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  1. Article ; Online: Spatially restricted inhibition of cholinergic interneurons in the dorsolateral striatum encourages behavioral exploration.

    Amaya, Kenneth A / Smith, Kyle S

    The European journal of neuroscience

    2021  Volume 53, Issue 8, Page(s) 2567–2579

    Abstract: When pursuing desirable outcomes, one must make the decision between exploring possible actions to obtain those outcomes and exploiting known strategies to maximize efficiency. The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) has been extensively studied with respect to ... ...

    Abstract When pursuing desirable outcomes, one must make the decision between exploring possible actions to obtain those outcomes and exploiting known strategies to maximize efficiency. The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) has been extensively studied with respect to how actions can develop into habits and has also been implicated as an area involved in governing exploitative behavior. Surprisingly, prior work has shown that DLS cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are not involved in the canonical habit formation function ascribed to the DLS but are instead modulators of behavioral flexibility after initial learning. To further probe this, we evaluated the role of DLS ChIs in behavioral exploration during a brief instrumental training experiment. Through designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) in ChAT-Cre rats, ChIs in the DLS were inhibited during specific phases of the experiment: instrumental training, free-reward delivery, at both times, or never. Without ChI activity during instrumental training, animals biased their responding toward an "optimal" strategy while continuing to work efficiently. This effect was observed again when contingencies were removed as animals with ChIs offline during that phase, regardless of ChI inhibition previously, decreased responding more than animals with ChIs intact. These findings build upon a growing body of literature implicating ChIs in the striatum as gate-keepers of behavioral flexibility and exploration.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cholinergic Agents ; Corpus Striatum ; Habits ; Interneurons ; Neostriatum ; Rats
    Chemical Substances Cholinergic Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-14
    Publishing country France
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 645180-9
    ISSN 1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
    ISSN (online) 1460-9568
    ISSN 0953-816X
    DOI 10.1111/ejn.15117
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 2548: Show issues Location:
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  2. Article ; Online: Basolateral amygdala parvalbumin interneurons coordinate oscillations to drive reward behaviors.

    Amaya, Kenneth A / Teboul, Eric / Weiss, Grant L / Antonoudiou, Pantelis / Maguire, Jamie L

    Current biology : CB

    2024  Volume 34, Issue 7, Page(s) 1561–1568.e4

    Abstract: The basolateral amygdala (BLA) mediates both fear and reward learning. ...

    Abstract The basolateral amygdala (BLA) mediates both fear and reward learning.
    MeSH term(s) Mice ; Male ; Female ; Animals ; Basolateral Nuclear Complex/physiology ; Parvalbumins/metabolism ; Learning/physiology ; Interneurons/metabolism ; Reward
    Chemical Substances Parvalbumins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1071731-6
    ISSN 1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
    ISSN (online) 1879-0445
    ISSN 0960-9822
    DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.041
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 3208: Show issues Location:
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  3. Article ; Online: Nucleus accumbens core acetylcholine receptors modulate the balance of flexible and inflexible cue-directed motivation.

    Townsend, Erica S / Amaya, Kenneth A / Smedley, Elizabeth B / Smith, Kyle S

    Scientific reports

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 13375

    Abstract: Sign-tracking is a conditioned response where animals interact with reward-predictive cues due to the cues having motivational value, or incentive salience. The nucleus accumbens core (NAc) has been implicated in mediating the sign-tracking response. ... ...

    Abstract Sign-tracking is a conditioned response where animals interact with reward-predictive cues due to the cues having motivational value, or incentive salience. The nucleus accumbens core (NAc) has been implicated in mediating the sign-tracking response. Additionally, acetylcholine (ACh) transmission throughout the striatum has been attributed to both incentive motivation and behavioral flexibility. Here, we demonstrate a role for NAc ACh receptors in the flexibility of sign-tracking. Sign-tracking animals were exposed to an omission contingency, in which vigorous sign-tracking was punished by reward omission. Animals rapidly adjusted their behavior, but they maintained sign-tracking in a less vigorous manner that did not cancel reward. Within this context of sign-tracking being persistent yet flexible in structure, blockade of NAc nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) led to a persistence in the initial sign-tracking response during omission followed by a period of change in the makeup of sign-tracking, whereas blockade of muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) oppositely enhanced the omission-related development of the new sign-tracking behaviors. Later, once omission learning had occurred, nAChR blockade uniquely led to reduced sign-tracking and elevated reward-directed behaviors instead. These results indicate that NAc ACh receptors have opposing roles in maintaining learned patterns of sign-tracking, with nAChRs having a special involvement in regulating the structure of the sign-tracking response.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Motivation ; Cues ; Nucleus Accumbens ; Learning ; Receptors, Nicotinic
    Chemical Substances Receptors, Nicotinic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-40439-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Task history dictates how the dorsolateral striatum controls action strategy and vigor.

