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Article ; Online: The colonisation of Madagascar by land-bound vertebrates.

Ali, Jason R / Hedges, S Blair

Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

2023 Volume 98, Issue 5, Page(s) 1583–1606

Abstract: Despite discussions extending back almost 160 years, the means by which Madagascar's iconic land vertebrates arrived on the island remains the focus of active debate. Three options have been considered: vicariance, range expansion across land bridges, ... ...

Abstract	Despite discussions extending back almost 160 years, the means by which Madagascar's iconic land vertebrates arrived on the island remains the focus of active debate. Three options have been considered: vicariance, range expansion across land bridges, and dispersal over water. The first assumes that a group (clade/lineage) occupied the island when it was connected with the other Gondwana landmasses in the Mesozoic. Causeways to Africa do not exist today, but have been proposed by some researchers for various times in the Cenozoic. Over-water dispersal could be from rafting on floating vegetation (flotsam) or by swimming/drifting. A recent appraisal of the geological data supported the idea of vicariance, but found nothing to justify the notion of past causeways. Here we review the biological evidence for the mechanisms that explain the origins of 28 of Madagascar's land vertebrate clades [two other lineages (the geckos Geckolepis and Paragehyra) could not be included in the analysis due to phylogenetic uncertainties]. The podocnemid turtles and typhlopoid snakes are conspicuous for they appear to have arisen through a deep-time vicariance event. The two options for the remaining 26 (16 reptile, five land-bound-mammal, and five amphibian), which arrived between the latest Cretaceous and the present, are dispersal across land bridges or over water. As these would produce very different temporal influx patterns, we assembled and analysed published arrival times for each of the groups. For all, a 'colonisation interval' was generated that was bracketed by its 'stem-old' and 'crown-young' tree-node ages; in two instances, the ranges were refined using palaeontological data. The synthesis of these intervals for all clades, which we term a colonisation profile, has a distinctive shape that can be compared, statistically, to various models, including those that assume the arrivals were focused in time. The analysis leads us to reject the various land bridge models (which would show temporal concentrations) and instead supports the idea of dispersal over water (temporally random). Therefore, the biological evidence is now in agreement with the geological evidence, as well as the filtered taxonomic composition of the fauna, in supporting over-water dispersal as the mechanism that explains all but two of Madagascar's land-vertebrate groups.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Madagascar ; Mammals ; Phylogeny ; Water
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Review ; Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1423558-4
ISSN	1469-185X ; 0006-3231 ; 1464-7931
ISSN (online)	1469-185X
ISSN	0006-3231 ; 1464-7931
DOI	10.1111/brv.12966
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Article ; Online: Alfred R. Wallace's enduring influence on biogeographical studies of the Indo‐Australian archipelago

Ali, Jason R. / Heaney, Lawrence R.

Journal of Biogeography. 2023 Jan., v. 50, no. 1 p.32-40

2023

Abstract: To mark A.R. Wallace's 200th birthday, we review the direct and indirect contributions he made to our understanding of the Indo‐Australian Archipelago's biogeography. He is widely known for his field research (1854–1862) and his 1863 boundary line ... ...

Abstract	To mark A.R. Wallace's 200th birthday, we review the direct and indirect contributions he made to our understanding of the Indo‐Australian Archipelago's biogeography. He is widely known for his field research (1854–1862) and his 1863 boundary line separating the Oriental and Australasian faunal realms (between Bali and Lombok, Borneo and Sulawesi, and the Philippines and the Moluccas). Notably, though, he never accepted Huxley's ‘Wallace Line’ proposal (1868), whose northern part runs between the main Philippine islands and the Palawan Group to the west. Furthermore, in 1910, which was 3 years prior to his demise, he transferred Sulawesi's fauna to the Oriental realm. In 1924, Merrill introduced the ‘Wallacea’ transition zone. Although the label is today widely used to denote a sub‐region within the Indo‐Australian Archipelago between Wallace's 1863 line and Lydekker's 1896 line (first presented by Darlington in 1957), the western boundary was originally based on Huxley's line, and thus included the Philippine islands minus the Palawan group. Most biogeographers appear to be unaware of Merrill and his intention. Finally, recent attempts to define the faunal break have not led to a consensus view, despite the huge increase in primary data plus the application of modern analytical techniques. This reflects the complexities and diversity of the region's faunal distribution patterns, plus the differences in the ways that researchers choose to process their data.
Keywords	Borneo ; Philippines ; biogeography ; fauna ; geographical distribution ; Indo-Australian Archipelago ; Indonesia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-01
Size	p. 32-40.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	188963-1
ISSN	0305-0270
ISSN	0305-0270
DOI	10.1111/jbi.14470
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Article ; Online: Geological data indicate that the interpretation for the age-calibrated phylogeny for the Kurixalus-genus frogs of South, South-east and East Asia (Lv et al., 2018) needs to be rethought.

