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Article ; Online: An Investigation on Super- and Sub-Terminal Drops in Two Different Rain Categories and Climate Regimes

Chandrani Chatterjee / Federico Porcù / Saurabh Das / Alessandro Bracci

Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 2515, p

2022 Volume 2515

Abstract: The pressing need for accurate and reliable precipitation measurements and forecasting poses theoretical and technological problems. Remote-sensing instruments with increased coverage and sensitivity (such as space-borne and ground-based radar) are ... ...

Abstract	The pressing need for accurate and reliable precipitation measurements and forecasting poses theoretical and technological problems. Remote-sensing instruments with increased coverage and sensitivity (such as space-borne and ground-based radar) are available; however, their full exploitation requires physical calibration and validation based on a deep knowledge of precipitation microphysics. This study reports a detailed analysis of the evidence of non-terminal velocities in a mid-latitude (Bologna, Italy) and a tropical location (Kolkata, India). The data from two identical disdrometers OTT-Parsivel2 were analyzed to shed light on the nature of the raindrops that fall at a velocity that is significantly higher (i.e., super-terminal drops) or lower (sub-terminal drops) than the terminal velocity expected for the raindrop sizes. The results show a significant fraction of super- and sub-terminal drops in both locations. The percentages of both super- and sub-terminal drops were higher in Kolkata. However, the difference was more notable for convective rain. The percentages of both super- and sub-terminal drops were found to be high within a drop diameter of 1 mm. The number of sub-terminal drops seemed to increase with an increase in diameter for drops larger than ~2.5 mm. The natural rain in Bologna showed stronger evidence of drop break-up in correspondence with the evolution of non-terminal velocities. Moreover, this study once again pointed toward the fact that the process of break-up cannot be neglected in natural rain of tropical or mid-latitude locations. We found that 7% and 10% of rain samples in Bologna and Kolkata seemed to be subjected to drop break-up. The results indicate that radar measurements of rain in the tropics or mid-latitude regions, relying on the Gunn–Kinzer relationship between velocity and diameter, should be verified by observations of disdrometers for a high precision QPE.
Keywords	super-terminal ; sub-terminal ; break-up ; tropics ; mid-latitude ; disdrometer ; Science ; Q
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Electromyographic Assessment of Masseter Muscle Activity

Anna Colonna / Lorenzo Noveri / Marco Ferrari / Alessandro Bracci / Daniele Manfredini

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 12, Iss 1, p

A Proposal for a 24 h Recording Device with Preliminary Data

2022 Volume 247

Abstract: Objective: The instrumental measurement of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the natural environment is the best strategy available to collect information on bruxism. The twofold aim of this study was to (1) introduce and discuss a novel EMG device for ...

Abstract	Objective: The instrumental measurement of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the natural environment is the best strategy available to collect information on bruxism. The twofold aim of this study was to (1) introduce and discuss a novel EMG device for the assessment of awake (AB) and sleep bruxism (SB) in the home environment over 24 h and (2) present some preliminary data. Methods: Fifteen healthy volunteers (eight males and seven females; mean age: 48.2 ± 4.1 years) underwent 24 h EMG recording trials of their masseter muscle activity (MMA) with a miniaturized wireless device. This device allowed us to measure the durations of the different phases of the recordings (total duration, awake time, sleep time, and electrode dislodgement time) as well as the bruxism time index (BTI) and bruxism work index (BWI) for both the waking and sleeping hours. Results: For the healthy volunteers, on average, the bruxism work index (BWI) values were 0.4 ± 0.2 and 0.1 ± 0.1 for awake and sleep, respectively, while the mean bruxism time index (BTI) values were 0.9 ± 0.5 for awake and 0.3 ± 0.1 for sleep. Conclusions: This investigation describes the technical features of a novel EMG recording device that permits the evaluation of masseter muscle activity in the home environment over 24 h. For the first time, a dedicated elaboration of the EMG signal allowed an assessment of muscle work and not just a count of purported SB/EMG events. Clinical significance: Based on the multidisciplinary approach in the study of bruxism, such a methodology, thanks to its peculiar features, will allow researchers and clinicians to monitor the epidemiology of MMA and delve deeper into the awake and sleep bruxism correlates for tailored management in clinical settings.
Keywords	awake bruxism ; sleep bruxism ; bruxism ; masseter muscle activity ; electromyographic assessment ; diagnosis ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Ecological Momentary Assessment of Awake Bruxism Frequency in Patients with Different Temporomandibular Disorders

