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Article ; Online: Cooking emissions are a major source of racial-ethnic air pollution exposure disparities in the United States

Provat K Saha / Albert A Presto / Steve Hankey / Julian D Marshall / Allen L Robinson

Environmental Research Letters, Vol 19, Iss 1, p

2024 Volume 014084

Abstract: Racial-ethnic minority populations in the US are disproportionately exposed to airborne fine particulate matter (PM _2.5 ), but few national studies have focused individually on the sources that contribute to these disparities. We address this gap by ... ...

Abstract	Racial-ethnic minority populations in the US are disproportionately exposed to airborne fine particulate matter (PM _2.5 ), but few national studies have focused individually on the sources that contribute to these disparities. We address this gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of PM _2.5 exposure disparities by race-ethnicity in the US, focusing on three source-categories: mobile-sources, cooking, and all other sources combined. Our approach is based on high-resolution, national land-use regression estimates of source-resolved PM _2.5 components, derived from high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer measurements. We find that each of these sources contributes approximately one-third of the overall PM _2.5 exposure disparities by race-ethnicity. While the importance of mobile-source tailpipe emissions is well recognized, our study underscores the significance of cooking emissions in creating PM _2.5 exposure disparities. This finding represents a potentially significant opportunity to reduce these disparities, as cooking emissions are currently largely unregulated. It has important implications for policymakers and public health advocates aiming to address the persistent issue of racial-ethnic disparities in air pollution.
Keywords	fine particulate matter ; cooking air pollution ; exposure disparity ; Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ; TD1-1066 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Science ; Q ; Physics ; QC1-999
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	IOP Publishing
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Mortality risk and long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and primary fine particle components in a national U.S. Cohort

Zachari A. Pond / Provat K. Saha / Carver J. Coleman / Albert A. Presto / Allen L. Robinson / C. Arden Pope III

Environment International, Vol 167, Iss , Pp 107439- (2022)

2022

Abstract: The objective of this study was to estimate all-cause, cardiopulmonary, and cancer mortality associations for long-term exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) and primary PM2.5 components. We utilized high-resolution, national-scale exposure estimates for ...

Abstract	The objective of this study was to estimate all-cause, cardiopulmonary, and cancer mortality associations for long-term exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) and primary PM2.5 components. We utilized high-resolution, national-scale exposure estimates for UFP (measured as particle number concentration; PNC) and three primary PM2.5 components, namely black carbon (BC), traffic-emitted organic PM2.5 (hereafter, hydrocarbon-like organic aerosols; HOA), and cooking-emitted organic PM2.5 (cooking organic aerosols; COA). Two analytic cohorts were constructed from a nationally representative U.S. health survey. The larger cohort consisted of 617,997 adults with information on a broad set of individual-level risk factors; the smaller cohort was further restricted to those with information on physical activity (n = 396,470). In single-pollutant models, PNC was significantly associated with all-cause (larger cohort HR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.02, 1.04]; smaller cohort HR = 1.02, 95% CI [1.00, 1.04]) and cancer mortality (larger cohort HR = 1.05, 95% CI [1.02, 1.08]; smaller cohort HR = 1.06, 95% CI [1.02, 1.10]). In two-pollutant models, mortality associations varied based on co-pollutant adjustment; PNC mortality associations were generally robust to controlling for PM10-2.5 and SO2, but not PM2.5. In contrast, we found some evidence that the HOA and COA mortality associations are independent of total PM2.5 mass exposure. Nevertheless, PM2.5 mass was the most robust predictor of air pollution related mortality, providing some support for current regulatory policies.
Keywords	Ultrafine particles ; Fine particle components ; Black carbon ; Traffic ; Mortality ; Cohort ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	310
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Gasoline Vehicle Exhaust: Effects of Engine Technology, Cold Start, and Emission Certification Standard

Zhao, Yunliang / Allen L. Robinson / Andrew T. Lambe / Georges Saliba / Rawad Saleh

Environmental science & technology. 2018 Feb. 06, v. 52, no. 3

2018

Abstract: Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from dilute exhaust from 16 gasoline vehicles was investigated using a potential aerosol mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor during chassis dynamometer testing using the cold-start unified cycle (UC). Ten vehicles ... ...