Ali, Jason R

Molecular phylogenetics and evolution

2018 Volume 145, Page(s) 106053

Abstract: Recently, Lv et al. (2018) published an age-calibrated phylogenetic tree for the Kurixalus frogs, members of which occur across parts of South, South-east and East Asia. A clade on Taiwan, represented by Kurixalus idiootocus and the Kurixalus eiffingeri ... ...

Abstract	Recently, Lv et al. (2018) published an age-calibrated phylogenetic tree for the Kurixalus frogs, members of which occur across parts of South, South-east and East Asia. A clade on Taiwan, represented by Kurixalus idiootocus and the Kurixalus eiffingeri species complex, is deemed to have been resident since the middle Cenozoic; its closest congeners are in southern Indochina (not in the adjacent parts of south-east China), and the split between the two is dated at 32.8 Ma. Furthermore, a sub-population of Kurixalus eiffingeri is believed to have colonized islands in the western Ryukyus c. 13.5 Ma. There is, however, a problem with this scenario: the landmass regarded as modern-day Taiwan has existed only for 4-5 million years (it results from a young and ongoing tectonic-plate collision). Assuming the Kurixalus phylogeny and the dating of its branchings are correct, then a palaeobiogeographical scenario involving an older, alternative land surface with later transfer to Taiwan, possibly involving over-water dispersal, would reconcile the biology, but testing this may be difficult/impossible. If the ages of the nodes in the proposed tree are found to be significantly overestimated, the geology and biology might more easily be accommodated.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anura ; China ; Far East ; Geology ; Indochina ; Islands ; Phylogeny ; Taiwan ; Wetlands
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	33610-5
ISSN	1095-9513 ; 1055-7903
ISSN (online)	1095-9513
ISSN	1055-7903
DOI	10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.011
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Article ; Online: Wallace's line, Wallacea, and associated divides and areas: history of a tortuous tangle of ideas and labels.

Ali, Jason R / Heaney, Lawrence R

Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

2021 Volume 96, Issue 3, Page(s) 922–942

Abstract: Due to its position between the highly distinct Oriental and Australasian biogeographical realms, much effort has been spent demarcating associated separations and transitions in the faunal assemblages of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Initially, sharp ...