Mariana Barbosa Câmara-Souza / Alessandro Bracci / Anna Colonna / Marco Ferrari / Renata Cunha Matheus Rodrigues Garcia / Daniele Manfredini

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 12, Iss 501, p

2023 Volume 501

Abstract: Self-reported awake bruxism (AB) has been associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, the daily amount of AB behavior has not been quantified in pain patients. Therefore, this study aimed to assess AB frequency in patients with myofascial ...

Abstract	Self-reported awake bruxism (AB) has been associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, the daily amount of AB behavior has not been quantified in pain patients. Therefore, this study aimed to assess AB frequency in patients with myofascial pain and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain and compare it to a group of pain-free individuals. Eighty-four individuals belonging to either a TMD group ( n = 54) or a healthy control group ( n = 30) were selected. AB frequency was obtained by ecological momentary assessment with a dedicated smartphone application that sent sound alerts at random intervals during the day for one week. Upon receiving the alert, the volunteer reported the current muscular condition and/or the teeth position, i.e., relaxed jaw muscle, jaw bracing, teeth contact, teeth clenching, or teeth grinding. Data were evaluated by independent t -test (α = 0.05). During the seven days, AB frequency was 62.1% ± 26.8% for TMD patients and 36.2% ± 27.3% for pain-free subjects ( p < 0.001). Mandible bracing was most common in the TMD group ( p < 0.001), while teeth contact, clenching, and grinding did not differ between groups. Moreover, no differences were found in AB frequency between myofascial pain and TMJ pain patients. Therefore, TMD patients have higher AB frequency characterized by jaw bracing, irrespective of pain location.
Keywords	bruxism ; temporomandibular joint disorders ; ecological momentary assessment ; pain ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Closed-Mouth TMJ Disc-Condyle Relationship in a Population of Patients Seeking for Temporomandibular Disorders Advice

Matteo Tresoldi / Ricardo Dias / Alessandro Bracci / Marzia Segù / Luca Guarda-Nardini / Daniele Manfredini

Pain Research and Management, Vol

2021 Volume 2021

Abstract: Objective. To characterize the closed-mouth temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc-condyle relationship in a population of individuals who sought hospital services for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Methods. Two hundred and twenty-four TMJ magnetic ... ...

Abstract	Objective. To characterize the closed-mouth temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc-condyle relationship in a population of individuals who sought hospital services for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Methods. Two hundred and twenty-four TMJ magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of 112 patients were assessed in all spatial planes to classify disc position with respect to the condyle in a closed-mouth position. Results. Disc displacement (DD) was present in 62.1% and superior disc position in 29.9% of the patients. Position could not be determined in 8% of the cases. Among DD, pure anteriorized position was the most common condition (34.4%), with different combined translational and rotational displacements in all the other joints (27.7%). Conclusion. There is a wide biological variability in disc position in closed mouth among patients seeking for TMD advice. Getting deeper into the correlation with clinical symptoms is recommended to refine the potential relevance of any diagnostic and management strategies based on the imaging evaluation of TMJ disc position.
Keywords	Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Hindawi Limited
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Psychosocial and Behavioral Factors in Awake Bruxism—Self-Report versus Ecological Momentary Assessment

Alona Emodi-Perlman / Daniele Manfredini / Tamar Shalev / Alessandro Bracci / Pessia Frideman-Rubin / Ilana Eli

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 10, Iss 4447, p

2021 Volume 4447

Abstract: The issue of psychosocial factors and concurrent conditions associated with AB is a relatively new approach in the study of Awake Bruxism (AB). In the present study a population of 84 dental students were assessed for probable AB with two modes of AB ... ...

