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Article ; Online: Unchartered waters: Climate change likely to intensify infectious disease outbreaks causing mass mortality events in marine mammals.

Sanderson, Claire E / Alexander, Kathleen A

2020 Volume 26, Issue 8, Page(s) 4284–4301

Abstract: Infectious disease emergence has increased significantly over the last 30 years, with mass mortality events (MMEs) associated with epizootics becoming increasingly common. Factors influencing these events have been widely studied in terrestrial systems, ... ...

Abstract	Infectious disease emergence has increased significantly over the last 30 years, with mass mortality events (MMEs) associated with epizootics becoming increasingly common. Factors influencing these events have been widely studied in terrestrial systems, but remain relatively unexplored in marine mammals. Infectious disease-induced MMEs (ID MMEs) have not been reported ubiquitously among marine mammal species, indicating that intrinsic (host) and/or extrinsic (environmental) ecological factors may influence this heterogeneity. We assess the occurrence of ID MMEs (1955-2018) across extant marine mammals (n = 129) in relation to key life-history characteristics (sociality, trophic level, habitat breadth) and environmental variables (season, sea surface temperature [SST] anomalies, El Niño occurrence). Our results show that ID MMEs have been reported in 14% of marine mammal species (95% CI 9%-21%), with 72% (n = 36; 95% CI 56%-84%) of these events caused predominantly by viruses, primarily morbillivirus and influenza A. Bacterial pathogens caused 25% (95% CI 14%-41%) of MMEs, with only one being the result of a protozoan pathogen. Overall, virus-induced MMEs involved a greater number of fatalities per event compared to other pathogens. No association was detected between the occurrence of ID MMEs and host characteristics, such as sociality or trophic level, but ID MMEs did occur more frequently in semiaquatic species (pinnipeds) compared to obligate ocean dwellers (cetaceans; χ
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Caniformia ; Climate Change ; Disease Outbreaks ; Ecosystem ; El Nino-Southern Oscillation ; Mammals
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1281439-8
ISSN	1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
ISSN (online)	1365-2486
ISSN	1354-1013
DOI	10.1111/gcb.15163
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Article ; Online: Modeling Large River Basins and Flood Plains with Scarce Data: Development of the Large Basin Data Portal

Abu-Saymeh, Riham K. / Godrej, Adil / Alexander, Kathleen A.

Hydrology. 2023 Apr. 06, v. 10, no. 4

2023

Abstract: Hydrological modeling of large river basins and flood plains continues to be challenged by the low availability and quality of observed data for modeling input and model calibration. Global datasets are often used to bridge this gap, but are often ... ...

Abstract	Hydrological modeling of large river basins and flood plains continues to be challenged by the low availability and quality of observed data for modeling input and model calibration. Global datasets are often used to bridge this gap, but are often difficult and time consuming to acquire, particularly in low resource regions of the world. Numerous calls have been made to standardize and share data to increase local basin modeling capacities and reduce redundancy in efforts, but barriers still exist. We discuss the challenges of hydrological modeling in data-scarce regions and describe a freely available online tool site developed to enable users to extract input data for any basin of any size. The site will allow users to visualize, map, interpolate, and reformat the data as needed for the intended application. We used our hydrological model of the Upper Zambezi basin and the Chobe-Zambezi floodplains to illustrate the use of this online toolset. Increasing access and dissemination of hydrological modeling data is a critical need, particularly among users where data requirements and access continue to impede locally driven management of hydrological systems.
Keywords	basins ; computer software ; data collection ; hydrologic models ; rivers
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0406
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2777964-6
ISSN	2306-5338
ISSN	2306-5338
DOI	10.3390/hydrology10040087
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Article: Urban landscapes increase dispersal, gene flow, and pathogen transmission potential in banded mongoose (

Verble, Kelton / Hallerman, Eric M / Alexander, Kathleen A

Ecology and evolution

2021 Volume 11, Issue 14, Page(s) 9227–9240

Abstract: Disease transmission can be strongly influenced by the manner in which conspecifics are connected across a landscape and the effects of land use upon these dynamics. In northern Botswana, the territorial and group-living banded mongoose ( ...

Abstract	Disease transmission can be strongly influenced by the manner in which conspecifics are connected across a landscape and the effects of land use upon these dynamics. In northern Botswana, the territorial and group-living banded mongoose (
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.7487
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Article: Association with humans and seasonality interact to reverse predictions for animal space use.

