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Article ; Online: siRNA Loaded-Exosomes.

Izco, María / Alvarez-Erviti, Lydia

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

2021 Volume 2282, Page(s) 395–401

Abstract: Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles (40-100 nm) of endocytic origin released by numerous cell types that act as natural carriers of mRNA, microRNA, and proteins between cells. We developed a new system that uses intravenous injection of modified ... ...

Abstract	Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles (40-100 nm) of endocytic origin released by numerous cell types that act as natural carriers of mRNA, microRNA, and proteins between cells. We developed a new system that uses intravenous injection of modified exosomes for siRNA delivery into the brain. Here we describe the generation of unmodified and modified exosomes, which specifically target the brain, and the method to load siRNA into the exosomes.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Exosomes/genetics ; Exosomes/metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics ; RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism ; Research Design ; Transfection ; Workflow
Chemical Substances	RNA, Small Interfering
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1940-6029
ISSN (online)	1940-6029
DOI	10.1007/978-1-0716-1298-9_21
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Article ; Online: Impact of endolysosomal dysfunction upon exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases.

Izco, Maria / Carlos, Estefania / Alvarez-Erviti, Lydia

Neurobiology of disease

2022 Volume 166, Page(s) 105651

Abstract: Although the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive, endolysosomal pathway is emerging as a key player in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The link between endolysosomal dysfunction and ... ...

Abstract	Although the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive, endolysosomal pathway is emerging as a key player in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The link between endolysosomal dysfunction and neurodegeneration is supported by genetic studies identifying disease mutations in genes controlling endolysosomal function. Growing evidence suggests that endolysosomal dysfunction affect the production, secretion and content of exosomes. Current data suggests that exosomes play a key role in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression, interfering with the transmission of pathological proteins or neuroinflammatory factors related to neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes recent advances in the role of endolysosomal dysfunction in the spreading of pathological proteins mediated by exosomes in the two most common neurodegenerative diseases, AD and PD.
MeSH term(s)	Endosomes/metabolism ; Exosomes/metabolism ; Humans ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism ; Parkinson Disease/metabolism
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	1211786-9
ISSN	1095-953X ; 0969-9961
ISSN (online)	1095-953X
ISSN	0969-9961
DOI	10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105651
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Article ; Online: The Two Faces of Exosomes in Parkinson's Disease: From Pathology to Therapy.

Izco, Maria / Carlos, Estefania / Alvarez-Erviti, Lydia

The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry

2021 Volume 28, Issue 2, Page(s) 180–193

Abstract: Accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes play a key role in Parkinson's disease (PD). Exosomes may contribute to the PD progression facilitating the spread of pathological alpha-synuclein or activating immune cells. Glial cells also release exosomes, ...

Abstract	Accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes play a key role in Parkinson's disease (PD). Exosomes may contribute to the PD progression facilitating the spread of pathological alpha-synuclein or activating immune cells. Glial cells also release exosomes, and transmission of exosomes derived from activated glial cells containing inflammatory mediators may contribute to the propagation of the neuroinflammatory response. Glia-to-neuron transmission of exosomes containing alpha-synuclein may contribute to alpha-synuclein propagation and neurodegeneration. Additionally, miRNAs can be transmitted among cells via exosomes inducing changes in the genetic program of the target cell contributing to PD progression. Exosomes also represent a promising drug delivery system. The brain is a difficult target for drugs of all classes because the blood-brain barrier excludes most macromolecular drugs. One of the major challenges is the development of vehicles for robust delivery to the brain. Targeted exosomes may have the potential for delivering therapeutic agents, including proteins and gene therapy molecules, into the brain. This review summarizes recent advances in the role of exosomes in PD pathology progression and their potential use as drug delivery system for PD treatment, the two faces of the exosomes in PD.
MeSH term(s)	Brain/metabolism ; Exosomes/metabolism ; Exosomes/pathology ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; Parkinson Disease/metabolism ; alpha-Synuclein/metabolism
Chemical Substances	MicroRNAs ; alpha-Synuclein
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1233753-5
ISSN	1089-4098 ; 1073-8584
ISSN (online)	1089-4098
ISSN	1073-8584
DOI	10.1177/1073858421990001
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Article: Targeted Extracellular Vesicle Gene Therapy for Modulating Alpha-Synuclein Expression in Gut and Spinal Cord.

