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Article ; Online: Why we must fight ignorance about COVID-19 vaccines and menstrual cycles.

Alvergne, Alexandra

2023 Volume 29, Issue 9, Page(s) 678–680

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a critical gap in female health science, fueling anxiety, polarized views, and vaccine hesitancy. Although menstrual cycles feel like a niche topic for some, efforts to augment knowledge on the 'fifth vital sign' ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a critical gap in female health science, fueling anxiety, polarized views, and vaccine hesitancy. Although menstrual cycles feel like a niche topic for some, efforts to augment knowledge on the 'fifth vital sign' experienced by more than 300 million people on any given day worldwide are crucial to promote gender equity in health.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Menstrual Cycle ; Vaccines ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2036490-8
ISSN	1471-499X ; 1471-4914
ISSN (online)	1471-499X
ISSN	1471-4914
DOI	10.1016/j.molmed.2023.06.005
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Book: Evolutionary thinking in medicine

Alvergne, Alexandra / Jenkinson, Crispin / Faurie, Charlotte

from research to policy and practice

(Advances in the evolutionary analysis of human behaviour)

2016

Author's details	Alexandra Alvergne, Crispin Jenkinson, Charlotte Faurie, editors
Series title	Advances in the evolutionary analysis of human behaviour
Language	English
Size	xiv, 382 Seiten, Illustrationen, Diagramme
Publisher	Springer
Publishing place	Cham
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Book
HBZ-ID	HT019007817
ISBN	978-3-319-29714-9 ; 3-319-29714-7 ; 9783319297163 ; 3319297163
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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2016 A 1718	available for loan (reading room)	Lesesaal EG

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Article ; Online: Cultural change beyond adoption dynamics: Evolutionary approaches to the discontinuation of contraception.

Alvergne, Alexandra / Stevens, Rose

Evolutionary human sciences

2021 Volume 3, Page(s) e13

Abstract: Numerous evolutionary mechanisms have been proposed for the origins, spread and maintenance of low fertility. Such scholarship has focused on explaining the adoption of fertility-reducing behaviour, especially the use of contraceptive methods. However, ... ...

Abstract	Numerous evolutionary mechanisms have been proposed for the origins, spread and maintenance of low fertility. Such scholarship has focused on explaining the adoption of fertility-reducing behaviour, especially the use of contraceptive methods. However, this work has yet to engage fully with the dynamics of contraceptive behaviour at the individual level. Here we highlight the importance of considering not just adoption but also discontinuation for understanding contraceptive dynamics and their impact on fertility. We start by introducing contemporary evolutionary approaches to understanding fertility regulation behaviours, discussing the potential for integrating behavioural ecology and cultural evolution frameworks. Second, we draw on family planning studies to highlight the importance of contraceptive discontinuation owing to side-effects for understanding fertility rates and suggest evolutionary hypotheses for explaining patterns of variation in discontinuation rates. Third, we sketch a framework for considering how individual flexibility in contraceptive behaviour might impact the evolution of contraceptive strategies and the demographic transition. We argue that integrating public health and evolutionary approaches to reproductive behaviour might advance both fields by providing (a) a predictive framework for comparing the effectiveness of various public health strategies and (b) a more realistic picture of behaviour by considering contraceptive dynamics at the individual level more explicitly when modelling the cultural evolution of low fertility.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2513-843X
ISSN (online)	2513-843X
DOI	10.1017/ehs.2021.8
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: COVID-19 and abnormal uterine bleeding: potential associations and mechanisms.

Maybin, Jacqueline A / Watters, Marianne / Rowley, Bethan / Walker, Catherine A / Sharp, Gemma C / Alvergne, Alexandra

Clinical science (London, England : 1979)

2024 Volume 138, Issue 4, Page(s) 153–171

Abstract: The impact of COVID-19 on menstruation has received a high level of public and media interest. Despite this, uncertainty exists about the advice that women and people who menstruate should receive in relation to the expected impact of SARS-CoV-2 ... ...

Abstract	The impact of COVID-19 on menstruation has received a high level of public and media interest. Despite this, uncertainty exists about the advice that women and people who menstruate should receive in relation to the expected impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection, long COVID or COVID-19 vaccination on menstruation. Furthermore, the mechanisms leading to these reported menstrual changes are poorly understood. This review evaluates the published literature on COVID-19 and its impact on menstrual bleeding, discussing the strengths and limitations of these studies. We present evidence consistent with SARS-CoV-2 infection and long COVID having an association with changes in menstrual bleeding parameters and that the impact of COVID vaccination on menstruation appears less significant. An overview of menstrual physiology and known causes of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is provided before discussing potential mechanisms which may underpin the menstrual disturbance reported with COVID-19, highlighting areas for future scientific study. Finally, consideration is given to the effect that menstruation may have on COVID-19, including the impact of the ovarian sex hormones on acute COVID-19 severity and susceptibility and reported variation in long COVID symptoms across the menstrual cycle. Understanding the current evidence and addressing gaps in our knowledge in this area are essential to inform public health policy, direct the treatment of menstrual disturbance and facilitate development of new therapies, which may reduce the severity of COVID-19 and improve quality of life for those experiencing long COVID.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Endometrium ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Quality of Life ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Menstruation/physiology ; Uterine Hemorrhage/etiology ; Menstruation Disturbances/complications
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Review ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	206835-7
ISSN	1470-8736 ; 0301-0538 ; 0009-0360 ; 0143-5221
ISSN (online)	1470-8736
ISSN	0301-0538 ; 0009-0360 ; 0143-5221
DOI	10.1042/CS20220280
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Article ; Online: Effect of COVID-19 vaccination on the timing and flow of menstrual periods in two cohorts.