Abstract	Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from dilute exhaust from 16 gasoline vehicles was investigated using a potential aerosol mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor during chassis dynamometer testing using the cold-start unified cycle (UC). Ten vehicles were equipped with gasoline direct injection engines (GDI vehicles) and six with port fuel injection engines (PFI vehicles) certified to a wide range of emissions standards. We measured similar SOA production from GDI and PFI vehicles certified to the same emissions standard; less SOA production from vehicles certified to stricter emissions standards; and, after accounting for differences in gas-particle partitioning, similar effective SOA yields across different engine technologies and certification standards. Therefore the ongoing, dramatic shift from PFI to GDI vehicles in the United States should not alter the contribution of gasoline vehicles to ambient SOA and the natural replacement of older vehicles with newer ones certified to stricter emissions standards should reduce atmospheric SOA levels. Compared to hot operations, cold-start exhaust had lower effective SOA yields, but still contributed more SOA overall because of substantially higher organic gas emissions. We demonstrate that the PAM reactor can be used as a screening tool for vehicle SOA production by carefully accounting for the effects of the large variations in emission rates.
Keywords	aerosols ; certification ; environmental science ; gas emissions ; gasoline ; oxidation ; screening ; United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0206
Size	p. 1253-1261.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.7b05045
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Quantifying the social equity state of an energy system

Erin N Mayfield / Jared L Cohon / Nicholas Z Muller / Inês M L Azevedo / Allen L Robinson

Environmental Research Letters, Vol 14, Iss 12, p

environmental and labor market equity of the shale gas boom in Appalachia

2019 Volume 124072

Abstract: A fundamental societal concern in energy system transitions is the distribution of benefits and costs across populations. A recent transition, the US shale gas boom, has dramatically altered the domestic energy outlook and global markets; however, the ... ...

Abstract	A fundamental societal concern in energy system transitions is the distribution of benefits and costs across populations. A recent transition, the US shale gas boom, has dramatically altered the domestic energy outlook and global markets; however, the social equity implications have not been meaningfully assessed and accounted for in public and private decision making. In this study, we develop and demonstrate a systematic approach to quantify the multi-dimensional equity state of an energy system, with a focus on the shale gas boom in the Appalachian basin. We tailor variants of standard equity metrics as well as develop new empirical and analytical methods and metrics to assess spatial, temporal, income, and racial equity as it relates to air quality, climate change, and labor market impacts across the natural gas supply chain. We find moderate to high spatial inequities with respect to the distribution of production (Gini coefficient ( η ) = 0.93), consumption for electric power generation ( η = 0.68), commercial, industrial, and residential end use ( η = 0.72), job creation ( η = 0.72), and air pollution-related deaths ( η = 0.77), which are largely driven by geographically-fixed natural gas abundance and demand. Air quality impacts are also regressive, such that mortality risk induced by natural gas activity generally increases as income decreases; for example, mortality risk ( m ) (in units of premature mortality per 100 000 people) for the lowest income class (<$15 000; m = 0.22 in 2016) is higher (18%–31%) than for the highest income class (>$150 000; m = 0.27 in 2016). These risks are higher for white ( m = 0.30 in 2016) than non-white ( m = 0.16 in 2016) populations, which is largely a result of the demographics of rural communities within the vicinity of natural gas development. With respect to local labor market impacts within producing counties, we find marginal declines in income inequality (2.8% ± 1.0%) and poverty rates (9.9% ± 1.7%) during the boom, although household income increases for ...
Keywords	energy systems ; natural gas ; equity ; air quality ; climate change ; labor markets ; Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ; TD1-1066 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Science ; Q ; Physics ; QC1-999
Subject code	336
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	IOP Publishing
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Quantifying uncertainties in pollutant mapping studies using the Monte Carlo method

Tan, Yi / Albert A. Presto / Allen L. Robinson

Atmospheric environment. 2014 Dec., v. 99

2014

Abstract: Routine air monitoring provides accurate measurements of annual average concentrations of air pollutants, but the low density of monitoring sites limits its capability in capturing intra-urban variation. Pollutant mapping studies measure air pollutants ... ...