Izco, Maria / Schleef, Martin / Schmeer, Marco / Carlos, Estefania / Verona, Guglielmo / Alvarez-Erviti, Lydia

Pharmaceutics

2023 Volume 15, Issue 4

Abstract: The development of effective disease-modifying therapies to halt Parkinson's disease (PD) progression is required. In a subtype of PD patients, alpha-synuclein pathology may start in the enteric nervous system (ENS) or autonomic peripheral nervous system. ...

Abstract	The development of effective disease-modifying therapies to halt Parkinson's disease (PD) progression is required. In a subtype of PD patients, alpha-synuclein pathology may start in the enteric nervous system (ENS) or autonomic peripheral nervous system. Consequently, strategies to decrease the expression of alpha-synuclein in the ENS will be an approach to prevent PD progression at pre-clinical stages in these patients. In the present study, we aimed to assess if anti-alpha-synuclein shRNA-minicircles (MC) delivered by RVG-extracellular vesicles (RVG-EV) could downregulate alpha-synuclein expression in the intestine and spinal cord. RVG-EV containing shRNA-MC were injected intravenously in a PD mouse model, and alpha-synuclein downregulation was evaluated by qPCR and Western blot in the cord and distal intestine. Our results confirmed the downregulation of alpha-synuclein in the intestine and spinal cord of mice treated with the therapy. We demonstrated that the treatment with anti-alpha-synuclein shRNA-MC RVG-EV after the development of pathology is effective to downregulate alpha-synuclein expression in the brain as well as in the intestine and spinal cord. Moreover, we confirmed that a multidose treatment is necessary to maintain downregulation for long-term treatments. Our results support the potential use of anti-alpha-synuclein shRNA-MC RVG-EV as a therapy to delay or halt PD pathology progression.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527217-2
ISSN	1999-4923
ISSN	1999-4923
DOI	10.3390/pharmaceutics15041230
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Article ; Online: Oral Sub-chronic Ochratoxin A Exposure Induces Gut Microbiota Alterations in Mice.

Izco, María / Vettorazzi, Ariane / de Toro, Maria / Sáenz, Yolanda / Alvarez-Erviti, Lydia

Toxins

2021 Volume 13, Issue 2

Abstract: Gut microbiota plays crucial roles in maintaining host health. External factors, such as diet, medicines, and environmental toxins, influence the composition of gut microbiota. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most prevalent and relevant mycotoxins and ... ...

Abstract	Gut microbiota plays crucial roles in maintaining host health. External factors, such as diet, medicines, and environmental toxins, influence the composition of gut microbiota. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most prevalent and relevant mycotoxins and is a highly abundant food and animal feed contaminant. In the present study, we aimed to investigate OTA gut microbiome toxicity in mice sub-chronically exposed to low doses of OTA (0.21, 0.5, and 1.5 mg/kg body weight) by daily oral gavage for 28 days. Fecal microbiota from control and OTA-treated mice was analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing followed by metagenomics. OTA exposure caused marked changes in gut microbial community structure, including the decrease in the diversity of fecal microbiota and the relative abundance of
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Dysbiosis ; Feces/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Intestines/microbiology ; Male ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Ochratoxins/administration & dosage ; Ochratoxins/toxicity ; Ribotyping ; Time Factors ; Toxicity Tests, Subchronic ; Mice
Chemical Substances	Ochratoxins ; ochratoxin A (1779SX6LUY)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2518395-3
ISSN	2072-6651 ; 2072-6651
ISSN (online)	2072-6651
ISSN	2072-6651
DOI	10.3390/toxins13020106
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Article ; Online: Glial activation precedes alpha-synuclein pathology in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

Izco, Maria / Blesa, Javier / Verona, Guglielmo / Cooper, J Mark / Alvarez-Erviti, Lydia

Neuroscience research

2020 Volume 170, Page(s) 330–340

Abstract: Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as an important feature in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it remains unclear whether neuroinflammation contributes to nigral degeneration in PD or is merely a secondary marker of ... ...

