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Article ; Online: Coumarin Linked Cyanine Dye for the Selective Detection of Cyanide Ion in Environmental Water Sample.

Palanisamy, Jayasudha / Rajagopal, Rajakrishnan / Alfarhan, Ahmed

2024

Abstract: A benzoxazole-coumarin-based probe BOC, was synthesized and validated for its anion sensing ability and found to be effective in recognizing cyanide ions. Upon addition of cyanide, a spontaneous color change was observed that was visible to the naked eye. ...

Abstract	A benzoxazole-coumarin-based probe BOC, was synthesized and validated for its anion sensing ability and found to be effective in recognizing cyanide ions. Upon addition of cyanide, a spontaneous color change was observed that was visible to the naked eye. The sensitization process takes place with nucleophilic addition, and the cyanide ion added to the probe disrupts the intra molecular charge transfer transition (ICT) between the donor and acceptor units, causing the pink colored probe to become yellow. Ultraviolet and fluorescence methods were applied to measure the detection limits of probes with added cyanide ions, which were found to be 3.47 µM and 2.48 nM. The stoichiometry of the probe with the cyanide ion was determined by the Job's method, NMR titration, and mass spectrometry and was found to be in a 1:1 ratio. The results obtained from the visual and UV-visible spectral studies are justified by theoretical calculations. The cyanide-loaded probe induced visual changes, which enabled the development of a test strip for field application, and the prepared strip can be used to detect the ppm level of cyanide in water samples. The developed probe, BOC, can be used to detect cyanide ions in various water samples.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2016892-5
ISSN	1573-4994 ; 1053-0509
ISSN (online)	1573-4994
ISSN	1053-0509
DOI	10.1007/s10895-024-03620-0
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Article ; Online: Selective and Effective Sensing of Cyanide Ion with no Interference in Water by Phenothiazine-indolium Fused Optical Sensor.

Palanisamy, Jayasudha / Rajagopal, Rajakrishnan / Alfarhan, Ahmed

Journal of fluorescence

2024

Abstract: The sensor with electron donor phenothiazine-2-carbaldehyde and electron acceptor indolium carboxylic acid, is developed with an intramolecular charge transfer transition between them. The synthesized molecule senses cyanide ion in water. The cyanide ion ...

Abstract	The sensor with electron donor phenothiazine-2-carbaldehyde and electron acceptor indolium carboxylic acid, is developed with an intramolecular charge transfer transition between them. The synthesized molecule senses cyanide ion in water. The cyanide ion reacts with the molecule via nucleophilic addition in the indolium ring with a noticeable purple to colorless change in the solution observed. Also with the cyanide ion interaction, the sensor exhibits change in UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectra. While the other ion does not show spectral and visual changes when interacts with the sensor molecule. Also the interference study reveals that the molecule is highly selective towards cyanide ion. Different source of water samples confirms the CN
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2016892-5
ISSN	1573-4994 ; 1053-0509
ISSN (online)	1573-4994
ISSN	1053-0509
DOI	10.1007/s10895-024-03715-8
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Article ; Online: Microplastics: Detection in human samples, cell line studies, and health impacts.

Barceló, Damià / Picó, Yolanda / Alfarhan, Ahmed H

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology

2023 Volume 101, Page(s) 104204

Abstract: Microplastics (MPs) are in all environmental compartments, including atmosphere, terrestrial, and aquatic environments as well as in marine organisms, foods, drinking water, and indoor and outdoor environments. MPs can enter the human body through the ... ...

Abstract	Microplastics (MPs) are in all environmental compartments, including atmosphere, terrestrial, and aquatic environments as well as in marine organisms, foods, drinking water, and indoor and outdoor environments. MPs can enter the human body through the food chain and contaminated environment. Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact are the routes of their entry into the human body. Recent studies reporting the detection of MPs within the human body have raised concern among the scientific community as the knowledge about human exposure is still very limited and their impact on health is not well-understood yet. In this review article, we briefly cover the reports evidencing MP detection within the human body, e.g., stool, placenta, lungs, liver, sputum, breast milk, and blood. A concise synopsis of sample preparation and analysis of such human matrices is also provided. This article also presents a summary of the effect of MPs on human cell lines and human health.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Microplastics/toxicity ; Plastics/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Food Chain
Chemical Substances	Microplastics ; Plastics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-28
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1318302-3
ISSN	1872-7077 ; 1382-6689
ISSN (online)	1872-7077
ISSN	1382-6689
DOI	10.1016/j.etap.2023.104204
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Zs.A 4490: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Alien Plant Invasions of the Natural Habitat in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: Floristic Diversity and Vegetation Structure

Alharthi, Saud T. / El-Shiekh, Mohamed A. / Alfarhan, Ahmed A.

