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Article ; Online: Exploring post-SEPSIS and post-COVID-19 syndromes

Darcy Holmes / Marta Colaneri / Emanuele Palomba / Andrea Gori

Frontiers in Medicine, Vol

crossovers from pathophysiology to therapeutic approach

2024 Volume 10

Abstract: Sepsis, driven by several infections, including COVID-19, can lead to post-sepsis syndrome (PSS) and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Both these conditions share clinical and pathophysiological similarities, as survivors face persistent multi- ... ...

Abstract	Sepsis, driven by several infections, including COVID-19, can lead to post-sepsis syndrome (PSS) and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Both these conditions share clinical and pathophysiological similarities, as survivors face persistent multi-organ dysfunctions, including respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, and neurological issues. Moreover, dysregulated immune responses, immunosuppression, and hyperinflammation contribute to these conditions. The lack of clear definitions and diagnostic criteria hampers comprehensive treatment strategies, and a unified therapeutic approach is significantly needed. One potential target might be the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays a significant role in immune modulation. In fact, RAS imbalance can exacerbate these responses. Potential interventions involving RAS include ACE inhibitors, ACE receptor blockers, and recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2). To address the complexities of PSS and PASC, a multifaceted approach is required, considering shared immunological mechanisms and the role of RAS. Standardization, research funding, and clinical trials are essential for advancing treatment strategies for these conditions.
Keywords	post-sepsis syndrome (PSS) ; post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) ; immune dysfunction ; renin-angiotensin system (RAS) ; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Pneumococcal Competition Modulates Antibiotic Resistance in the Pre-Vaccination Era

José Lourenço / Yair Daon / Andrea Gori / Uri Obolski

Vaccines, Vol 9, Iss 265, p

A Modelling Study

2021 Volume 265

Abstract: The ongoing emergence of antibiotic resistant strains and high frequencies of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae poses a major public health challenge. How and which ecological and evolutionary mechanisms maintain the coexistence of ... ...

Abstract	The ongoing emergence of antibiotic resistant strains and high frequencies of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae poses a major public health challenge. How and which ecological and evolutionary mechanisms maintain the coexistence of antibiotic resistant and susceptible strains remains largely an open question. We developed an individual-based, stochastic model expanding on a previous pneumococci modelling framework. We explore how between- and within-host mechanisms of competition can sustain observed levels of resistance to antibiotics in the pre-vaccination era. Our framework considers that within-host competition for co-colonization between resistant and susceptible strains can arise via pre-existing immunity (immunological competition) or intrinsic fitness differences due to resistance costs (ecological competition). We find that beyond stochasticity, population structure or movement, competition at the within-host level can explain observed resistance frequencies. We compare our simulation results to pneumococcal antibiotic resistance data in the European region using approximate Bayesian computation. Our results demonstrate that ecological competition for co-colonization can explain the variation in co-existence of resistant and susceptible pneumococci observed in the pre-vaccination era. Furthermore, we show that within-host pneumococcal competition can facilitate the maintenance of resistance in the pre-vaccination era. Accounting for these competition-related components of pneumococcal dynamics can improve our understanding of drivers for the emergence and maintenance of antibiotic resistance in pneumococci.
Keywords	antibiotic resistance ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; ecological competition ; immunological competition ; pre-vaccination ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	303
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection

Andrea Lombardi / Simone Villa / Valeria Castelli / Alessandra Bandera / Andrea Gori

Microorganisms, Vol 9, Iss 2460, p

Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives

2021 Volume 2460

Abstract: Immune exhaustion is a condition associated with chronic infections and cancers, characterized by the inability of antigen-specific T cells to eliminate the cognate antigen. Exhausted T cells display a peculiar phenotypic profile and exclusive functional ...