Abstract	Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as an important feature in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it remains unclear whether neuroinflammation contributes to nigral degeneration in PD or is merely a secondary marker of neurodegeneration. We aimed to investigate the temporal relationship between synucleopathy, neuroinflammation and nigrostriatal degeneration in a mouse model of PD. Mice received unilateral intrastriatal injection of alpha-synuclein pre-formed fibrils, alpha-synuclein monomer or vehicle and were sacrificed at 15, 30 and 90 days post-injection. Intrastriatal inoculation of alpha-synuclein fibrils led to significant alpha-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra peaking at 30 days after injection while the significant increase in Iba-1 cells, GFAP cells and IL-1β expression peaked earlier at 15 days. At 90 days, the striatal dopaminergic denervation was associated with astroglial activation. Alpha-synuclein monomer did not result in long-term glia activation or increase in inflammatory markers. The spread of alpha-synuclein aggregates into the cortex was not associated with any changes to neuroinflammatory markers. Our results demonstrate that in the substantia nigra glial activation is an early event that precedes alpha-synuclein inclusion formation, suggesting neuroinflammation could play an important early role in the pathogenesis of PD.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Corpus Striatum/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice ; Parkinson Disease ; Substantia Nigra/metabolism ; alpha-Synuclein/metabolism
Chemical Substances	alpha-Synuclein
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-11
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605842-5
ISSN	1872-8111 ; 0168-0102 ; 0921-8696
ISSN (online)	1872-8111
ISSN	0168-0102 ; 0921-8696
DOI	10.1016/j.neures.2020.11.004
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Zs.A 1993: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Mask disinfection using atmospheric pressure cold plasma.

Sainz-García, Ana / Toledano, Paula / Muro-Fraguas, Ignacio / Álvarez-Erviti, Lydia / Múgica-Vidal, Rodolfo / López, María / Sainz-García, Elisa / Rojo-Bezares, Beatriz / Sáenz, Yolanda / Alba-Elías, Fernando

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

2022 Volume 123, Page(s) 145–156

Abstract: Objectives: Mask usage has increased over the last few years due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a mask shortage. Furthermore, their prolonged use causes skin problems related to bacterial overgrowth. To overcome these problems, atmospheric ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Mask usage has increased over the last few years due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a mask shortage. Furthermore, their prolonged use causes skin problems related to bacterial overgrowth. To overcome these problems, atmospheric pressure cold plasma was studied as an alternative technology for mask disinfection. Methods: Different microorganisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp.), different gases (nitrogen, argon, and air), plasma power (90-300 W), and treatment times (45 seconds to 5 minutes) were tested. Results: The best atmospheric pressure cold plasma treatment was the one generated by nitrogen gas at 300 W and 1.5 minutes. Testing of breathing and filtering performance and microscopic and visual analysis after one and five plasma treatment cycles, highlighted that these treatments did not affect the morphology or functional capacity of the masks. Conclusion: Considering the above, we strongly believe that atmospheric pressure cold plasma could be an inexpensive, eco-friendly, and sustainable mask disinfection technology enabling their reusability and solving mask shortage.
MeSH term(s)	Argon ; Atmospheric Pressure ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Disinfection/methods ; Escherichia coli ; Humans ; Nitrogen ; Pandemics ; Plasma Gases
Chemical Substances	Plasma Gases ; Argon (67XQY1V3KH) ; Nitrogen (N762921K75)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-19
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1331197-9
ISSN	1878-3511 ; 1201-9712
ISSN (online)	1878-3511
ISSN	1201-9712
DOI	10.1016/j.ijid.2022.08.012
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Zs.A 4516: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Plasma of Patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease.

Arce-López, Beatriz / Alvarez-Erviti, Lydia / De Santis, Barbara / Izco, María / López-Calvo, Silvia / Marzo-Sola, Maria Eugenia / Debegnach, Francesca / Lizarraga, Elena / López de Cerain, Adela / González-Peñas, Elena / Vettorazzi, Ariane

Toxins

2021 Volume 13, Issue 7

Abstract: Exposure to environmental contaminants might play an important role in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis, such as Parkinson´s disease (PD) and Alzheimer´s disease (AD). For the first time in Spain, the plasmatic levels of 19 mycotoxins from patients ...

