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Article ; Online: A Review of the Benefits 3D Printing Brings to Patients with Neurological Diseases

Christine Gander / Kejing Shi / Ali Nokhodchi / Matthew Lam

Pharmaceutics, Vol 15, Iss 892, p

2023 Volume 892

Abstract: This interdisciplinary review focuses on how flexible three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology can aid patients with neurological diseases. It covers a wide variety of current and possible applications ranging from neurosurgery to customizable ... ...

Abstract	This interdisciplinary review focuses on how flexible three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology can aid patients with neurological diseases. It covers a wide variety of current and possible applications ranging from neurosurgery to customizable polypill along with a brief description of the various 3DP techniques. The article goes into detail about how 3DP technology can aid delicate neurosurgical planning and its consequent outcome for patients. It also covers areas such as how the 3DP model can be utilized in patient counseling along with designing specific implants involved in cranioplasty and customization of a specialized instrument such as 3DP optogenetic probes. Furthermore, the review includes how a 3DP nasal cast can contribute to the development of nose-to-brain drug delivery along with looking into how bioprinting could be used for regenerating nerves and how 3D-printed drugs could offer practical benefits to patients suffering from neurological diseases via polypill.
Keywords	3D drug printing ; personalized medicine ; neurosurgery ; bioprinting ; implants ; Pharmacy and materia medica ; RS1-441
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Rapid releasing naproxen Liqui-Pellet using effervescent agent and neusilin US2

Matthew Lam / Kofi Asare-Addo / Ali Nokhodchi

Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, Vol 24, Iss 1, Pp 108-

2021 Volume 115

Abstract: Objective(s): Liqui-Mass technology has shown promising advantages in terms of commercial production and formulation manipulation. This study attempts to further explore the potential of enhanced drug release of effervescent Liqui-Pellet by optimizing ... ...

Abstract	Objective(s): Liqui-Mass technology has shown promising advantages in terms of commercial production and formulation manipulation. This study attempts to further explore the potential of enhanced drug release of effervescent Liqui-Pellet by optimizing certain parameters. Materials and Methods: In the current study, pellets containing co-solvent, naproxen, coating and carrier materials were prepared via extrusion and spheronisation (Liqui-Pellet). Parameters investigated included polysorbate 80 concentration (as a co-solvent), water content and the presence or absence of neusilin US2 as part of the new binary carrier mixture approach. Results: It was found that the success of the Liqui-Pellet production was determined by the amount of polysorbate 80 and water used, where above a certain limit, agglomeration occurred, and the formulation failed. Liqui-Pellet formulation showed an excellent flow, narrow size distribution and was robust to pass friability testing. The key findings in the investigation were that the Liqui-Pellet was capable of a remarkably fast drug release, and 100% drug release achieved within 20 min at pH 1.2, wherein naproxen has been known to be practically insoluble in such pH.Conclusion: Liqui-Pellets display the potential to enhance explosive dissolution where a combination of effervescent powders and binary carriers with the high surface area were used. Furthermore, X-ray microtomography revealed that the pellets were very uniform and homogenous.
Keywords	coating excipients liqui ; mass system rapid release solubility x ; ray tomography ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Eudragit ® L100/Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanoparticles Impregnated Mucoadhesive Films as Ocular Inserts for Controlled Delivery of Erythromycin

Shahla Mirzaeei / Shiva Taghe / Raid G. Alany / Ali Nokhodchi

Biomedicines, Vol 10, Iss 8, p

Development, Characterization and In Vivo Evaluation

2022 Volume 1917

Abstract: The fast elimination of drugs from the cornea is one of many challenges associated with the topical administration of conventional dosage forms. The present manuscript aimed to prepare modified-release inserts containing erythromycin (ERY) to enhance ... ...

