanistic studies. In both early and late stages of medical emergencies, pyramid-based thinking may overlook indications of efficacy in regions of the T-EBM wheel beyond RCTs. This is especially true when searching for ways to prevent and treat a novel disease with repurposed therapeutics before RCTs, safety assessments, and mechanisms of action of novel therapeutics are established. As such, T-EBM Wheels should replace the EBM Pyramids in medical decision-making and education. T-EBM Wheels can be expanded upon by implementing multiple outer rings, one for each different kind of outcome (efficacy, safety, etc.). A T-EBM Wheel can be created for any proprietary or generic medicine. The ivermectin (IVM) T-EBM Wheel displays the efficacy of IVM-based treatments of COVID-19 in a color-coded graphic, visualizing each type of evidence and the proportions of each of their outcomes (positive, inconclusive, negative).
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Ivermectin/therapeutic use ; COVID-19 ; Educational Status ; Pandemics
    Chemical Substances Ivermectin (70288-86-7)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2821756-1
    ISSN 2214-9996 ; 2214-9996
    ISSN (online) 2214-9996
    ISSN 2214-9996
    DOI 10.5334/aogh.4341
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) disease diagnostic error in low-resource health care: Observations from a hospital-based cross-sectional study.

    Lukama, Lufunda / Aldous, Colleen / Michelo, Charles / Kalinda, Chester

    PloS one

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 2, Page(s) e0281686

    Abstract: Although the global burden of ear, nose and throat (ENT) diseases is high, data relating to ENT disease epidemiology and diagnostic error in resource-limited settings remain scarce. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional review of ENT patients' ... ...

    Abstract Although the global burden of ear, nose and throat (ENT) diseases is high, data relating to ENT disease epidemiology and diagnostic error in resource-limited settings remain scarce. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional review of ENT patients' clinical records at a resource-limited tertiary hospital. We determined the diagnostic accuracy and appropriateness of patient referrals for ENT specialist care using descriptive statistics. Cohens kappa coefficient (κ) was calculated to determine the diagnostic agreement between non-ENT clinicians and the ENT specialist, and logistic regression applied to establish the likelihood of patient misdiagnosis by non-ENT clinicians. Of the 1543 patients studied [age 0-87 years, mean age 25(21) years (mean(SD)], non-ENT clinicians misdiagnosed 67.4% and inappropriately referred 50.4%. Compared to those aged 0-5 years, patients aged 51-87 years were 1.77 (95%CI: 1.03-3.04) fold more likely to have a referral misdiagnosis for specialist care. Patients with ear (aOR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.14-2.33) and those with sinonasal diseases (aOR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.14-2.45) had greater likelihood of referral misdiagnosis than those with head and neck diseases. Agreement in diagnosis between the ENT specialist and non-ENT clinicians was poor (κ = 0.0001). More effective, accelerated training of clinicians may improve diagnostic accuracy in low-resource settings.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Pharynx ; Pharyngeal Diseases ; Delivery of Health Care ; Tertiary Care Centers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0281686
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Update on PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Imaging Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

    Nyakale, Nozipho / Filippi, Luca / Aldous, Colleen / Sathekge, Mike

    Cancers

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 7

    Abstract: Numerous positron emission tomography (PET) targets for detection and staging of hepatocellular cancer have been developed in recent years. Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are clinically and pathologically heterogeneous tumours with a high tendency to ... ...

    Abstract Numerous positron emission tomography (PET) targets for detection and staging of hepatocellular cancer have been developed in recent years. Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are clinically and pathologically heterogeneous tumours with a high tendency to be aggressive and unresponsive to chemotherapy. Early detection is essential, and the need for an adequate imaging biomarker, which can overcome some of the limitations of conventional radiological imaging, is persistent. Flourine-18 (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-25
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2527080-1
    ISSN 2072-6694
    ISSN 2072-6694
    DOI 10.3390/cancers15071975
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  8. Article ; Online: Cardiac scoring systems, coronary artery disease and major adverse cardiovascular events: A scoping review.

    Premsagar, Preesha / Aldous, Colleen / Esterhuizen, Tonya

    South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care

    2023  Volume 65, Issue 1, Page(s) e1–e8

    Abstract: Background: In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronary artery disease (CAD) as the leading cause of death globally for the last 20 years. Early screening and detection (primary prevention) and intervention (secondary prevention) are ... ...

    Abstract Background: In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronary artery disease (CAD) as the leading cause of death globally for the last 20 years. Early screening and detection (primary prevention) and intervention (secondary prevention) are necessary to curb CAD and major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) prevalence. A scoping review to assess the current literature on using cardiac scoring systems to predict CAD and MACE was performed.
    Methods: The research question 'What is the literature on using cardiac scoring systems to predict CAD and MACE?' was addressed. The updated Arksey and O'Malley and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews methodologies were used. The search terms 'coronary artery disease' and 'cardiac scoring systems' and 'major adverse cardiovascular events' were used in the Boolean search on PubMed, ScienceDirect, MedLine and Cochrane Library.
    Results: The final list consisted of 19 published English results after the year 2000. There were six results without participants (four clinical guidelines, one review article and one ongoing clinical trial). Scoring systems were cardiovascular risk estimation systems focusing on the primary prevention of CAD; MACE was discussed but not scored. There were 13 robust results published from completed multinational clinical trials with participants. These results focused on a scoring system for the secondary prevention of CAD and MACE.
    Conclusion: Scoring systems remain an objective method for primary and secondary prevention of CAD and MACE.Contribution: Scoring systems may be helpful with clinical uncertainty or to standardise patient results for comparison in research.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis ; Clinical Decision-Making ; Uncertainty ; Heart ; Cardiovascular System
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-10
    Publishing country South Africa
    Document type Systematic Review ; Review ; Journal Article
    ISSN 2078-6204
    ISSN (online) 2078-6204
    DOI 10.4102/safp.v65i1.5683
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Ten-year predictors of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients without angina.