Abstract	Exposure to environmental contaminants might play an important role in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis, such as Parkinson´s disease (PD) and Alzheimer´s disease (AD). For the first time in Spain, the plasmatic levels of 19 mycotoxins from patients diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease (44 PD and 24 AD) and from their healthy companions (25) from La Rioja region were analyzed. The studied mycotoxins were aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, T-2 and HT-2, ochratoxins A (OTA) and B (OTB), zearalenone, sterigmatocystin (STER), nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon-X. Samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS before and after treatment with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase in order to detect potential metabolites. Only OTA, OTB and STER were detected in the samples. OTA was present before (77% of the samples) and after (89%) the enzymatic treatment, while OTB was only detectable before (13%). Statistically significant differences in OTA between healthy companions and patients were observed but the observed differences might seem more related to gender (OTA levels higher in men,
MeSH term(s)	Alzheimer Disease/blood ; Alzheimer Disease/microbiology ; Biological Monitoring ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Humans ; Mycotoxins/analysis ; Mycotoxins/blood ; Mycotoxins/metabolism ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Ochratoxins ; Parkinson Disease/blood ; Parkinson Disease/metabolism ; Sterigmatocystin/analysis ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Trichothecenes ; Zearalenone/analysis
Chemical Substances	Mycotoxins ; Ochratoxins ; Trichothecenes ; Sterigmatocystin (10048-13-2) ; ochratoxin A (1779SX6LUY) ; fusarenon-X (23255-69-8) ; 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (50722-38-8) ; Zearalenone (5W827M159J) ; nivalenol (5WOP02RM1U) ; neosolaniol (65041-92-1) ; 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (88337-96-6) ; diacetoxyscirpenol (UYL28I099N)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2518395-3
ISSN	2072-6651 ; 2072-6651
ISSN (online)	2072-6651
ISSN	2072-6651
DOI	10.3390/toxins13070477
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Article ; Online: Cytokine Profiles Associated With Worse Prognosis in a Hospitalized Peruvian COVID-19 Cohort.

Pons, Maria J / Ymaña, Barbara / Mayanga-Herrera, Ana / Sáenz, Yolanda / Alvarez-Erviti, Lydia / Tapia-Rojas, Salyoc / Gamarra, Roxana / Blanco, Amanda B / Moncunill, Gemma / Ugarte-Gil, Manuel F

Frontiers in immunology

2021 Volume 12, Page(s) 700921

Abstract: Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors present different expression profiles related to the prognosis of COVID-19. We analyzed clinical parameters and assessed the expression of these biomarkers in patients with different disease severity in a ... ...

Abstract	Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors present different expression profiles related to the prognosis of COVID-19. We analyzed clinical parameters and assessed the expression of these biomarkers in patients with different disease severity in a hospitalized Peruvian cohort to determine those associated with worse prognosis. We measured anti-spike IgG antibodies by ELISA and 30 cytokines by quantitative suspension array technology in 123 sera samples. We analyzed differences between patients with moderate, severe and fatal COVID-19 by logistic regression at baseline and in longitudinal samples. Significant differences were found among the clinical parameters: hemoglobin, neutrophils, lymphocytes and C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine and D-dimer levels. Higher anti-spike IgG antibody concentrations were associated to fatal patient outcomes. At hospitalization, IL-10, IL-6, MIP-1α, GM-CSF, MCP-1, IL-15, IL-5, IL1RA, TNFα and IL-8 levels were already increased in fatal patients´ group. Meanwhile, multivariable analysis revealed that increased GM-CSF, MCP-1, IL-15, and IL-8 values were associated with fatal outcomes. Moreover, longitudinal analysis identified IL-6 and MCP-1 as the main risk factors related to mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. In this Peruvian cohort we identified and validated biomarkers related to COVID-19 outcomes. Further studies are needed to identify novel criteria for stratification of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients at hospital entry. Background: In the most severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, large numbers of innate and adaptive immune cells become activated and begin to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, establishing an exacerbated feedback loop of inflammation. Methods: A total of 55 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to the Results: The frequency of obesity differed among the 3 groups, being most frequent in patients who died. There were also significant differences in clinical parameters: hemoglobin, segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes,C-reactive protein, creatinine and D-dimer levels. Greater anti-spike IgG antibody concentrations were associated to fatal outcomes. In univariate analyses, higher baseline concentrations of IL-6, MIP-1α, GM-CSF, MCP-1, IL-15, IL-5, IL1RA, TNFα, IL-8 and IL-12p70 correlated with severity, while multivariable analysis showed that increased concentrations in 4 biomarkers (GM-CSF, MCP-1, IL-15, IL-8) were associated with fatal outcomes. Longitudinal analysis showed IL-6 (hazard ratio [HR] 6.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-28.7) and MCP-1 (HR 4.61, 95%CI 1.1-19.1) to be related to mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Conclusions: Cytokine, chemokine and growth factor profiles were identified and validated related to severity and outcomes of COVID-19. Our findings may be useful to identify novel criteria for COVID-19 patient stratification at hospital entry.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Biomarkers/blood ; COVID-19/blood ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/mortality ; Comorbidity ; Cytokines/blood ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Peru/epidemiology ; Prognosis ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Severity of Illness Index ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Biomarkers ; Cytokines ; Immunoglobulin G ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2021.700921
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Article ; Online: Oral subchronic exposure to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A induces key pathological features of Parkinson's disease in mice six months after the end of the treatment.