Abstract	The fast elimination of drugs from the cornea is one of many challenges associated with the topical administration of conventional dosage forms. The present manuscript aimed to prepare modified-release inserts containing erythromycin (ERY) to enhance drug delivery and address the aforementioned limitation. Film formulations were developed using Eudragit ® L100 (EUD) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) polymers. ERY-loaded EUD-based nanoparticles were developed by the colloidal dispersion method using PVA as the emulsifier. The film-casting method was applied to form the mucoadhesive films using sodium alginate, gelatin, cyclodextrin-α, and β as polymeric film matrices. Different physicochemical properties of the optimized formulations and in vitro release profiles were evaluated. The in vivo evaluation was performed by collecting tear samples of rabbits using a novel, non-invasive method following the administration of inserts in the cul-de-sac. The ERY amount was assayed using a microbiological assay. The developed films showed prolonged in vitro and in vivo release profiles over five to six days; they had suitable physicochemical properties and a tensile strength of 2–3 MPa. All formulations exhibited antibacterial efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus with more than 20 mm diameter of inhibited growth zones. None of the formulations caused irritation to the rabbit’s eye. The inserts showed promising pharmacokinetics with AUC 0–120 of 30,000–36,000 µg·h/mL, a C max of more than 1800 µg/mL at 4 h, and maintained drug concentration over the threshold of 5 µg/mL during the following 120 h of study. Nanoparticle-containing, mucoadhesive films could be fabricated as ocular inserts and can prolong the topical ocular delivery of ERY.
Keywords	controlled-release ; erythromycin ; Eudragit ® L100 ; mucoadhesive films ; nanoparticles ; ocular drug delivery ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	500
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Lectin Protein as a Promising Component to Functionalize Micelles, Liposomes and Lipid NPs against Coronavirus

Mehran Alavi / Kofi Asare-Addo / Ali Nokhodchi

Biomedicines, Vol 8, Iss 580, p

2020 Volume 580

Abstract: The outbreak of a novel strain coronavirus as the causative agent of COVID-19 pneumonia, first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has resulted in considerable focus on virulence abilities of coronavirus. Lectins are natural proteins with the ... ...

Abstract	The outbreak of a novel strain coronavirus as the causative agent of COVID-19 pneumonia, first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has resulted in considerable focus on virulence abilities of coronavirus. Lectins are natural proteins with the ability to bind specific carbohydrates related to various microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Lectins have the ability to agglutinate and neutralize these pathogeneses. The delivery of the encapsulated antiviral agents or vaccines across the cell membrane can be possible by functionalized micellar and liposomal formulations. In this mini-review, recent advances and challenges related to important lectins with inhibition activities against coronaviruses are presented to obtain a novel viewpoint of microformulations or nanoformulations by micellar and liposomal cell-binding carriers.
Keywords	coronaviruses ; COVID-19 pneumonia ; lectins ; nanoformulations ; micelles ; liposomes ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Formulation and Quality Control of Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODTs)

Mohammadali Poursharifi Ghourichay / Seyed Hossein Kiaie / Ali Nokhodchi / Yousef Javadzadeh

BioMed Research International, Vol

Recent Advances and Perspectives

2021 Volume 2021

Abstract: Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) rapidly disintegrate or dissolve in the oral cavity without using water. Demand for ODTs has increased, and the field has overgrown in the pharmaceutical industry and academia. It is reported that ODTs have several ... ...

Abstract	Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) rapidly disintegrate or dissolve in the oral cavity without using water. Demand for ODTs has increased, and the field has overgrown in the pharmaceutical industry and academia. It is reported that ODTs have several advantages over other conventional tablets. Since some of them are absorbed from the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus as the saliva passes down into the stomach, in such cases, the bioavailability of the drug improves meaningfully. Furthermore, the immediate release property of ODTs makes them a popular oral dosage form in patients with swallowing challenges, children, and for cases with a need for rapid onset of action. The current review article explains the features of active ingredients and excipients used in the formulation of ODTs, discusses multiple ODT formulation and preparation techniques with their merits and demerits, and also, offers remedies for problems associated with ODTs. Moreover, quality control steps and required considerations are presented.
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Hindawi Limited
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: An Insight into the Impact of Thermal Process on Dissolution Profile and Physical Characteristics of Theophylline Tablets Made through 3D Printing Compared to Conventional Methods

Nour Nashed / Matthew Lam / Taravat Ghafourian / Lluis Pausas / Memory Jiri / Mridul Majumder / Ali Nokhodchi

Biomedicines, Vol 10, Iss 1335, p

2022 Volume 1335

Abstract: The dissolution profile is of great importance in drug delivery and is affected by the manufacturing method. Thus, it is important to study the influence of the thermal process on drug release in emerging technologies such as 3D printing-fused deposition ...