Diversity. 2023 Feb. 21, v. 15, no. 3

2023

Abstract: The western region of Saudi Arabia is a major vegetation diversity hotspot with wide range of habitats and variant climatic and topographical characteristics. The vegetation diversity in this region has not been fully studied to monitor the changes that ... ...

Abstract	The western region of Saudi Arabia is a major vegetation diversity hotspot with wide range of habitats and variant climatic and topographical characteristics. The vegetation diversity in this region has not been fully studied to monitor the changes that happen over time in these habitats. This study aims to identify the floristic diversity and vegetation structure of the plant species in invaded habitats of the western region of Saudi Arabia. A total of 58 stands in the different invaded habitats (i.e., mountains, protected areas “ridge mountain habitat”, wadis, farmlands, ruderal areas, and coastal areas) were examined. A total of 146 plant species (94 native and 52 alien species) distributed among 132 genera and 49 families were recorded. Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Fabaceae were the most represented families and accounted for approximately 35% of the identified species. Multivariate analysis of the identified species clustered them into four main vegetation groups: VG I dominated by Opuntia ficus-indica-Juniperus phoenicea, VG II dominated by Reichardia tingitana-Heliotropium aegyptiacum, VG III dominated by Prosopis juliflora-Acacia seyal-Abutilon pannosum, and VG IV dominated by Suaeda monoica. The ecological information represented in this study may help in monitoring the changes in vegetation diversity across the western region of Saudi Arabia and designing the required conservation plans.
Keywords	Opuntia ; Poaceae ; Prosopis ; Reichardia ; Suaeda ; habitats ; introduced plants ; multivariate analysis ; vegetation ; vegetation structure ; Saudi Arabia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0221
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2518137-3
ISSN	1424-2818
ISSN	1424-2818
DOI	10.3390/d15030309
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of polyphenols extracted from different Saudi Arabian date cultivars against human pathogens.

Al-Tamimi, Amal / Alfarhan, Ahmed / Rajagopal, Rajakrishnan

Journal of infection and public health

2021 Volume 14, Issue 12, Page(s) 1783–1787

Abstract: Background: Microbial diseases have emerged as a serious threat to the healthcare system globally and also in Saudi Arabia; various diseases are associated with higher mortality and increased spreading rates. Dietary sources are often entertained to ... ...

Abstract	Background: Microbial diseases have emerged as a serious threat to the healthcare system globally and also in Saudi Arabia; various diseases are associated with higher mortality and increased spreading rates. Dietary sources are often entertained to improve the immune system of the body to fight against these infections. The date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L) is one such functional food that is less explored for its actual potentials. Methods: The polyphenols isolated from the different cultivars of dates in Saudi Arabia (Ajwa, Safawi, Khalas, and Sukkary) was evaluated for their antibacterial, anti-fungal and anti-biofilm forming abilities. The anti-radical properties of the phenolic extract were conducted in terms of the scavenging of diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, hydrogen peroxide radicals and ABTS radicals. The anti-inflammatory potential was analyzed in terms of lipoxygenase activity inhibition. Results: The phenolic compounds of different dates were spectrophotometrically estimated and cultivars such as Ajwa and Sukkary had the highest polyphenol content. It was also noteworthy that they exerted potent antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as estimated by the least minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) or minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Besides, these polyphenols reduced the biofilm formation by these bacterial pathogens; it is thus possible that the polyphenols from dates can be a promising antimicrobial agent against various pathogenic strains. Corroborating with these, the polyphenol extracts from different Saudi Arabian dates were found to inhibit the growth of mycelium in strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Apart from these, the polyphenol isolates also exhibited significant anti-radical properties against different reactive radical systems. Conclusion: Overall, the efficacy of phenolic compounds extracted from the dried date fruits are not only restricted to the functional food features; instead, these molecules are capable of preventing the growth of microbial pathogens of humans. Hence, it may emerge as potent antibacterial, anti-fungal and anti-biofilm forming candidates.
MeSH term(s)	Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; Biofilms ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Polyphenols/pharmacology ; Saudi Arabia
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Plant Extracts ; Polyphenols
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2467587-8
ISSN	1876-035X ; 1876-0341
ISSN (online)	1876-035X
ISSN	1876-0341
DOI	10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.006
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Article ; Online: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil from Citrus reticulata Blanco Peels Collected from Agrowastes.