Izco, María / Vettorazzi, Ariane / Forcen, Raquel / Blesa, Javier / de Toro, Maria / Alvarez-Herrera, Natalia / Cooper, J Mark / Gonzalez-Peñas, Elena / Lopez de Cerain, Adela / Alvarez-Erviti, Lydia

Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association

2021 Volume 152, Page(s) 112164

Abstract: Some epidemiological studies with different levels of evidence have pointed to a higher risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) after exposure to environmental toxicants. A practically unexplored potential etiological factor is a group of naturally-occurring ... ...

Abstract	Some epidemiological studies with different levels of evidence have pointed to a higher risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) after exposure to environmental toxicants. A practically unexplored potential etiological factor is a group of naturally-occurring fungal secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) has been reported to be neurotoxic in mice. To further identify if OTA exposure could have a role in PD pathology, Balb/c mice were orally treated with OTA (0.21, 0.5 mg/kg bw) four weeks and left for six months under normal diet. Effects of OTA on the onset, progression of alpha-synuclein pathology and development of motor deficits were evaluated. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses showed that oral subchronic OTA treatment induced loss of striatal dopaminergic innervation and dopaminergic cell dysfunction responsible for motor impairments. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein levels were increased in gut and brain. LAMP-2A protein was decreased in tissues showing alpha-synuclein pathology. Cell cultures exposed to OTA exhibited decreased LAMP-2A protein, impairment of chaperone-mediated autophagy and decreased alpha-synuclein turnover which was linked to miRNAs deregulation, all reminiscent of PD. These results support the hypothesis that oral exposure to low OTA doses in mice can lead to biochemical and pathological changes reported in PD.
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Dopaminergic Neurons/drug effects ; Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects ; Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa/pathology ; Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2/metabolism ; Male ; Mesencephalon/drug effects ; Mesencephalon/metabolism ; Mesencephalon/pathology ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; Mycotoxins/administration & dosage ; Mycotoxins/toxicity ; Ochratoxins/administration & dosage ; Ochratoxins/toxicity ; Parkinson Disease/etiology ; Parkinson Disease/metabolism ; Parkinson Disease/pathology ; Pars Compacta/drug effects ; Pars Compacta/metabolism ; Pars Compacta/pathology ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Time Factors ; alpha-Synuclein/chemistry ; alpha-Synuclein/metabolism ; Mice
Chemical Substances	Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2 ; MicroRNAs ; Mycotoxins ; Ochratoxins ; Snca protein, mouse ; alpha-Synuclein ; ochratoxin A (1779SX6LUY)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	782617-5
ISSN	1873-6351 ; 0278-6915
ISSN (online)	1873-6351
ISSN	0278-6915
DOI	10.1016/j.fct.2021.112164
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