Alvergne, Alexandra / Woon, Ee Von / Male, Victoria

Frontiers in reproductive health

2022 Volume 4, Page(s) 952976

Abstract: COVID-19 vaccination protects against the potentially serious consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but some people have been hesitant to receive the vaccine because of reports that it could affect menstrual bleeding. To determine whether this occurs we ... ...

Abstract	COVID-19 vaccination protects against the potentially serious consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but some people have been hesitant to receive the vaccine because of reports that it could affect menstrual bleeding. To determine whether this occurs we prospectively recruited a cohort of 79 individuals, each of whom recorded details of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles, during which time they each received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. In spontaneously cycling participants, COVID-19 vaccination was associated with a delay to the next period, but this change reversed in subsequent unvaccinated cycles. No delay was detected in those taking hormonal contraception. To explore hypotheses about the mechanism by which these menstrual changes occur, we retrospectively recruited a larger cohort, of 1,273 people who had kept a record of their menstrual cycle and vaccination dates. In this cohort, we found a trend toward use of combined hormonal contraception being protective against reporting a delayed period, suggesting that menstrual changes following vaccination may be mediated by perturbations to ovarian hormones. However, we were unable to detect a clear association between the timing of vaccination within the menstrual cycle and reports of menstrual changes. Our findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccination can lengthen the menstrual cycle and that this effect may be mediated by ovarian hormones. Importantly, we find that the menstrual cycle returns to its pre-vaccination length in unvaccinated cycles.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2673-3153
ISSN (online)	2673-3153
DOI	10.3389/frph.2022.952976
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Article ; Online: Anemic Women are More at Risk of Injectable Contraceptive Discontinuation due to Side Effects in Ethiopia.

Stevens, Rose / Malbos, Blandine / Gurmu, Eshetu / Riou, Jérémie / Alvergne, Alexandra

Studies in family planning

2022 Volume 53, Issue 1, Page(s) 193–208

Abstract: This paper investigates the importance of women's physiological condition, alongside sociocultural factors, for predicting the risk of discontinuation of the injectable contraceptive due to side effects in Ethiopia. Contraceptive calendar data from the ... ...

Abstract	This paper investigates the importance of women's physiological condition, alongside sociocultural factors, for predicting the risk of discontinuation of the injectable contraceptive due to side effects in Ethiopia. Contraceptive calendar data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey were analyzed. Women aged 15-49 who had initiated the injectable contraceptive in the last two years were included in the analysis (n = 1,513). Physiological factors investigated were body mass, iron status, reproductive depletion, and physical strain. After checking for reverse causality, associations between physiological and sociocultural risk factors and discontinuation due to side effects (DSE) or discontinuation due to other reasons (DOR) were estimated using multivariate Cox proportional regression analyses. Anemia status was associated with DSE, but not DOR. Anemic women were two times more at risk of DSE compared with nonanemic women (adjusted hazard ratios [aHR] = 2.38, confidence interval [CI] = 1.41-4.00). DOR was predicted by religion, wealth, and relationship status. Accounting for diversity in physiological condition is key for understanding contraceptive discontinuation due to side effects. To reduce side effects, family planning programs might benefit from providing hormonal contraception within an integrated package addressing anemia.
MeSH term(s)	Anemia/chemically induced ; Anemia/drug therapy ; Anemia/epidemiology ; Contraception/adverse effects ; Contraception Behavior ; Contraceptive Agents/therapeutic use ; Ethiopia/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans
Chemical Substances	Contraceptive Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	862445-8
ISSN	1728-4465 ; 0039-3665
ISSN (online)	1728-4465
ISSN	0039-3665
DOI	10.1111/sifp.12186
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Article ; Online: Is Female Health Cyclical? Evolutionary Perspectives on Menstruation.

Alvergne, Alexandra / Högqvist Tabor, Vedrana

Trends in ecology & evolution

2018 Volume 33, Issue 6, Page(s) 399–414

Abstract: Why do some females menstruate at all? Answering this question has implications for understanding the tight links between reproductive function and organismal immunity. Here we build on the growing evidence that menstruation is the byproduct of a 'choosy ...