Job, Joice Tom / Visakh, Naduvilthara U / Pathrose, Berin / Alfarhan, Ahmed / Rajagopal, Rajakrishnan / Thayyullathil, Jobiraj / Thejass, P / Ramesh, Varsha / Narayanankutty, Arunaksharan

Chemistry & biodiversity

2024 Volume 21, Issue 3, Page(s) e202301223

Abstract: Citrus fruits have a thick outer coat which is often discarded due to its low economic value and usually contributes to the waste. So this work focused on exploring the potential pharmacological properties of the discarded citrus peels. In the present ... ...

Abstract	Citrus fruits have a thick outer coat which is often discarded due to its low economic value and usually contributes to the waste. So this work focused on exploring the potential pharmacological properties of the discarded citrus peels. In the present study, we extracted the essential oil from peel wastes of Citrus reticulata Blanco (CREO) from the local market. The antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties of essential oil were evaluated. The CREO exhibited a strong antioxidant property with DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, H
MeSH term(s)	Oils, Volatile/pharmacology ; Oils, Volatile/chemistry ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Antioxidants/chemistry ; Escherichia coli ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Citrus/chemistry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Oils, Volatile ; Antioxidants ; Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2139001-0
ISSN	1612-1880 ; 1612-1872
ISSN (online)	1612-1880
ISSN	1612-1872
DOI	10.1002/cbdv.202301223
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Article ; Online: Synthesis of Bis-Chalcones and Evaluation of Its Effect on Peroxide-Induced Cell Death and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Production.

Tom, Alby / Jacob, Jisha / Mathews, Manoj / Rajagopal, Rajakrishnan / Alfarhan, Ahmed / Barcelo, Damia / Narayanankutty, Arunaksharan

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 28, Issue 17

Abstract: Plant secondary metabolites are important sources of biologically active compounds with wide pharmacological potentials. Among the different classes, the chalcones form integral pharmacologically active agents. Natural chalcones and bis-chalcones exhibit ...

Abstract	Plant secondary metabolites are important sources of biologically active compounds with wide pharmacological potentials. Among the different classes, the chalcones form integral pharmacologically active agents. Natural chalcones and bis-chalcones exhibit high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in various experiments. Studies are also underway to explore more biologically active bis-chalcones by chemical synthesis of these compounds. In this study, the effects of six synthetic bis-chalcones were evaluated in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6); further, the anti-inflammatory potentials were studied in lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production in macrophages. The synthesized bis-chalcones differ from each other first of all by the nature of the aromatic cores (functional group substitution, and their position) and by the size of a central alicycle. The exposure of IEC-6 cells to peroxide radicals reduced the cell viability; however, pre-treatment with the bis-chalcones improved the cell viability in these cells. The mechanism of action was observed to be the increased levels of glutathione and antioxidant enzyme activities. Further, these bis-chalcones also inhibited the LPS-stimulation-induced inflammatory cytokine production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Overall, the present study indicated the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory abilities of synthetic bis-chalcones.
MeSH term(s)	Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Chalcones/pharmacology ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; Cell Death ; Peroxides ; Cytokines
Chemical Substances	Antioxidants ; Chalcones ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Peroxides ; Cytokines
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1413402-0
ISSN	1420-3049 ; 1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
ISSN (online)	1420-3049
ISSN	1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
DOI	10.3390/molecules28176354
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Zs.MO 81: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of

Sidhic, Jameema / George, Satheesh / Alfarhan, Ahmed / Rajagopal, Rajakrishnan / Olatunji, Opeyemi Joshua / Narayanankutty, Arunaksharan

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 28, Issue 19

Abstract: Ethnomedicinal plants are important sources of drug candidates, and many of these plants, especially in the Western Ghats, are underexplored. ...