Abstract	Due to its position between the highly distinct Oriental and Australasian biogeographical realms, much effort has been spent demarcating associated separations and transitions in the faunal assemblages of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Initially, sharp boundary lines were proposed, with the earliest dating from the mid-1800s. Notably, the one published by Alfred R. Wallace in 1863, based upon land-mammal and land-bird distributions, has since achieved iconic status and today its significance is recognized well beyond the confines of the biogeography community. Over the next four decades many such divides were engraved onto plates and inked onto charts of SE Asia using additional information, different organisms or other criteria. However, it became apparent that, as Wallace had noted, all such lines were to some degree permeable, and by the 1880s transition zones were being put forward instead; the label 'Wallacea' was introduced in 1924. Interestingly, the last decade has seen new divides and sub-regions being proposed, some departing markedly from earlier offerings. Although currently there is general agreement regarding much of the terminology associated with both the lines and the areas, the record of publication indicates that this consensus has emerged obliquely, and in some cases is weakly founded. This review does not present new data nor new analyses; rather it summarizes the development of ideas and reflects upon attendant issues that have emerged. After reviewing the key proposals, recommendations are presented that should in future alleviate perceived difficulties or inadequacies. Reference to specific divides must be true to their original definitions; there are many instances where the secondary literature has portrayed them incorrectly and with some this has rippled through into later publications. Moreover, Wallace's 1863 line is not the one that he finally settled upon (in 1910); its path around Sulawesi was transferred from the west to the east of the Island. Ideally, Huxley's divide (1868) should carry his name rather than Wallace's; the latter never accepted the proposition. Lydekker's Line (1896) ought to be labelled the Heilprin-Lydekker Line in recognition of Angelo Heilprin's 1887 contribution. Concerning transition zones, ideally Wallacea should correspond to its original 1924 description, which incorporated the Philippine islands bar the Palawan group. Notably, though, a smaller form (introduced by Darlington in 1957, used frequently from 1998 onwards) in which all of the Philippine islands are excluded is entrenched within the recent literature, but this is often without evident justification. It should also be recognized that the 'reduced' (=southern) Wallacea area was effectively defined by Heilprin in 1887, but was then labelled the 'Austro-Malaysian Transition Zone'. Finally, the application in recent years of modern analytical techniques has not led to a consensus view on where the lines/areas should run/be placed; with such a large, diverse set of organisms, each with differing histories, this is perhaps not surprising.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Australia ; Birds ; Indonesia ; Philippines
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1423558-4
ISSN	1469-185X ; 0006-3231 ; 1464-7931
ISSN (online)	1469-185X
ISSN	0006-3231 ; 1464-7931
DOI	10.1111/brv.12683
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Article: A review of geological evidence bearing on proposed Cenozoic land connections between Madagascar and Africa and its relevance to biogeography

Ali, Jason R. / Hedges, S. Blair

Earth-science reviews. 2022 Sept., v. 232

2022

Abstract: For a variety of reasons, Madagascar's rich and highly distinctive faunal assemblage has long attracted attention. Recurring questions with the associated studies have concerned when and how the ancestors of the various clades reached the island. For the ...

Abstract	For a variety of reasons, Madagascar's rich and highly distinctive faunal assemblage has long attracted attention. Recurring questions with the associated studies have concerned when and how the ancestors of the various clades reached the island. For the land-bound animals, the common view is that they arrived after the Cretaceous on ‘rafts' that washed in from Africa. However, this centuries-old discussion has been periodically spiked with proposals for land-bridges, with a recent one arguing for three separate causeways or stepping-stone chains connecting Africa and Madagascar in the early, middle, and late Cenozoic (66–60 Ma, 36–30 Ma, and 12–5 Ma). Here, the general idea of former causeways spanning the Mozambique Channel is evaluated based on an extensive survey of the related geological and geophysical literature, a large portion of which dates from the last half-decade. The analysis, which makes use of a newly-developed topological schema, indicates that only a small number of the supposed dry-land sub-paths were actually subaerial during each of the postulated colonization windows. Notably, during the Early Oligocene, a 220–250 km² pinnacle in the Sakalaves Seamount group formed a volcanic ‘high-island’. The other offshore sectors that were exposed would have been atoll crowns: Juan de Nova Island throughout the Cenozoic and the northern Sakalaves in the Late Miocene. However, it would have been challenging for most land animals to exist on those low-elevation carbonate platforms for any length of time. Therefore, the notion of Africa and Madagascar being linked in the Cenozoic by terrestrial walkways can be regarded as falsified. Over-water dispersal best explains how 26 of Madagascar's 27 land-vertebrate clades colonized the landmass. The exception, a group of small, soil-dwelling snakes, is likely a relict lineage whose ancestors were present on the island prior to Madagascar's geographical isolation that resulted from the tectonic block's breakup with India-Seychelles c. 85 Ma.
Keywords	Cretaceous period ; Miocene epoch ; Oligocene epoch ; atolls ; biogeography ; carbonates ; fauna ; geographical isolation ; geophysics ; seamounts ; surveys ; tectonics ; topology ; Madagascar ; Mozambique
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-09
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1792-9
ISSN	0012-8252
ISSN	0012-8252
DOI	10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104103
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Article: Geological data indicate that the interpretation for the age-calibrated phylogeny for the Kurixalus-genus frogs of South, South-east and East Asia (Lv et al., 2018) needs to be rethought