Abstract	Why do some females menstruate at all? Answering this question has implications for understanding the tight links between reproductive function and organismal immunity. Here we build on the growing evidence that menstruation is the byproduct of a 'choosy uterus' to: (i) make the theoretical case for the idea that female immunity is cyclical in menstruating species, (ii) evaluate the evidence for the menstrual modulation of immunity and health in humans, and (iii) speculate on the implications of cyclical female health for female behaviour, male immunity, and host-pathogen interactions. We argue that an understanding of females' evolved reproductive system is foundational for both tackling the future challenges of the global women's health agenda and predicting eco-evolutionary dynamics in cyclically reproducing species.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptive Immunity/immunology ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Female ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Mammals/immunology ; Mammals/physiology ; Menstrual Cycle/immunology ; Menstrual Cycle/physiology ; Social Behavior
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	284965-3
ISSN	1872-8383 ; 0169-5347
ISSN (online)	1872-8383
ISSN	0169-5347
DOI	10.1016/j.tree.2018.03.006
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Reinterpreting patterns of variation in human thyroid function: An evolutionary ecology perspective.

Keestra, Sarai / Högqvist Tabor, Vedrana / Alvergne, Alexandra

Evolution, medicine, and public health

2020 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 93–112

Abstract: Two hundred million people worldwide experience some form of thyroid disorder, with women being especially at risk. However, why human thyroid function varies between populations, individuals, and across the lifespan has attracted little research to date. ...

Abstract	Two hundred million people worldwide experience some form of thyroid disorder, with women being especially at risk. However, why human thyroid function varies between populations, individuals, and across the lifespan has attracted little research to date. This limits our ability to evaluate the conditions under which patterns of variation in thyroid function are best understood as 'normal' or 'pathological'. In this review, we aim to spark interest in research aimed at understanding the causes of variation in thyroid phenotypes. We start by assessing the biomedical literature on thyroid imbalance to discuss the validity of existing reference intervals for diagnosis and treatment across individuals and populations. We then propose an evolutionary ecological framework for understanding the phylogenetic, genetic, ecological, developmental, and physiological causes of normal variation in thyroid function. We build on this approach to suggest testable predictions for how environmental challenges interact with individual circumstances to influence the onset of thyroid disorders. We propose that dietary changes, ecological disruptions of co-evolutionary processes during pregnancy and with pathogens, emerging infections, and exacerbated stress responses can contribute to explaining the onset of thyroid diseases. For patients to receive the best personalized care, research into the causes of thyroid variation at multiple levels is needed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2684837-5
ISSN	2050-6201
ISSN	2050-6201
DOI	10.1093/emph/eoaa043
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The evolutionary ecology of age at natural menopause: implications for public health.

Fraser, Abigail / Johnman, Cathy / Whitley, Elise / Alvergne, Alexandra

Evolutionary human sciences

2020 Volume 2, Page(s) e57

Abstract: Evolutionary perspectives on menopause have focused on explaining why early reproductive cessation in females has emerged and why it is rare throughout the animal kingdom, but less attention has been given to exploring patterns of diversity in age at ... ...

Abstract	Evolutionary perspectives on menopause have focused on explaining why early reproductive cessation in females has emerged and why it is rare throughout the animal kingdom, but less attention has been given to exploring patterns of diversity in age at natural menopause. In this paper, we aim to generate new hypotheses for understanding human patterns of diversity in this trait, defined as age at final menstrual period. To do so, we develop a multilevel, interdisciplinary framework, combining proximate, physiological understandings of ovarian ageing with ultimate, evolutionary perspectives on ageing. We begin by reviewing known patterns of diversity in age at natural menopause in humans, and highlight issues in how menopause is currently defined and measured. Second, we consider together ultimate explanations of menopause timing and proximate understandings of ovarian ageing. We find that ovarian ageing is highly constrained by ageing of the follicle - the somatic structure containing the oocyte - suggesting that menopause timing might be best understood as a by-product of ageing rather than a facultative adaptation. Third, we investigate whether the determinants of somatic senescence also underpin menopause timing. We show that diversity in age at menopause can be, at least partly, explained by the genetic, ecological and life-history determinants of somatic ageing. The public health implications of rethinking menopause as the by-product rather than the catalyst of biological ageing are discussed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2513-843X
ISSN (online)	2513-843X
DOI	10.1017/ehs.2020.59
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Article: Is Female Health Cyclical? Evolutionary Perspectives on Menstruation

Alvergne, Alexandra / Vedrana Högqvist Tabor

Trends in ecology & evolution. 2018 June, v. 33, no. 6

2018

Abstract	Why do some females menstruate at all? Answering this question has implications for understanding the tight links between reproductive function and organismal immunity. Here we build on the growing evidence that menstruation is the byproduct of a ‘choosy uterus’ to: (i) make the theoretical case for the idea that female immunity is cyclical in menstruating species, (ii) evaluate the evidence for the menstrual modulation of immunity and health in humans, and (iii) speculate on the implications of cyclical female health for female behaviour, male immunity, and host–pathogen interactions. We argue that an understanding of females’ evolved reproductive system is foundational for both tackling the future challenges of the global women’s health agenda and predicting eco-evolutionary dynamics in cyclically reproducing species.
Keywords	byproducts ; females ; host-pathogen relationships ; humans ; immunity ; males ; menstruation ; prediction ; reproductive system
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-06
Size	p. 399-414.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	284965-3
ISSN	1872-8383 ; 0169-5347
ISSN (online)	1872-8383
ISSN	0169-5347
DOI	10.1016/j.tree.2018.03.006
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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