Laver, Peter N / Alexander, Kathleen A

Movement ecology

2018 Volume 6, Page(s) 5

Abstract: Background: Variation in animal space use reflects fitness trade-offs associated with ecological constraints. Associated theories such as the metabolic theory of ecology and the resource dispersion hypothesis generate predictions about what drives ... ...

Abstract	Background: Variation in animal space use reflects fitness trade-offs associated with ecological constraints. Associated theories such as the metabolic theory of ecology and the resource dispersion hypothesis generate predictions about what drives variation in animal space use. But, metabolic theory is usually tested in macro-ecological studies and is seldom invoked explicitly in within-species studies. Full evaluation of the resource dispersion hypothesis requires testing in more species. Neither have been evaluated in the context of anthropogenic landscape change. Methods: In this study, we used data for banded mongooses ( Results: Results suggest that space use is strongly associated with variation in the level of overlap that mongoose groups have with humans. Seasonality influences this association, reversing seasonal space use predictions historically-accepted by ecologists. We found support for predictions of the metabolic theory when moderated by seasonality, by association with humans and by their interaction. Space use of mongooses living in association with humans was more concentrated in the dry season than the wet season, when historically-accepted ecological theory predicted more dispersed space use. Resource richness factors such as building density were associated with space use only during the dry season. We found negligible support for predictions of the resource dispersion hypothesis in general or for metabolic theory where seasonality and association with humans were not included. For mongooses living in association with humans, space use was not associated with patch dispersion or group size over both seasons. Conclusions: In our study, living in association with humans influenced space use patterns that diverged from historically-accepted predictions. There is growing need to explicitly incorporate human-animal interactions into ecological theory and research. Our results and methodology may contribute to understanding effects of anthropogenic landscape change on wildlife populations.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2724975-X
ISSN	2051-3933
ISSN	2051-3933
DOI	10.1186/s40462-018-0123-7
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Article: Unchartered waters: Climate change likely to intensify infectious disease outbreaks causing mass mortality events in marine mammals

Sanderson, Claire E / Alexander, Kathleen A

Global change biology. 2020 Aug., v. 26, no. 8

2020

Abstract	Infectious disease emergence has increased significantly over the last 30 years, with mass mortality events (MMEs) associated with epizootics becoming increasingly common. Factors influencing these events have been widely studied in terrestrial systems, but remain relatively unexplored in marine mammals. Infectious disease‐induced MMEs (ID MMEs) have not been reported ubiquitously among marine mammal species, indicating that intrinsic (host) and/or extrinsic (environmental) ecological factors may influence this heterogeneity. We assess the occurrence of ID MMEs (1955–2018) across extant marine mammals (n = 129) in relation to key life‐history characteristics (sociality, trophic level, habitat breadth) and environmental variables (season, sea surface temperature [SST] anomalies, El Niño occurrence). Our results show that ID MMEs have been reported in 14% of marine mammal species (95% CI 9%–21%), with 72% (n = 36; 95% CI 56%–84%) of these events caused predominantly by viruses, primarily morbillivirus and influenza A. Bacterial pathogens caused 25% (95% CI 14%–41%) of MMEs, with only one being the result of a protozoan pathogen. Overall, virus‐induced MMEs involved a greater number of fatalities per event compared to other pathogens. No association was detected between the occurrence of ID MMEs and host characteristics, such as sociality or trophic level, but ID MMEs did occur more frequently in semiaquatic species (pinnipeds) compared to obligate ocean dwellers (cetaceans; χ² = 9.6, p = .002). In contrast, extrinsic factors significantly influenced ID MMEs, with seasonality linked to frequency (χ² = 19.85, p = .0002) and severity of these events, and global yearly SST anomalies positively correlated with their temporal occurrence (Z = 3.43, p = 2.7e‐04). No significant association was identified between El Niño and ID MME occurrence (Z = 0.28, p = .81). With climate change forecasted to increase SSTs and the frequency of extreme seasonal weather events, epizootics causing MMEs are likely to intensify with significant consequences for marine mammal survival.
Keywords	El Nino ; Pinnipedia ; Protozoa ; climate change ; habitats ; influenza ; marine mammals ; mortality ; pathogens ; social behavior ; surface water temperature ; trophic levels
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-08
Size	p. 4284-4301.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1281439-8
ISSN	1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
ISSN (online)	1365-2486
ISSN	1354-1013
DOI	10.1111/gcb.15163
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Anthropogenic landscapes increase Campylobacter jejuni infections in urbanizing banded mongoose (Mungos mungo): A one health approach.