Ali, Jason R

Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 2018 Feb. 11,

2018

Abstract	Recently, Lv et al. (2018) published an age-calibrated phylogenetic tree for the Kurixalus frogs, members of which occur across parts of South, South-east and East Asia. A clade on Taiwan, represented by Kurixalus idiootocus and the Kurixalus eiffingeri species complex, is deemed to have been resident since the middle Cenozoic; its closest congeners are in southern Indochina (not in the adjacent parts of south-east China), and the split between the two is dated at 32.8 Ma. Furthermore, a sub-population of Kurixalus eiffingeri is believed to have colonized islands in the western Ryukyus c. 13.5 Ma. There is, however, a problem with this scenario: the landmass regarded as modern-day Taiwan has existed only for 4–5 million years (it results from a young and ongoing tectonic-plate collision). Assuming the Kurixalus phylogeny and the dating of its branchings are correct, then a palaeobiogeographical scenario involving an older, alternative land surface with later transfer to Taiwan, possibly involving over-water dispersal, would reconcile the biology, but testing this may be difficult/impossible. If the ages of the nodes in the proposed tree are found to be significantly overestimated, the geology and biology might more easily be accommodated.
Keywords	Cenozoic era ; frogs ; islands ; phylogeny ; China ; Indochina ; Taiwan
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0211
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	33610-5
ISSN	1095-9513 ; 1055-7903
ISSN (online)	1095-9513
ISSN	1055-7903
DOI	10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.011
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Article: Islands as biological substrates: Continental

Ali, Jason R

Journal of biogeography. 2018 May, v. 45, no. 5

2018

Abstract: AIM: Describe the main geo‐physical features of the various sorts of marine islands that are associated with the continents and consider how the ontogenetic pathways of each landmass type might have shaped the hosted biotas. LOCATION: Global. METHODS: ... ...

Abstract	AIM: Describe the main geo‐physical features of the various sorts of marine islands that are associated with the continents and consider how the ontogenetic pathways of each landmass type might have shaped the hosted biotas. LOCATION: Global. METHODS: Review of the literature that underpins understanding of the “continental” marine islands, particularly those publications with biological, geological, geophysical, oceanographical and palaeoceanographical foci. RESULTS: Based on their geo‐physical settings, islands with continental basements/close connections to the continents can be assigned to one of nine categories: shelf, shelf volcano, orogenic margin, continental arc, continental fore‐arc, rifted arc‐raft, isolated raft atoll, isolated block and micro‐continental terrane. As each functions in a distinctive manner, this must have strongly imprinted the native biotas. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: “Continental” marine islands can be allocated to one of nine groups based on their respective geo‐physical locations. When geological time is considered, then the unique histories of each insular landmass type will have played a critical role in moulding the land‐locked faunal assemblages that have amassed and evolved atop them. Researchers investigating insular biotas, particularly those exploring biodiversity growth, may wish to accommodate these insights.
Keywords	atolls ; biodiversity ; fauna ; geophysics ; islands ; ontogeny
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-05
Size	p. 1003-1018.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	188963-1
ISSN	0305-0270
ISSN	0305-0270
DOI	10.1111/jbi.13186
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Article: New explanation for elements of Hainan Island's biological assemblage may stretch things a little too far

Ali, Jason R

Ecography. 2018 Mar., v. 41, no. 3

2018

Abstract: Recent interpretations of various floral and faunal components on Hainan Island and the nearby parts of mainland east Asia invoke a midâCenozoic plateâtectonic rifting episode that displaced the landmass ca 220 km southâeastwards from a postulated ... ...

Abstract	Recent interpretations of various floral and faunal components on Hainan Island and the nearby parts of mainland east Asia invoke a midâCenozoic plateâtectonic rifting episode that displaced the landmass ca 220 km southâeastwards from a postulated former site directly adjacent to the Chinaâ Vietnam border. However, having sifted through the relevant geological evidence I contend that this idea is weakly founded. In explaining challenging biogeographical patterns, it is suggested that all of the geoâphysical processes that could have forged the distributions need to be considered.
Keywords	biogeography ; fauna ; China ; Vietnam
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-03
Size	p. 457-460.
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1112659-0
ISSN	0906-7590
ISSN	0906-7590
DOI	10.1111/ecog.03199
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Colonizing the Caribbean: New geological data and an updated land‐vertebrate colonization record challenge the GAARlandia land‐bridge hypothesis

Ali, Jason R. / Hedges, S. Blair

Journal of biogeography. 2021 Nov., v. 48, no. 11

2021

Abstract: Over the past three decades, the hypothesized mid‐Cenozoic GAARlandia walkway (34 ± 1 Ma) has featured prominently in discussions on Caribbean biogeography. However, a fundamental issue has been a lack of geological and geophysical data from the Aves ... ...