    Premsagar, Preesha / Aldous, Colleen / Esterhuizen, Tonya

    South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care

    2023  Volume 65, Issue 1, Page(s) e1–e9

    Abstract: Background: Longstanding cardiovascular risk factors cause major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Major adverse cardiovascular events prediction may improve outcomes. The aim was to evaluate the ten-year predictors of MACE in patients without ... ...

    Abstract Background: Longstanding cardiovascular risk factors cause major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Major adverse cardiovascular events prediction may improve outcomes. The aim was to evaluate the ten-year predictors of MACE in patients without angina.
    Methods: Patients referred to Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa, without typical angina from 2002 to 2008 were collected and followed up for MACE from 2009 to 2019. Survival time was calculated in months. Independent variables were tested with Cox proportional hazard models to predict MACE morbidity and MACE mortality.
    Results: There were 525 patients; 401 (76.0%) were Indian, 167 (31.8%) had diabetes at baseline. At 10-year follow up 157/525 (29.9%) experienced MACE morbidity, of whom, 82/525 (15.6%) had MACE mortality. There were 368/525 (70.1%) patients censored, of whom 195/525 (37.1%) were lost to follow up. For MACE morbidity, mean and longest observation times were 102.2 and 201 months, respectively. Predictors for MACE morbidity were age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.025), diabetes (HR = 1.436), Duke Risk category (HR = 1.562) and Ischaemic burden category (HR = 1.531). For MACE mortality, mean and longest observation times were 107.9 and 204 months, respectively. Predictors for MACE mortality were age (HR = 1.044), Duke Risk category (HR = 1.983), echocardiography risk category (HR = 2.537) and Ischaemic burden category (HR = 1.780).
    Conclusion: Among patients without typical angina, early ischaemia on noninvasive tests indicated microvascular disease and hyperglycaemia, predicting long-term MACE morbidity and MACE mortality.Contribution: Diabetes was a predictor for MACE morbidity but not for MACE mortality; patients lost to follow-up were possibly diabetic patients with MACE mortality at district hospitals. Early screening for ischaemia and hyperglycaemia control may improve outcomes.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Angina Pectoris/epidemiology ; Cardiovascular System ; Hyperglycemia ; Hospitals, District
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-04
    Publishing country South Africa
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2078-6204
    ISSN (online) 2078-6204
    DOI 10.4102/safp.v65i1.5629
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Recent trends in hereditary breast cancer incidence by race and age in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: An 11-year single-centre retrospective study (2011-2021).

    Makhetha, Mpoi / Chabilal, Namitha / Aldous, Colleen

    International journal of cancer

    2023  Volume 154, Issue 1, Page(s) 65–70

    Abstract: Breast cancer incidence has increased globally in the last decade, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In Sub-Saharan Africa, breast cancer trends have been described only in a few populations owing to the scarcity of population-specific data. ...

    Abstract Breast cancer incidence has increased globally in the last decade, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In Sub-Saharan Africa, breast cancer trends have been described only in a few populations owing to the scarcity of population-specific data. Using data collected between 2011 and 2021 at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, this retrospective study describes demographic and genetic trends for hereditary breast cancer patients in the KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Six hundred and forty-five patients were included, of whom 44.3% were Black, 36.8% Indian, 15.6% White and 3.2% Coloured. The number of annual new cases increased from eight in 2011 to 145 in 2021, with a notable increase among Blacks. The mean onset age was 46 years, and Black patients were diagnosed ~10 years earlier than White and Indian patients. Triple-negative breast cancers accounted for 20.3% of hereditary cases, and 51.1% of them were Black. Bilateral and recurrent breast cancers constituted 7.4%, while pathogenic sequence variants in BRCA1/2 were reported in 10.4% of all patients, and the majority were Blacks and Indians. Overall, the KwaZulu-Natal province has seen an increase in hereditary breast cancer incidence in the past decade. Despite testing negative for pathogenic sequence variants, Black women frequently presented with breast cancers that are BRCA1-like, while Indians presented with extensive family history. This suggests that South African patients may require unique approaches to interventions, such as early detection and awareness programs among Blacks and increased genetic screening among Indians.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; BRCA1 Protein/genetics ; Incidence ; BRCA2 Protein ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
    Chemical Substances BRCA1 protein, human ; BRCA1 Protein ; BRCA2 protein, human ; BRCA2 Protein
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 218257-9
    ISSN 1097-0215 ; 0020-7136
    ISSN (online) 1097-0215
    ISSN 0020-7136
    DOI 10.1002/ijc.34687
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