Abstract	Routine air monitoring provides accurate measurements of annual average concentrations of air pollutants, but the low density of monitoring sites limits its capability in capturing intra-urban variation. Pollutant mapping studies measure air pollutants at a large number of sites during short periods. However, their short duration can cause substantial uncertainty in reproducing annual mean concentrations. In order to quantify this uncertainty for existing sampling strategies and investigate methods to improve future studies, we conducted Monte Carlo experiments with nationwide monitoring data from the EPA Air Quality System. Typical fixed sampling designs have much larger uncertainties than previously assumed, and produce accurate estimates of annual average pollution concentrations approximately 80% of the time. Mobile sampling has difficulties in estimating long-term exposures for individual sites, but performs better for site groups. The accuracy and the precision of a given design decrease when data variation increases, indicating challenges in sites intermittently impact by local sources such as traffic. Correcting measurements with reference sites does not completely remove the uncertainty associated with short duration sampling. Using reference sites with the addition method can better account for temporal variations than the multiplication method. We propose feasible methods for future mapping studies to reduce uncertainties in estimating annual mean concentrations. Future fixed sampling studies should conduct two separate 1-week long sampling periods in all 4 seasons. Mobile sampling studies should estimate annual mean concentrations for exposure groups with five or more sites. Fixed and mobile sampling designs have comparable probabilities in ordering two sites, so they may have similar capabilities in predicting pollutant spatial variations. Simulated sampling designs have large uncertainties in reproducing seasonal and diurnal variations at individual sites, but are capable to predict these variations for exposure groups.
Keywords	air ; air pollution ; air quality ; atmospheric chemistry ; diurnal variation ; monitoring ; Monte Carlo method ; pollutants ; prediction ; traffic ; uncertainty
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-12
Size	p. 333-340.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	216368-8
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.003
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Impact of natural gas development in the Marcellus and Utica shales on regional ozone and fine particulate matter levels

Roohani, Yusuf H / Allen L. Robinson / Anirban A. Roy / Jinhyok Heo / Peter J. Adams

Atmospheric environment. 2017 Apr., v. 155

2017

Abstract: The Marcellus and Utica shale formations have recently been the focus of intense natural gas development and production, increasing regional air pollutant emissions. Here we examine the effects of these emissions on regional ozone and fine particulate ... ...

Abstract	The Marcellus and Utica shale formations have recently been the focus of intense natural gas development and production, increasing regional air pollutant emissions. Here we examine the effects of these emissions on regional ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels using the chemical transport model, CAMx, and estimate the public health costs with BenMAP. Simulations were performed for three emissions scenarios for the year 2020 that span a range potential development storylines. In areas with the most gas development, the ‘Medium Emissions’ scenario, which corresponds to an intermediate level of development and widespread adoption of new equipment with lower emissions, is predicted to increase 8-hourly ozone design values by up to 2.5 ppbv and average annual PM2.5 concentrations by as much as 0.27 μg/m3. These impacts could range from as much as a factor of two higher to a factor of three lower depending on the level of development and the adoption of emission controls. Smaller impacts (e.g. 0.1–0.5 ppbv of ozone, depending on the emissions scenario) are predicted for non-attainment areas located downwind of the Marcellus region such as New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, DC. Premature deaths for the ‘Medium Emissions’ scenario are predicted to increase by 200–460 annually. The health impacts as well as the changes in ozone and PM2.5 were all driven primarily by NOx emissions.
Keywords	air ; air pollution ; atmospheric chemistry ; cities ; emissions ; equipment ; models ; natural gas ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; particulates ; pollutants ; public health ; shale ; District of Columbia ; New York ; Pennsylvania
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-04
Size	p. 11-20.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	216368-8
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.01.001
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Aerosol Optical Properties and Climate Implications of Emissions from Traditional and Improved Cookstoves

Saliba, Georges / R. Subramanian / Kelsey Bilsback / Christian L’Orange / John Volckens / Michael Johnson / Allen L. Robinson

Environmental science & technology. 2018 Oct. 30, v. 52, no. 22

2018

Abstract: Cookstove emissions are a major global source of black carbon but their impact on climate is uncertain because of limited understanding of their optical properties. We measured optical properties of fresh aerosol emissions from 32 different stove/fuel ... ...