Medley, Sarah / Ponder, Monica / Alexander, Kathleen A

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2020 Volume 14, Issue 3, Page(s) e0007888

Abstract: Background: Campylobacter is a common, but neglected foodborne-zoonotic pathogen, identified as a growing cause of foodborne disease worldwide. Wildlife and domestic animals are considered important reservoirs, but little is known about pathogen ... ...

Abstract	Background: Campylobacter is a common, but neglected foodborne-zoonotic pathogen, identified as a growing cause of foodborne disease worldwide. Wildlife and domestic animals are considered important reservoirs, but little is known about pathogen infection dynamics in free-ranging mammalian wildlife particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In countries like Botswana, there is significant overlap between humans and wildlife, with the human population having one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world, increasing vulnerability to infection. Methodology/principal findings: We investigated Campylobacter occurrence in archived human fecal samples (children and adults, n = 122, 2011), feces from free-ranging banded mongooses (Mungos mungo, n = 201), surface water (n = 70), and river sediment samples (n = 81) collected in 2017 from the Chobe District, northern Botswana. Campylobacter spp. was widespread in humans (23.0%, 95% CI 13.9-35.4%), with infections dominantly associated with C. jejuni (82.1%, n = 28, 95% CI 55.1-94.5%). A small number of patients presented with asymptomatic infections (n = 6). While Campylobacter spp. was rare or absent in environmental samples, over half of sampled mongooses tested positive (56%, 95% CI 45.6-65.4%). Across the urban-wilderness continuum, we found significant differences in Campylobacter spp. detection associated with the type of den used by study mongooses. Mongooses utilizing man-made structures as den sites had significantly higher levels of C. jejuni infection (p = 0.019) than mongooses using natural dens. Conversely, mongooses using natural dens had overall higher levels of detection of Campylobacter at the genus level (p = 0.001). Conclusions: These results suggest that landscape features may have important influences on Campylobacter species exposure and transmission dynamics in wildlife. In particular, data suggest that human-modified landscapes may increase C. jejuni infection, a primarily human pathogen, in banded mongooses. Pathogen circulation and transmission in urbanizing wildlife reservoirs may increase human vulnerability to infection, findings that may have critical implications for both public and animal health in regions where people live in close proximity to wildlife.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Botswana/epidemiology ; Campylobacter Infections/epidemiology ; Campylobacter Infections/transmission ; Campylobacter Infections/veterinary ; Campylobacter jejuni/isolation & purification ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Herpestidae/microbiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; One Health ; Rivers/microbiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2727
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2727
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0007888
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Article ; Online: Coursing hyenas and stalking lions: The potential for inter- and intraspecific interactions.

Barker, Nancy A / Joubert, Francois G / Kasaona, Marthin / Shatumbu, Gabriel / Stowbunenko, Vincent / Alexander, Kathleen A / Slotow, Rob / Getz, Wayne M

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 2, Page(s) e0265054

Abstract: Resource partitioning promotes coexistence among guild members, and carnivores reduce interference competition through behavioral mechanisms that promote spatio-temporal separation. We analyzed sympatric lion and spotted hyena movements and activity ... ...

Abstract	Resource partitioning promotes coexistence among guild members, and carnivores reduce interference competition through behavioral mechanisms that promote spatio-temporal separation. We analyzed sympatric lion and spotted hyena movements and activity patterns to ascertain the mechanisms facilitating their coexistence within semi-arid and wetland ecosystems. We identified recurrent high-use (revisitation) and extended stay (duration) areas within home ranges, as well as correlated movement-derived measures of inter- and intraspecific interactions with environmental variables. Spatial overlaps among lions and hyenas expanded during the wet season, and occurred at edges of home ranges, around water-points, along pathways between patches of high-use areas. Lions shared more of their home ranges with spotted hyenas in arid ecosystems, but shared more of their ranges with conspecifics in mesic environments. Despite shared space use, we found evidence for subtle temporal differences in the nocturnal movement and activity patterns between the two predators, suggesting a fine localized-scale avoidance strategy. Revisitation frequency and duration within home ranges were influenced by interspecific interactions, after land cover categories and diel cycles. Intraspecific interactions were also important for lions and, important for hyenas were moon illumination and ungulates attracted to former anthrax carcass sites in Etosha, with distance to water in Chobe/Linyanti. Recursion and duration according to locales of competitor probabilities were similar among female lions and both sexes of hyenas, but different for male lions. Our results suggest that lions and spotted hyenas mediate the potential for interference competition through subtle differences in temporal activity, fine-scale habitat use differentiation, and localized reactive-avoidance behaviors. These findings enhance our understanding of the potential effects of interspecific interactions among large carnivore space-use patterns within an apex predator system and show adaptability across heterogeneous and homogeneous environments. Future conservation plans should emphasize the importance of inter- and intraspecific competition within large carnivore communities, particularly moderating such effects within increasingly fragmented landscapes.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Male ; Female ; Hyaenidae ; Lions ; Ecosystem ; Stalking ; Carnivora
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0265054
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Article ; Online: Battling the illegal wildlife trade.