Abstract	Immune exhaustion is a condition associated with chronic infections and cancers, characterized by the inability of antigen-specific T cells to eliminate the cognate antigen. Exhausted T cells display a peculiar phenotypic profile and exclusive functional characteristics. Immune exhaustion has been described in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and cases of tuberculosis reactivation have been reported in those treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, drugs able to re-establish T-cells’ function. Exhausted T CD8 + cells’ profile has also been described in patients with infection due to nontuberculous mycobacteria. In this review, we initially provide an overview of the mechanisms leading to immune exhaustion in patients infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria. We then dissect the therapeutic perspectives related to immune checkpoint blockade in patients with these infections.
Keywords	Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; nontuberculous mycobacteria ; immune checkpoint inhibitors ; immune exhaustion ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Political rationale, aims, and outcomes of health-related high-level meetings and special sessions at the UN General Assembly

Paolo Rodi / Werner Obermeyer / Ariel Pablos-Mendez / Andrea Gori / Mario C Raviglione

PLoS Medicine, Vol 19, Iss 1, p e

A policy research observational study.

2022 Volume 1003873

Abstract: Background Recognising the substantial political weight of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), a UN General Assembly special session (UNGASS) and high-level meetings (HLMs) have been pursued and held for 5 health-related topics thus far. They ... ...

Abstract	Background Recognising the substantial political weight of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), a UN General Assembly special session (UNGASS) and high-level meetings (HLMs) have been pursued and held for 5 health-related topics thus far. They have focused on human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS, 2001), non-communicable diseases (NCDs, 2011), antimicrobial resistance (AMR, 2016), tuberculosis (TB, 2018), and universal health coverage (UHC, 2019). This observational study presents a comprehensive analysis of the political and policy background that prompted the events, as well as an assessment of aims, approaches, and ultimate outcomes. Methods and findings We investigated relevant agencies' official documents, performed a literature search, and accessed international institutions' websites for the period 1990-2020. Knowledgeable diplomatic staff and experts provided additional information. Outcomes were evaluated from a United Nations perspective based on national and international commitments, and funding trends. Eliciting an effective governmental response through UNGASSs/HLMs is a challenge. However, increased international commitment was evident after the HIV/AIDS (2001), NCDs (2011), and AMR (2016) meetings. The more recent TB (2018) and UHC (2019) HLMs have received general endorsements internationally, although concrete commitments are not yet documented. Although attribution can only be hypothesized, financial investments for HIV/AIDS following the UNGASS were remarkable, whereas following HLMs for NCDs, AMR, and TB, the financial investments remained insufficient to face the burden of these threats. Thus far, the HIV/AIDS UNGASS was the only one followed by a level of commitment that has likely contributed to the reversal of the previous burden trend. Limitations of this study include its global perspective and aerial view that cannot discern the effects at the country level. Additionally, possible peculiarities that modified the response to the meetings were ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections during cancer therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors

Andrea Lombardi / Andrea Gramegna / Margherita Ori / Cecilia Azzarà / Francesco Blasi / Andrea Gori

ERJ Open Research, Vol 8, Iss

a systematic review

2022 Volume 4

Abstract: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are drugs growingly employed in the treatment of cancers, but there are still uncertainties about their possible role in the risk of developing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections. To understand this, we ... ...

Abstract	Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are drugs growingly employed in the treatment of cancers, but there are still uncertainties about their possible role in the risk of developing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections. To understand this, we performed a systematic review of the literature including studies published between 20 June 2012 and 20 June 2022 which described the occurrence of NTM infections among patients treated with ICIs. Overall, we included seven studies describing nine patients with NTM infection occurring during ICIs therapy. NTM infections occurring during ICIs therapy are mainly caused by germs belonging to the Mycobacterium avium complex, involve primarily the lungs, on average 1 year after the start of treatment, and are not associated with immunosuppressive treatments.
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	European Respiratory Society
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Remdesivir for the treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 receiving supplemental oxygen

Rachel Beckerman / Andrea Gori / Sushanth Jeyakumar / Jakob J. Malin / Roger Paredes / Pedro Póvoa / Nathaniel J. Smith / Armando Teixeira-Pinto

Scientific Reports, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-

a targeted literature review and meta-analysis

2022 Volume 11

Abstract: Abstract This network meta-analysis (NMA) assessed the efficacy of remdesivir in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 requiring supplemental oxygen. Randomized controlled trials of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, where patients were receiving ... ...