Abstract	Over the past three decades, the hypothesized mid‐Cenozoic GAARlandia walkway (34 ± 1 Ma) has featured prominently in discussions on Caribbean biogeography. However, a fundamental issue has been a lack of geological and geophysical data from the Aves Ridge with which to evaluate the proposal. Consequently, opinions have been based purely on biological data, mainly from molecular‐clock studies but also from fossils and taxonomic composition. For whatever reasons, a polarization of views has occurred; some champion the land‐bridge to explain the colonizations of the island group, whereas others prefer over‐water dispersal. We examine the hypothesis drawing upon an updated compilation of land‐vertebrate colonizations (35 clades: 6 amphibian, 6 mammal and 23 reptile) plus a newly published geological study of the Aves Ridge and the adjacent Grenada Basin (to the east). The former indicates that the colonizations were heavily filtered and assembled in a piecemeal fashion consistent with over‐water dispersal; a mid‐Cenozoic ecological corridor would likely have led to a richer assemblage with a wider variety of components. The latter, which draws upon drill‐core and seismic data, indicates that the southern and central Aves Ridge was submerged at the aforesaid time. With the GAARlandia hypothesis geologically falsified, many biogeographical scenarios that have been proposed for the Greater Antillean biota now require re‐evaluation.
Keywords	amphibians ; basins ; biogeography ; geographical distribution ; geophysics ; mammals ; phylogeny ; reptiles ; taxonomy ; Caribbean ; Grenada
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-11
Size	p. 2699-2707.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	188963-1
ISSN	0305-0270
ISSN	0305-0270
DOI	10.1111/jbi.14234
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Article: Biodiversity growth on the volcanic ocean islands and the roles of in situ cladogenesis and immigration: case with the reptiles

Ali, Jason R / Meiri, Shai

Ecography. 2019 May, v. 42, no. 5

2019

Abstract: Models for biodiversity growth on the remote oceanic islands assume that in situ cladogenesis is a major contributor. To test this, we compiled occurrence data for 194 terrestrial reptile species on 53 volcanically‐constructed middle‐ to low‐latitude ... ...

Abstract	Models for biodiversity growth on the remote oceanic islands assume that in situ cladogenesis is a major contributor. To test this, we compiled occurrence data for 194 terrestrial reptile species on 53 volcanically‐constructed middle‐ to low‐latitude landmasses worldwide. Despite 273 native island‐species records, there are only 8–12 cases of the phenomenon, including just two radiations. Diversification frequencies are largely uncorrelated with island area, age, maximum altitude, and isolation. Furthermore, there is no indication that the presence of non‐sister congeners on an island stymies the process. Diversity on individual oceanic islands therefore results primarily from immigration and anageneis, but this is not a simple matter. Clusters that are difficult to reach (far or challenging to get to) or thrive upon (e.g. Canaries, Galápagos) have relatively few clades (3–8), some of which have many species (6–14), and all host at least one endemic genus. In these settings, diversity grows mainly by intra‐archipelago transfer followed by within‐island anagenetic speciation. In contrast, those island groups that are easier to disperse to (characterized by short distances and conducive transit conditions) and harbour more benign habitats (e.g. Comoros, Lesser Antilles) have been settled by many ancestor‐colonizers (≥ 14), but each clade has few derived species (≤ 4). These archipelagoes lack especially distinctive lineages. Models explaining the assembly and growth of terrestrial biotic suites on the volcanic ocean islands thus need to accommodate these new insights.
Keywords	altitude ; biodiversity ; biological speciation ; habitats ; immigration ; islands ; latitude ; models ; reptiles ; Caribbean ; Comoros
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-05
Size	p. 989-999.
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1112659-0
ISSN	0906-7590
ISSN	0906-7590
DOI	10.1111/ecog.04024
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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