Alexander, Kathleen A / Sanderson, Claire E

Nature ecology & evolution

2017 Volume 1, Issue 4, Page(s) 90

Language	English
Publishing date	2017-03-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2397-334X
ISSN (online)	2397-334X
DOI	10.1038/s41559-017-0090
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Article ; Online: El Niño-Southern oscillation and under-5 diarrhea in Botswana.

Heaney, Alexandra K / Shaman, Jeffrey / Alexander, Kathleen A

Nature communications

2019 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 5798

Abstract: Childhood diarrheal disease causes significant morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries, yet our ability to accurately predict diarrhea incidence remains limited. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been shown to affect diarrhea ... ...

Abstract	Childhood diarrheal disease causes significant morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries, yet our ability to accurately predict diarrhea incidence remains limited. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been shown to affect diarrhea dynamics in South America and Asia. However, understanding of its effects in sub-Saharan Africa, where the burden of under-5 diarrhea is high, remains inadequate. Here we investigate the connections between ENSO, local environmental conditions, and childhood diarrheal disease in Chobe District, Botswana. Our results demonstrate that La Niña conditions are associated with cooler temperatures, increased rainfall, and higher flooding in the Chobe region during the rainy season. In turn, La Niña conditions lagged 0-5 months are associated with higher than average incidence of under-5 diarrhea in the early rainy season. These findings demonstrate the potential use of ENSO as a long-lead prediction tool for childhood diarrhea in southern Africa.
MeSH term(s)	Botswana/epidemiology ; Child, Preschool ; Cold Temperature/adverse effects ; Diarrhea, Infantile/epidemiology ; Diarrhea, Infantile/prevention & control ; Diarrhea, Infantile/virology ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/statistics & numerical data ; El Nino-Southern Oscillation/adverse effects ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Rain ; Rotavirus/immunology ; Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Rotavirus Infections/virology ; Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage
Chemical Substances	Rotavirus Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-019-13584-6
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Article ; Online: Ensemble forecast and parameter inference of childhood diarrhea in Chobe District, Botswana.

Heaney, Alexandra K / Alexander, Kathleen A / Shaman, Jeffrey

Epidemics

2019 Volume 30, Page(s) 100372

Abstract: Diarrheal disease is the second largest cause of mortality in children younger than 5, yet our ability to anticipate and prepare for outbreaks remains limited. Here, we develop and test an epidemiological forecast model for childhood diarrheal disease in ...

Abstract	Diarrheal disease is the second largest cause of mortality in children younger than 5, yet our ability to anticipate and prepare for outbreaks remains limited. Here, we develop and test an epidemiological forecast model for childhood diarrheal disease in Chobe District, Botswana. Our prediction system uses a compartmental susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible (SIRS) model coupled with Bayesian data assimilation to infer relevant epidemiological parameter values and generate retrospective forecasts. Our model inferred two system parameters and accurately simulated weekly observed diarrhea cases from 2007-2017. Accurate retrospective forecasts for diarrhea outbreaks were generated up to six weeks before the predicted peak of the outbreak, and accuracy increased over the progression of the outbreak. Many forecasts generated by our model system were more accurate than predictions made using only historical data trends. Accurate real-time forecasts have the potential to increase local preparedness for coming outbreaks through improved resource allocation and healthcare worker distribution.
MeSH term(s)	Bayes Theorem ; Botswana/epidemiology ; Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea/epidemiology ; Diarrhea/immunology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Immunity ; Infant ; Models, Biological ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-16
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2467993-8
ISSN	1878-0067 ; 1755-4365
ISSN (online)	1878-0067
ISSN	1755-4365
DOI	10.1016/j.epidem.2019.100372
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