Abstract	Abstract This network meta-analysis (NMA) assessed the efficacy of remdesivir in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 requiring supplemental oxygen. Randomized controlled trials of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, where patients were receiving supplemental oxygen at baseline and at least one arm received treatment with remdesivir, were identified. Outcomes included mortality, recovery, and no longer requiring supplemental oxygen. NMAs were performed for low-flow oxygen (LFO2); high-flow oxygen (HFO2), including NIV (non-invasive ventilation); or oxygen at any flow (AnyO2) at early (day 14/15) and late (day 28/29) time points. Six studies were included (N = 5245 patients) in the NMA. Remdesivir lowered early and late mortality among AnyO2 patients (risk ratio (RR) 0.52, 95% credible interval (CrI) 0.34–0.79; RR 0.81, 95%CrI 0.69–0.95) and LFO2 patients (RR 0.21, 95%CrI 0.09–0.46; RR 0.24, 95%CrI 0.11–0.48); no improvement was observed among HFO2 patients. Improved early and late recovery was observed among LFO2 patients (RR 1.22, 95%CrI 1.09–1.38; RR 1.17, 95%CrI 1.09–1.28). Remdesivir also lowered the requirement for oxygen support among all patient subgroups. Among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 requiring supplemental oxygen at baseline, use of remdesivir compared to best supportive care is likely to improve the risk of mortality, recovery and need for oxygen support in AnyO2 and LFO2 patients.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Nocardia Infections in the Immunocompromised Host

Emanuele Palomba / Arianna Liparoti / Anna Tonizzo / Valeria Castelli / Laura Alagna / Giorgio Bozzi / Riccardo Ungaro / Antonio Muscatello / Andrea Gori / Alessandra Bandera

Microorganisms, Vol 10, Iss 1120, p

A Case Series and Literature Review

2022 Volume 1120

Abstract: Nocardia is primarily considered an opportunistic pathogen and affects patients with impaired immune systems, solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), and patients with haematologic malignancies. We present the cases of six patients diagnosed with ... ...

Abstract	Nocardia is primarily considered an opportunistic pathogen and affects patients with impaired immune systems, solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), and patients with haematologic malignancies. We present the cases of six patients diagnosed with nocardiosis at our center in the last two years, describing the various predisposing conditions alongside the clinical manifestation, the diagnostic workup, and the treatment course. Moreover, we propose a brief literature review on Nocardia infections in the immunocompromised host, focusing on SOTRs and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients and highlighting risk factors, clinical presentations, the diagnostic tools available, and current treatment and prophylaxis guidelines.
Keywords	nocardia ; nocardiosis ; immunocompromised ; transplant ; haematologic malignancies ; SOT ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Trophic ecology of Angolan cold-water coral reefs (SE Atlantic) based on stable isotope analyses

Beatriz Vinha / Sergio Rossi / Andrea Gori / Ulrike Hanz / Antonio Pennetta / Giuseppe E. De Benedetto / Furu Mienis / Veerle A. I. Huvenne / Dierk Hebbeln / Claudia Wienberg / Jürgen Titschack / André Freiwald / Stefano Piraino / Covadonga Orejas

Scientific Reports, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 14

Abstract: Abstract Cold-water coral (CWC) reefs of the Angolan margin (SE Atlantic) are dominated by Desmophyllum pertusum and support a diverse community of associated fauna, despite hypoxic conditions. In this study, we use carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Cold-water coral (CWC) reefs of the Angolan margin (SE Atlantic) are dominated by Desmophyllum pertusum and support a diverse community of associated fauna, despite hypoxic conditions. In this study, we use carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses (δ13C and δ15N) to decipher the trophic network of this relatively unknown CWC province. Although fresh phytodetritus is available to the reef, δ15N signatures indicate that CWCs (12.90 ± 1.00 ‰) sit two trophic levels above Suspended Particulate Organic Matter (SPOM) (4.23 ± 1.64 ‰) suggesting that CWCs are highly reliant on an intermediate food source, which may be zooplankton. Echinoderms and the polychaete Eunice norvegica occupy the same trophic guild, with high δ13C signatures (-14.00 ± 1.08 ‰) pointing to a predatory feeding behavior on CWCs and sponges, although detrital feeding on 13C enriched particles might also be important for this group. Sponges presented the highest δ15N values (20.20 ± 1.87 ‰), which could be due to the role of the sponge holobiont and bacterial food in driving intense nitrogen cycling processes in sponges’ tissue, helping to cope with the hypoxic conditions of the reef. Our study provides first insights to understand trophic interactions of CWC reefs under low-oxygen conditions.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in People Living with HIV/AIDS