    Crego, Adam C G / Amaya, Kenneth A / Palmer, Jensen A / Smith, Kyle S

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is linked to the learning and honing of action routines. However, the DLS is also important for performing behaviors that have been successful in the past. The learning function can be thought of as prospective, helping to ...

    Abstract The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is linked to the learning and honing of action routines. However, the DLS is also important for performing behaviors that have been successful in the past. The learning function can be thought of as prospective, helping to plan ongoing actions to be efficient and often optimal. The performance function is more retrospective, helping the animal continue to behave in a way that had worked previously. How the DLS manages this all is curious. What happens when a learned behavior becomes sub-optimal due to environment changes. In this case, the prospective function of the DLS would cause animals to (adaptively) learn and plan more optimal actions. In contrast, the retrospective function would cause animals to (maladaptively) favor the old behavior. Here we find that, during a change in learned task rules, DLS inhibition causes animals to adjust less rapidly to the new task (and to behave less vigorously) in a 'maladaptive' way. Yet, when the task is changed back to the initially learned rules, DLS inhibition instead causes a rapid and vigorous adjustment of behavior in an 'adaptive' way. These results show that inhibiting the DLS biases behavior towards initially acquired strategies, implying a more retrospective outlook in action selection when the DLS is offline. Thus, an active DLS could encourage planning and learning action routines more prospectively. Moreover, the DLS control over behavior can appear to be either advantageous/flexible or disadvantageous/inflexible depending on task context, and its control over vigor can change depending on task context.
    Significant statement: Basal ganglia networks aid behavioral learning (a prospective planning function) but also favor the use of old behaviors (a retrospective performance function), making it unclear what happens when learned behaviors become suboptimal. Here we inhibit the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) as animals encounter a change in task rules, and again when they shift back to those learned task rules. DLS inhibition reduces adjustment to new task rules (and reduces behavioral vigor), but it increases adjustment back to the initially learned task rules later (and increases vigor). Thus, in both cases, DLS inhibition favored the use of the initially learned behavioral strategy, which could appear either maladaptive or adaptive. We suggest that the DLS might promote a prospective orientation of action control.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.01.11.523640
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Sign-tracking behavior is sensitive to outcome devaluation in a devaluation context-dependent manner: implications for analyzing habitual behavior.

    Amaya, Kenneth A / Stott, Jeffrey J / Smith, Kyle S

    Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)

    2020  Volume 27, Issue 4, Page(s) 136–149

    Abstract: Motivationally attractive cues can draw in behavior in a phenomenon termed incentive salience. Incentive cue attraction is an important model for animal models of drug seeking and relapse. One question of interest is the extent to which the pursuit of ... ...

    Abstract Motivationally attractive cues can draw in behavior in a phenomenon termed incentive salience. Incentive cue attraction is an important model for animal models of drug seeking and relapse. One question of interest is the extent to which the pursuit of motivationally attractive cues is related to the value of the paired outcome or can become unrelated and habitual. We studied this question using a sign-tracking (ST) paradigm in rats, in which a lever stimulus preceding food reward comes to elicit conditioned lever-interaction behavior. We asked whether reinforcer devaluation by means of conditioned taste aversion, a classic test of habitual behavior, can modify ST to incentive cues, and whether this depends upon the manner in which reinforcer devaluation takes place. In contrast to several recent reports, we conclude that ST is indeed sensitive to reinforcer devaluation. However, this effect depends critically upon the congruence between the context in which taste aversion is learned and the context in which it is tested. When the taste aversion successfully transfers to the testing context, outcome value strongly influences ST behavior, both when the outcome is withheld (in extinction) and when animals can learn from outcome feedback (reacquisition). When taste aversion does not transfer to the testing context, ST remains high. In total, the extent to which ST persists after outcome devaluation is closely related to the extent to which that outcome is truly devalued in the task context. We believe this effect of context on devaluation can reconcile contradictory findings about the flexibility/inflexibility of ST. We discuss this literature and relate our findings to the study of habits generally.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Conditioning, Classical/physiology ; Conditioning, Operant/physiology ; Cues ; Habits ; Male ; Motivation/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Reinforcement, Psychology ; Reward ; Taste Perception/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1204777-6
    ISSN 1549-5485 ; 1072-0502
    ISSN (online) 1549-5485
    ISSN 1072-0502
    DOI 10.1101/lm.051144.119
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 4107: Show issues Location:
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    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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