Abstract	The issue of psychosocial factors and concurrent conditions associated with AB is a relatively new approach in the study of Awake Bruxism (AB). In the present study a population of 84 dental students were assessed for probable AB with two modes of AB assessment: Single point self-report (SR) and ecological momentary assessment through a designated smartphone application (BA). The two assessment modes were compared with regard to their ability to phenotype subjects as far as the following psychosocial and behavioral variables are concerned: Gender; depression; somatization; oral behaviors; chronic pain and associated pain symptoms in the head, neck and scapula. Two-way ANOVA showed main effect of SR for the following variables: Chronic Pain Intensity score (F (1,49) = 6.441, p < 0.02), migraine/headache (F (1,81) = 7.396, p < 0.01), pain in neck (F (1,81) = 6.726, p < 0.05), pain in scapula (F (1,81) = 8.546, p < 0.005) and the oral behaviors of pushing the tongue forcefully against the teeth (F (1,81) = 5.222, p < 0.05) and inserting the tongue between the upper and lower teeth (F (1,81) = 5.344, p < 0.03). The effect of SR on the habit of chewing gum was borderline (F (1,81) = 3.369, p = 0.07). Main effect of BA was found for depression (F (1,81) = 6.049, p < 0.05), while the effect of BA on somatization was borderline (F (1,81) = 3.657, p = 0.059). An interaction between SR and BA groups could be observed for the behavior of biting, chewing or playing with the tongue, cheeks or lips (F (1,81) = 4.117, p < 0.05). The results suggest that a combination of a single-point self-report referring to the past 30 days, and an ecological momentary assessment supplying information about the actual timing of the report, can help us to better assess AB, as well as increase our ability to define the phenotype of subjects with AB as far as psychosocial and behavioral factors are concerned.
Keywords	awake bruxism ; self-report ; ecological momentary assessment ; oral behaviors ; psychosocial factors ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Quantitative Precipitation Estimation over Antarctica Using Different Ze-SR Relationships Based on Snowfall Classification Combining Ground Observations

Alessandro Bracci / Luca Baldini / Nicoletta Roberto / Elisa Adirosi / Mario Montopoli / Claudio Scarchilli / Paolo Grigioni / Virginia Ciardini / Vincenzo Levizzani / Federico Porcù

Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 82, p

2022 Volume 82

Abstract: Snow plays a crucial role in the hydrological cycle and energy budget of the Earth, and remote sensing instruments with the necessary spatial coverage, resolution, and temporal sampling are essential for snowfall monitoring. Among such instruments, ... ...

Abstract	Snow plays a crucial role in the hydrological cycle and energy budget of the Earth, and remote sensing instruments with the necessary spatial coverage, resolution, and temporal sampling are essential for snowfall monitoring. Among such instruments, ground-radars have scanning capability and a resolution that make it possible to obtain a 3D structure of precipitating systems or vertical profiles when used in profiling mode. Radars from space have a lower spatial resolution, but they provide a global view. However, radar-based quantitative estimates of solid precipitation are still a challenge due to the variability of the microphysical, geometrical, and electrical features of snow particles. Estimations of snowfall rate are usually accomplished using empirical, long-term relationships between the equivalent radar reflectivity factor ( Ze ) and the liquid-equivalent snowfall rate ( SR ). Nevertheless, very few relationships take advantage of the direct estimation of the microphysical characteristics of snowflakes. In this work, we used a K-band vertically pointing radar collocated with a laser disdrometer to develop Ze-SR relationships as a function of snow classification. The two instruments were located at the Italian Antarctic Station Mario Zucchelli. The K-band radar probes the low-level atmospheric layers, recording power spectra at 32 vertical range gates. It was set at a high vertical resolution (35 m), with the first trusted range gate at a height of only 100 m. The disdrometer was able to provide information on the particle size distribution just below the trusted radar gate. Snow particles were classified into six categories (aggregate, dendrite aggregate, plate aggregate, pristine, dendrite pristine, plate pristine). The method was applied to the snowfall events of the Antarctic summer seasons of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, with a total of 23,566 min of precipitation, 15.3% of which was recognized as showing aggregate features, 33.3% dendrite aggregate, 7.3% plates aggregate, 12.5% pristine, 24% dendrite ...
Keywords	remote sensing ; snowfall ; Antarctica ; quantitative precipitation estimation ; Ze-SR relation ; MRR ; Science ; Q
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Awake Bruxism—Single-Point Self-Report versus Ecological Momentary Assessment