Valeria Castelli / Andrea Lombardi / Emanuele Palomba / Giorgio Bozzi / Riccardo Ungaro / Laura Alagna / Davide Mangioni / Antonio Muscatello / Alessandra Bandera / Andrea Gori

Cells, Vol 10, Iss 2227, p

Facts and Controversies

2021 Volume 2227

Abstract: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are reshaping the landscape of cancer treatment, redefining the prognosis of several tumors. They act by restoring the cytotoxic activity of tumor-specific T lymphocytes that are in a condition of immune exhaustion. ... ...

Abstract	Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are reshaping the landscape of cancer treatment, redefining the prognosis of several tumors. They act by restoring the cytotoxic activity of tumor-specific T lymphocytes that are in a condition of immune exhaustion. The same condition has been widely described in chronic HIV infection. In this review, we dissect the role of ICIs in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHIV). First, we provide an overview of the immunologic scenario. Second, we discuss the possible use of ICIs as adjuvant treatment of HIV to achieve elimination of the viral reservoir. Third, we examine the influence of HIV infection on ICI safety and effectiveness. Finally, we describe how the administration of ICIs impacts opportunistic infections.
Keywords	immune checkpoint inhibitors ; HIV ; immune exhaustion ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Local-scale feedbacks influencing cold-water coral growth and subsequent reef formation

Guillem Corbera / Claudio Lo Iacono / Gonzalo Simarro / Jordi Grinyó / Stefano Ambroso / Veerle A. I. Huvenne / Furu Mienis / Marina Carreiro-Silva / Inês Martins / Beatriz Mano / Covadonga Orejas / Ann Larsson / Sebastian Hennige / Andrea Gori

Scientific Reports, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 14

Abstract: Abstract Despite cold-water coral (CWC) reefs being considered biodiversity hotspots, very little is known about the main processes driving their morphological development. Indeed, there is a considerable knowledge gap in quantitative experimental ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Despite cold-water coral (CWC) reefs being considered biodiversity hotspots, very little is known about the main processes driving their morphological development. Indeed, there is a considerable knowledge gap in quantitative experimental studies that help understand the interaction between reef morphology, near-bed hydrodynamics, coral growth, and (food) particle transport processes. In the present study, we performed a 2-month long flume experiment in which living coral nubbins were placed on a reef patch to determine the effect of a unidirectional flow on the growth and physiological condition of Lophelia pertusa. Measurements revealed how the presence of coral framework increased current speed and turbulence above the frontal part of the reef patch, while conditions immediately behind it were characterised by an almost stagnant flow and reduced turbulence. Owing to the higher current speeds that likely promoted a higher food encounter rate and intake of ions involved in the calcification process, the coral nubbins located on the upstream part of the reef presented a significantly enhanced average growth and a lower expression of stress-related enzymes than the downstream ones. Yet, further experiments would be needed to fully quantify how the variations in water hydrodynamics modify particle encounter and ion intake rates by coral nubbins located in different parts of a reef, and how such discrepancies may ultimately affect coral growth. Nonetheless, the results acquired here denote that a reef influenced by a unidirectional water flow would grow into the current: a pattern of reef development that coincides with that of actual coral reefs located in similar water flow settings. Ultimately, the results of this study suggest that at the local scale coral reef morphology has a direct effect on coral growth thus, indicating that the spatial patterns of living CWC colonies in reef patches are the result of spatial self-organisation.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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