Abstract	Cookstove emissions are a major global source of black carbon but their impact on climate is uncertain because of limited understanding of their optical properties. We measured optical properties of fresh aerosol emissions from 32 different stove/fuel combinations, ranging from simple open fires to high-performing forced-draft stoves. Stoves were tested in the laboratory using the firepower sweep protocol, which measures emissions across the entire range of functional firepower. There is large variability in measured optical properties across the entire range of firepower. This variability is strongly correlated with black carbon-to-particulate matter mass ratio (BC/PM). In comparison, stove type, fuel, and operational metrics were poor predictors of optical properties. We developed parametrizations of the mass absorption cross-section, the absorption angstrom exponent, and the single scattering albedo of fresh emissions as a function of BC/PM. These parametrizations, derived from laboratory data, also reproduce previously reported field measurements of optical properties of real-world cooking emissions. We combined our new parametrizations of intensive optical properties with published emissions data to estimate the direct radiative effect of emissions for different stove technologies. Our data suggest that so-called “improved” stove reduce CO₂ equivalent emission (i.e., climate benefits) by 20–30% compared to traditional stoves.
Keywords	absorption ; aerosols ; carbon ; carbon dioxide ; climate ; cooking ; cooking stoves ; emissions ; fires ; fuels ; optical properties
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-1030
Size	p. 13647-13656.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.8b05434
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Application of plume analysis to build land use regression models from mobile sampling to improve model transferability

Tan, Yi / Albert A. Presto / Allen L. Robinson / Timothy R. Dallmann

Atmospheric environment. 2016 June, v. 134

2016

Abstract: Mobile monitoring of traffic-related air pollutants was conducted in Pittsburgh, PA. The data show substantial spatial variability of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PB-PAH) and black carbon (BC). This variability is driven in large part ...

Abstract	Mobile monitoring of traffic-related air pollutants was conducted in Pittsburgh, PA. The data show substantial spatial variability of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PB-PAH) and black carbon (BC). This variability is driven in large part by pollutant plumes from high emitting vehicles (HEVs). These plumes contribute a disproportionately large fraction of the near-road exposures of PB-PAH and BC. We developed novel statistical models to describe the spatial patterns of PB-PAH and BC exposures. The models consist of two layers: a plume layer to describe the contributions of high emitting vehicles using a near-roadway kernel, and an urban-background layer that predicts the spatial pattern of other sources using land use regression. This approach leverages unique information content of highly time resolved mobile monitoring data and provides insight into source contributions. The two-layer model describes 76% of observed PB-PAH variation and 61% of BC variation. On average, HEVs contribute at least 32% of outdoor PB-PAH and 14% of BC. The transferability of the models was examined using measurements from 36 hold-out validation sites. The plume layer performed well at validation sites, but the background layer showed little transferability due to the large difference in land use between the city and outer suburbs.
Keywords	air pollutants ; air pollution ; atmospheric chemistry ; carbon ; land use ; monitoring ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; regression analysis ; statistical models ; suburban areas ; Pennsylvania
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-06
Size	p. 51-60.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	216368-8
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
ISSN	0004-6981 ; 1352-2310
DOI	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.032
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Quantifying high-resolution spatial variations and local source impacts of urban ultrafine particle concentrations

Saha, Provat K / Naomi Zimmerman / Carl Malings / Aliaksei Hauryliuk / Zhongju Li / Luke Snell / R. Subramanian / Eric Lipsky / Joshua S. Apte / Allen L. Robinson / Albert A. Presto

Science of the total environment. 2019 Mar. 10, v. 655

2019

Abstract: To quantify the fine-scale spatial variations and local source impacts of urban ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations, we conducted 3–6 weeks of continuous measurements of particle number (a proxy for UFP) and other air pollutant (CO, NO2, and PM2.5) ... ...