Alona Emodi-Perlman / Daniele Manfrendini / Tamar Shalev / Ilanit Yevdayev / Pessia Frideman-Rubin / Alessandro Bracci / Orit Arnias-Winocur / Ilana Eli

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 10, Iss 1699, p

2021 Volume 1699

Abstract: Assessment of awake bruxism (AB) is problematic due to the inability to use continuous recordings during daytime activities. Recently, a new semi-instrumental approach was suggested, namely, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), via the use of a ... ...

Abstract	Assessment of awake bruxism (AB) is problematic due to the inability to use continuous recordings during daytime activities. Recently, a new semi-instrumental approach was suggested, namely, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), via the use of a smartphone application. With the application, subjects are requested to report, at least 12 times per day, the status of their masticatory muscle activity (relaxed muscles, muscle bracing without tooth contact, teeth contact, teeth clenching, or teeth grinding). The aim of the present study was to test the association between a single observation point self-report and EMA assessment of AB. The most frequent condition recorded by the EMA was relaxed muscles (ca. 60%) and the least frequent was teeth grinding (less than 1%). The relaxed muscle condition also showed the lowest coefficient of variance over a seven-day period of report. Additionally, only the relaxed muscles and the muscle bracing conditions presented an acceptable ability to assess AB-positive and AB-negative subjects, as defined by single-point self-report questions. The combination between self-report and EMA may have the potential to promote our ability to assess AB. We suggest to re-consider the conditions of teeth contact and teeth grinding while using EMA to evaluate AB.
Keywords	awake bruxism ; self-report ; ecological momentary assessment ; smartphone application ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Ecological Momentary Assessment of Awake Bruxism Behaviors

Anna Colonna / Alessandro Bracci / Jari Ahlberg / Mariana Barbosa Câmara-Souza / Rosaria Bucci / Paulo César Rodrigues Conti / Ricardo Dias / Alona Emodi-Perlmam / Riccardo Favero / Birgitta Häggmän-Henrikson / Ambrosina Michelotti / Laura Nykänen / Nikola Stanisic / Efraim Winocur / Frank Lobbezoo / Daniele Manfredini

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 12, Iss 1904, p

A Scoping Review of Findings from Smartphone-Based Studies in Healthy Young Adults

2023 Volume 1904

Abstract: Background: The recent introduction of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) smartphone-based strategies has allowed achieving some interesting data on the frequency of different awake bruxism (AB) behaviors reported by an individual in the natural ... ...

Abstract	Background: The recent introduction of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) smartphone-based strategies has allowed achieving some interesting data on the frequency of different awake bruxism (AB) behaviors reported by an individual in the natural environment. Objective: The present paper aims to review the literature on the reported frequency of AB based on data gathered via smartphone EMA technology. Methods: On September 2022, a systematic search in the Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases was performed to identify all peer-reviewed English-language studies assessing awake bruxism behaviors using a smartphone-based Ecological Momentary Assessment. The selected articles were assessed independently by two authors according to a structured reading of the articles’ format (PICO). Results: A literature search, for which the search terms “Awake Bruxism” and “Ecological Momentary Assessment” were used, identified 15 articles. Of them, eight fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The results of seven studies using the same smartphone-based app reported a frequency of AB behaviors in the range between 28.3 and 40% over one week, while another investigation adopted a different smartphone-based EMA approach via WhatsApp using a web-based survey program and reported an AB frequency of 58.6%. Most included studies were based on convenience samples with limited age range, highlighting the need for more studies on other population samples. Conclusions: Despite the methodological limits, the results of the reviewed studies provide a standpoint for comparison for future studies on the epidemiology of awake bruxism behaviors.
Keywords	bruxism ; awake bruxism ; ecological momentary assessment ; masticatory muscle activity ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Ecological Momentary Assessment of Awake Bruxism with a Smartphone Application Requires Prior Patient Instruction for Enhanced Terminology Comprehension