Abstract	Ethnomedicinal plants are important sources of drug candidates, and many of these plants, especially in the Western Ghats, are underexplored.
MeSH term(s)	Plants, Medicinal/chemistry ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Antioxidants/chemistry ; Plant Extracts/chemistry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry ; Luteolin ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Phytochemicals/pharmacology ; Phytochemicals/chemistry ; Ethanol/chemistry ; Fabaceae ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Antioxidants ; Plant Extracts ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Luteolin (KUX1ZNC9J2) ; Phytochemicals ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M) ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1413402-0
ISSN	1420-3049 ; 1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
ISSN (online)	1420-3049
ISSN	1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
DOI	10.3390/molecules28196875
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Article ; Online: Potential use of bio functionalized nanoparticles to attenuate triple negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 cells).

Santhoshkumar, Murali / Perumal, Dhandapani / Narenkumar, Jayaraman / Ramachandran, Vasudevan / Muthusamy, Karnan / Alfarhan, Ahmed / David, Ernest

Bioprocess and biosystems engineering

2023 Volume 46, Issue 6, Page(s) 803–811

Abstract: This study showed that bio-functional silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were synthesized in aqueous extracts of Gymnema sylvestre leaves and tested for toxicity assessment against triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) ...

Abstract	This study showed that bio-functional silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were synthesized in aqueous extracts of Gymnema sylvestre leaves and tested for toxicity assessment against triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC). Biofunctional nanoparticle (NPs) samples were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TEM. The results showed that the phytofabrication of AgNPs resulted in a dark brown, UV-vis maximum absorbance peak at 413 nm. The AgNPs were crystalline and spherical, with sizes ranging from 20 to 60 nm, as confirmed by the XRD pattern and TEM images. Another phytofabrication of ZnONPs exhibited a white precipitate corresponding to a UV-Vis maximum absorption peak at 377 nm and a fine micro flower morphology with a particle-sized tribution between 100 and 200 nm. In addition, FT-IR spectra showed that bioorganic compounds are associated with NPs that respond to reduced Ag
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Cell Line, Tumor ; MDA-MB-231 Cells ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Silver/pharmacology ; Silver/chemistry ; Zinc Oxide/chemistry ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/chemistry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents
Chemical Substances	Silver (3M4G523W1G) ; Zinc Oxide (SOI2LOH54Z) ; Plant Extracts ; Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-28
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1476357-6
ISSN	1615-7605 ; 1432-0797 ; 1615-7591
ISSN (online)	1615-7605 ; 1432-0797
ISSN	1615-7591
DOI	10.1007/s00449-023-02858-5
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Article ; Online: Wild and ruderal plants as bioindicators of global urban pollution by air, water and soil in Riyadh and Abha, Saudi Arabia.

Picó, Yolanda / Campo, Julian / Alfarhan, Ahmed H / El-Sheikh, Mohamed A / Barceló, Damià

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 888, Page(s) 164166

Abstract: Recently, environment pollution around the globe has increased because of anthropogenic activities. As part of the biota, plants can assimilate the compounds present in air, water and soil and respond to changes in surround conditions, for that, they can ...

Abstract	Recently, environment pollution around the globe has increased because of anthropogenic activities. As part of the biota, plants can assimilate the compounds present in air, water and soil and respond to changes in surround conditions, for that, they can be used as bioindicators of global pollution. However, urban plants' ability to monitor organic pollutants in air, soil, and water have not been profoundly studied yet. Anthropogenic contamination produced by five different types of pollutants [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), pesticides and organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs)] has been studied in Riyadh and Abha areas (Saudi Arabia). In addition to the points in both cities, a control point located in the Asir National Park (close to Abha), which is little affected by human activity, was used. The 5 groups of contaminants were found with different but high detection frequencies from 85 % to 100 % in wild and ruderal plants. PAHs were detected in all the analyzed samples at the highest average sum of concentrations (ΣPAHs) 1486 ng·g
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Biomarkers ; Soil ; Saudi Arabia ; Environmental Pollutants ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis
Chemical Substances	Environmental Biomarkers ; Soil ; Environmental Pollutants ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-16
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164166
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