Abstract	The dissolution profile is of great importance in drug delivery and is affected by the manufacturing method. Thus, it is important to study the influence of the thermal process on drug release in emerging technologies such as 3D printing-fused deposition modeling (FDM). For this purpose, the characteristics of 3D printed tablets were compared to those of tablets prepared by other thermal methods such as hot-melt extrusion (HME) and non-thermal methods such as physical mixture (PM). Theophylline was used as a drug model and blends of ethyl cellulose (EC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) were used as a matrix former. The solid state of the drug in all formulations was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. All studied tablets had the same weight and surface area/volume (SA/V). Dissolution data showed that, for some formulations, printed tablets interestingly had a faster release profile despite having the highest hardness values (>550 N) compared to HME and PM tablets. Porosity investigations showed that 100% infill printed tablets had the highest porosity (~20%) compared to HME (<10%) and PM tablets (≤11%). True density records were the lowest in printed tablets (~1.22 g/m 3 ) compared to tablets made from both HME and PM methods (~1.26 g/m 3 ), reflecting the possible increase in polymer specific volume while printing. This increase in the volume of polymer network may accelerate water and drug diffusion from/within the matrix. Thus, it is a misconception that the 3D printing process will always retard drug release based on increased tablet hardness. Hardness, porosity, density, solid-state of the drug, SA/V, weight, and formulation components are all factors contributing to the release profile where the total balance can either slow down or accelerate the release profile.
Keywords	3D printing ; hot-melt extrusion ; manufacturing method ; fused deposition modeling ; drug release ; porosity ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Carrier-Free Inhalable Dry Microparticles of Celecoxib

Azin Jahangiri / Ali Nokhodchi / Kofi Asare-Addo / Erfan Salehzadeh / Shahram Emami / Shadi Yaqoubi / Hamed Hamishehkar

Biomedicines, Vol 11, Iss 1747, p

Use of the Electrospraying Technique

2023 Volume 1747

Abstract: Upregulation of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) plays an important role in lung cancer pathogenesis. Celecoxib (CLX), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, may have beneficial effects in COVID-19-induced inflammatory storms. The current study aimed to develop carrier-free ...

Abstract	Upregulation of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) plays an important role in lung cancer pathogenesis. Celecoxib (CLX), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, may have beneficial effects in COVID-19-induced inflammatory storms. The current study aimed to develop carrier-free inhalable CLX microparticles by electrospraying as a dry powder formulation for inhalation (DPI). CLX microparticles were prepared through an electrospraying method using a suitable solvent mixture at two different drug concentrations. The obtained powders were characterized in terms of their morphology, solid state, dissolution behavior, and aerosolization performance. Electrosprayed particles obtained from the ethanol–acetone solvent mixture with a drug concentration of 3 % w / v exhibited the best in vitro aerosolization properties. The value of the fine particle fraction obtained for the engineered drug particles was 12-fold higher than that of the untreated CLX. When the concentration of CLX was increased, a remarkable reduction in FPF was obtained. The smallest median mass aerodynamic diameter was obtained from the electrosprayed CLX at a 3% concentration (2.82 µm) compared to 5% (3.25 µm) and untreated CLX (4.18 µm). DSC and FTIR experiments showed no change in drug crystallinity or structure of the prepared powders during the electrospraying process. The findings of this study suggest that electrospraying has potential applications in the preparation of DPI formulations.
Keywords	dry powder inhaler ; Celecoxib ; electrospraying ; aerosol performance ; carrier-free DPI ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Solid Dispersion Pellets

Ali Farmoudeh / Anahita Rezaeiroshan / Mohammadreza Abbaspour / Ali Nokhodchi / Pedram Ebrahimnejad

BioMed Research International, Vol

An Efficient Pharmaceutical Approach to Enrich the Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Deferasirox

2020 Volume 2020

Abstract: Deferasirox (DFX) is an oral iron-chelating agent and classified into class II of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Low bioavailability of the drug due to insufficient solubility in physiological fluids is the main drawback of DFX. The idea of ... ...

Abstract	Deferasirox (DFX) is an oral iron-chelating agent and classified into class II of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Low bioavailability of the drug due to insufficient solubility in physiological fluids is the main drawback of DFX. The idea of the current study was to explore the potential of solid dispersion (SD) as an effective method to improve the dissolution rate of DFX in pellets. The SDs were made by the solvent evaporation technique using polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) and polyvinylpyrrolidone K25 with different drug-to-carrier ratios. Then, the dispersion was milled and mixed with other components and the mixture layered on sugar-based cores by pan coating technique. The pellets were evaluated in terms of size distribution, morphology (SEM), and dissolution behaviour. Drug-polymer interactions were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction study (XRD), and Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The pellets coated with SD showed a remarkable rise in the solubility of DFX than that of free drug-loaded pellets. The dispersion with PVP K25 showed a faster dissolution rate as compared to other mixtures. The DSC and XRD analysis indicated that the drug was in the amorphous state when dispersed in the polymer. The FTIR studies demonstrated any ruled out interaction between drug and polymer. The SEM showed smoothness on the surface of the pellets. It is resolved that the SD method considerably enriched the dissolution rate of DFX in pellets, which can also be utilized for other poorly water-soluble drugs.
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Subject code	500
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Hindawi Limited
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Polymeric Inserts Containing Eudragit ® L100 Nanoparticle for Improved Ocular Delivery of Azithromycin