Abstract	To quantify the fine-scale spatial variations and local source impacts of urban ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations, we conducted 3–6 weeks of continuous measurements of particle number (a proxy for UFP) and other air pollutant (CO, NO2, and PM2.5) concentrations at 32 sites in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania during the winters of 2017 and 2018. Sites were selected to span a range of urban land use attributes, including urban background, near local and arterial roads, traffic intersections, urban street canyon, near-highway, near large industrial source, and restaurant density. The spatial variations in urban particle number concentrations varied by about a factor of three. Particle number concentrations are 2–3 times more spatially heterogeneous than PM2.5 mass. The observed order of spatial heterogeneity is UFP > NO2 > CO > PM2.5. On average, particle number concentrations near local roads with a cluster of restaurants and near arterial roads are roughly two times higher than the urban background. Particle number concentrations in the urban street canyon, downwind of a major highway, and near large industrial sources are 2–4 times higher than background concentrations. While traffic is known as an important contributor to particle number concentrations, restaurants and industrial emissions also contribute significantly to spatial variations in Pittsburgh. Particle size distribution measurements using a mobile laboratory show that the local spatial variations in particle number concentrations are dictated by concentrations of particles smaller than 50 nm. A large fraction of urban residents (e.g., ~50%) in Pittsburgh live near local sources and are therefore exposed to 50%–300% higher particle number concentrations than urban background location. These locally emitted particles may have greater health effects than background particles.
Keywords	air pollutants ; air pollution ; carbon monoxide ; emissions ; land use ; nitrogen dioxide ; particle size distribution ; particulates ; restaurants ; roads ; traffic ; winter ; Pennsylvania
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0310
Size	p. 473-481.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.197
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Air pollution and mortality in a large, representative U.S. cohort

Jacob S. Lefler / Joshua D. Higbee / Richard T. Burnett / Majid Ezzati / Nathan C. Coleman / Dalton D. Mann / Julian D. Marshall / Matthew Bechle / Yuzhou Wang / Allen L. Robinson / C. Arden Pope

Environmental Health, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-

multiple-pollutant analyses, and spatial and temporal decompositions

2019 Volume 11

Abstract: Abstract Background Cohort studies have documented associations between fine particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) and mortality risk. However, there remains uncertainty regarding the contribution of co-pollutants and the stability of pollution- ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Cohort studies have documented associations between fine particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) and mortality risk. However, there remains uncertainty regarding the contribution of co-pollutants and the stability of pollution-mortality associations in models that include multiple air pollutants. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the PM2.5-mortality relationship varies spatially, when exposures are decomposed according to scale of spatial variability, or temporally, when effect estimates are allowed to change between years. Methods A cohort of 635,539 individuals was compiled using public National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 1987 to 2014 and linked with mortality follow-up through 2015. Modelled air pollution exposure estimates for PM2.5, other criteria air pollutants, and spatial decompositions (< 1 km, 1–10 km, 10–100 km, > 100 km) of PM2.5 were assigned at the census-tract level. The NHIS samples were also divided into yearly cohorts for temporally-decomposed analyses. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in regression models that included up to six criteria pollutants; four spatial decompositions of PM2.5; and two- and five-year lagged mean PM2.5 exposures in the temporally-decomposed cohorts. Meta-analytic fixed-effect estimates were calculated using results from temporally-decomposed analyses and compared with time-independent results using 17- and 28-year exposure windows. Results In multiple-pollutant analyses, PM2.5 demonstrated the most robust pollutant-mortality association. Coarse fraction particulate matter (PM2.5–10) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were also associated with excess mortality risk. The PM2.5-mortality association was observed across all four spatial scales of PM2.5, with higher but less precisely estimated HRs observed for local (< 1 km) and neighborhood (1–10 km) variations. In temporally-decomposed analyses, the PM2.5-mortality HRs were stable across yearly cohorts. The ...
Keywords	Air pollution ; Particulate matter ; Sulfur dioxide ; Mortality ; Cardiopulmonary disease ; Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene ; RC963-969 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	310 ; 333
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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