Laura Nykänen / Daniele Manfredini / Frank Lobbezoo / Antti Kämppi / Anna Colonna / Alessandra Zani / André Mariz Almeida / Alona Emodi-Perlman / Aslak Savolainen / Alessandro Bracci / Jari Ahlberg

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 11, Iss 3444, p

A Multi-Center Study

2022 Volume 3444

Abstract: The prevalence of awake bruxism (AB) has been reported as being 30%, with sleep bruxism (SB) at 9–15%. Most studies have focused on SB, emphasizing the importance of AB research. For epidemiological evaluations of AB, a smartphone application based on ... ...

Abstract	The prevalence of awake bruxism (AB) has been reported as being 30%, with sleep bruxism (SB) at 9–15%. Most studies have focused on SB, emphasizing the importance of AB research. For epidemiological evaluations of AB, a smartphone application based on ecological momentary assessment (EMA) was introduced. The aims of this multi-center study were: (1) to investigate how well lay subjects comprehend the AB terminology used in the smartphone application, and (2) to find out whether professional instruction improved their comprehension. The study population consisted of lay subjects from Italy, Portugal, and Finland comprising 307 individuals (156 men, 151 women; 18–86 years). Subjects first completed a five-item questionnaire about the meanings of the five AB terms used in the smartphone application. Each question offered four answer options, with one being correct. Immediately afterwards, the meanings of the terms were instructed. Lastly, the subjects were re-tested with the same questionnaire. In Finland and Italy, the re-tested correct answer scores for the single terms were at 89–97% per term. Improved comprehension was seen across sex, education, and age groups. In the Portuguese data, no improvement was found. Significant differences were found between countries in the improved scores for all terms that were correct following the instruction (Finland, 16.3% to 72.1%; Italy, 32.3% to 83.8%; Portugal, 23.1% to 33.7%) ( p < 0.001). In conclusion, standardized instruction on AB terminology prior to EMA is recommended to improve the reliability of collected data.
Keywords	awake bruxism ; ecological momentary assessment ; medical terminology comprehension ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives on Awake Bruxism Assessment

Alessandro Bracci / Frank Lobbezoo / Birgitta Häggman-Henrikson / Anna Colonna / Laura Nykänen / Matteo Pollis / Jari Ahlberg / Daniele Manfredini / International Network for Orofacial Pain and Related Disorders Methodology (INfORM)

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 11, Iss 5083, p

Expert Consensus Recommendations

2022 Volume 5083

Abstract: Awake bruxism (AB) is differentiated from sleep bruxism (SB) by the differences in etiology, comorbidities, and consequences related to the different spectrum of muscle activities exerted in relation to the different circadian manifestations. Furthermore, ...

Abstract	Awake bruxism (AB) is differentiated from sleep bruxism (SB) by the differences in etiology, comorbidities, and consequences related to the different spectrum of muscle activities exerted in relation to the different circadian manifestations. Furthermore, less literature data are available on AB than on SB. The introduction of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) strategies has allowed for collecting valuable data on the frequency of the different activities reported by an individual in his/her natural environment. This strategy has been further improved with the recent use of smartphone technologies. Recent studies have described an average frequency of AB behaviors, within the range of 23–40% for otherwise healthy young adults. An association between AB and some psychological traits has emerged, and the findings have indicated that patients with musculoskeletal symptoms (e.g., temporomandibular joint and/or muscle pain, muscle stiffness, and fatigue) report higher AB frequencies. Preliminary data suggest that muscle bracing and teeth contact are the most commonly reported behaviors, while teeth clenching is much less frequently reported than commonly believed previously. Report of teeth grinding during wakefulness is almost absent. This paper has critically reviewed the currently available approaches for the assessment of AB. In addition, some future perspectives and suggestions for further research have been provided.
Keywords	awake bruxism ; bruxism ; ecological momentary assessment ; electromyography ; masticatory muscle activity ; self report ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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