Shiva Taghe / Shahla Mirzaeei / Raid G. Alany / Ali Nokhodchi

Biomedicines, Vol 8, Iss 466, p

2020 Volume 466

Abstract: Polymeric inserts containing azithromycin-loaded Eudragit ® L100 nanoparticles were developed to sustain the drug release and enhance its ocular performance. The solvent diffusion technique was employed to prepare nanoparticles. The developed ... ...

Abstract	Polymeric inserts containing azithromycin-loaded Eudragit ® L100 nanoparticles were developed to sustain the drug release and enhance its ocular performance. The solvent diffusion technique was employed to prepare nanoparticles. The developed nanoparticles (NPs) were fully characterized and investigated. The solvent casting method was used to prepare azithromycin ocular inserts (azithromycin, AZM film) by adding hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) solutions after the incorporation of AZM-loaded Eudragit ® L100 nanoparticles into plasticized PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) solutions. The optimized nanoparticles had a particle size of 78.06 ± 2.3 nm, zeta potential around −2.45 ± 0.69 mV, polydispersity index around 0.179 ± 0.007, and entrapment efficiency 62.167 ± 0.07%. The prepared inserts exhibited an antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli cultures. The inserts containing AZM-loaded nanoparticles showed a burst release during the initial hours, followed by a sustained drug release pattern. Higher cumulative corneal permeations from AZM films were observed for the optimized formulation compared to the drug solution in the ex-vivo trans-corneal study. In comparison to the AZM solution, the inserts significantly prolonged the release of AZM in rabbit eyes (121 h). The mucoadhesive inserts containing azithromycin-loaded Eudragit ® L100 nanoparticles offer a promising approach for the ocular delivery of azithromycin (antibacterial and anti-inflammatory) to treat ocular infections that require a prolonged drug delivery.
Keywords	Azithromycin ; controlled drug delivery ; Eudragit ® L100 nanoparticles ; mucoadhesive films ; ocular drug delivery ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Agglomeration of Celecoxib by Quasi Emulsion Solvent Diffusion Method

Maryam Maghsoodi / Ali Nokhodchi

Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, Vol 6, Iss 4, Pp 607-

Effect of Stabilizer

2016 Volume 616

Abstract: Purpose: The quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion (QESD) has evolved into an effective technique to manufacture agglomerates of API crystals. Although, the proposed technique showed benefits, such as cost effectiveness, that is considerably sensitive to the ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: The quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion (QESD) has evolved into an effective technique to manufacture agglomerates of API crystals. Although, the proposed technique showed benefits, such as cost effectiveness, that is considerably sensitive to the choice of a stabilizer, which agonizes from a absence of systemic understanding in this field. In the present study, the combination of different solvents and stabilizers were compared to investigate any connections between the solvents and stabilizers. Methods: Agglomerates of celecoxib were prepared by QESD method using four different stabilizers (Tween 80, HPMC, PVP and SLS) and three different solvents (methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and isopropyl acetate). The solid state of obtained particles was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The agglomerated were also evaluated in term of production yield, distribution of particles and dissolution behavior. Results: The results showed that the effectiveness of stabilizer in terms of particle size and particle size distribution is specific to each solvent candidate. A stabilizer with a lower HLB value is preferred which actually increased its effectiveness with the solvent candidates with higher lipophilicity. HPMC appeared to be the most versatile stabilizer because it showed a better stabilizing effect compared to other stabilizers in all solvents used. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the efficiency of stabilizers in forming the celecoxib agglomerates by QESD was influenced by the HLB of the stabilizer and lipophilicity of the solvents.
Keywords	Spherical crystallization ; Celecoxib ; Quasi emulsion solvent diffusion method ; Pharmacy and materia medica ; RS1-441 ; Medicine ; R ; Agriculture ; S ; Therapeutics. Pharmacology ; RM1-950
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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