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Article ; Online: Physical recovery of an Oxisol under an integrated crop-livestock system in southern Brazil

Bonetti, João de Andrade / Anghinoni, Ibanor / Bredemeier, Christian / Moraes, Moacir Tuzzin / Tormena, Cássio Antônio / Gubiani, Paulo Ivonir

Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 2023 Mar. 21, v. 69, no. 4 p.507-518

2023

Abstract: Soil management could help the recovery from a soil compaction. We investigated the impact of a 14-year integrated soybean-beef cattle system on soil physical recovery. Soil core samples were taken from 0–5 and 5–10 cm twice after grazing and soybean ... ...

Abstract	Soil management could help the recovery from a soil compaction. We investigated the impact of a 14-year integrated soybean-beef cattle system on soil physical recovery. Soil core samples were taken from 0–5 and 5–10 cm twice after grazing and soybean harvesting. Soil compaction and soil recovery capacity were determined in the laboratory by compression of field core samples following wetting-drying cycles. Soil bulk density and macroporosity were measured six times, i.e. before and after the soil compression, and after each wetting-drying cycle (four times). Soil organic carbon and texture were determined. Intensive grazing increased soil bulk density compared to moderate and light (from 1.38 Mg m⁻³ to 1.24 Mg m⁻³) and decreased macroporosity (from 0.09 m³ m⁻³ to 0.14 m³ m⁻³) at the 0–5 cm layer. The wetting-drying cycles reduced soil compaction in all treatments, especially in the lower grazing intensity and ungrazed (macroporosity from 0.08 m³ m⁻³ after compaction to 0.16 m³ m⁻³ after recovery). Our data suggest that the soil physical recovery depends on its initial physical conditions. Soil recovery responses to stresses observed, positive in moderate grazing, suggest that measurements of physical recovery could be useful in describing differences between integrated soybean-beef cattle systems.
Keywords	Oxisols ; agronomy ; cattle ; integrated agricultural systems ; soil compaction ; soil density ; soil management ; soil organic carbon ; soybeans ; texture ; wet-dry cycles ; Brazil ; Crop-livestock systems ; grazing intensity ; wetting-drying cycles ; soybean
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0321
Size	p. 507-518.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1132910-5
ISSN	1476-3567 ; 0365-0340
ISSN (online)	1476-3567
ISSN	0365-0340
DOI	10.1080/03650340.2021.2013471
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Fertilization effects on soil microbial composition and nutrient availability in integrated rice-livestock production systems

Denardin, Luiz Gustavo de O. / Martins, Amanda P. / Flores, João Pedro M. / Alves, Lucas A. / Pires, Carlos B. / Machado, Debora R. / Anghinoni, Ibanor / Carvalho, Paulo César F. / Kuzyakov, Yakov / Rice, Charles W. / Chabbi, Abad

Elsevier B.V. Applied Soil Ecology. 2022 June, v. 174 p.104420-

2022

Abstract: Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) in paddies are an important strategy to reduce fertilizer requirements of rice (Oryza sativa). Legume crop rotations and fertilization increase soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) availability compared to rice ... ...

Abstract	Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) in paddies are an important strategy to reduce fertilizer requirements of rice (Oryza sativa). Legume crop rotations and fertilization increase soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) availability compared to rice monocropping. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of fertilization, namely P and K, in no-till ICLS of continuously flooded rice and rice-soybean rotation in subtropical paddy fields on: (i) soil microbial community, (ii) labile C and N pools, (iii) microbial groups, and (iv) rice yield. Both ICLS were annual ryegrass pastures under beef cattle grazing during the winter season without tillage. Although flooded rice yield did not respond to P and K fertilization in either ICLS, P and K fertilization increased microbial biomass C and N content, and permanganate-oxidizable C (POxC) by 37%, 36%, and 42%, respectively, in both production systems, due to alleviation of nutrient limitation for microbial growth. ICLS under soybean-rice rotation had higher C availability and 22.4% higher rice yield than the rice monocropping. Positive relationships were observed between microbial biomass N and Gram-positive (G+; R² = 0.61), Gram-negative (G-; R² = 0.54) bacteria, and saprophytic fungi (R² = 0.45). However, total fungi was almost 10 times lower than the PLFA of total bacteria on average of cropping systems. G+ bacteria were the only microbial group correlated with N availability under flooded rice. We conclude that P and K fertilization has a direct impact on the microbial community and biomass and consequently on the C and N availability, but does not increase rice yield under no-till ICLS. Soybean-rice rotation yields more than rice monocropping system under ICLS and soil bacteria are more sensitive than saprophytic fungi to changes in soil nutrient status during flooding period in paddy fields.
Keywords	Lolium ; Oryza sativa ; beef cattle ; continuous cropping ; fertilizers ; legumes ; microbial biomass ; microbial communities ; microbial growth ; nitrogen ; nitrogen content ; no-tillage ; nutrient availability ; paddies ; rice ; saprophytes ; soil ; soil carbon ; soil ecology ; soil microorganisms ; soil nutrients ; winter ; Crop rotation ; Cattle grazing ; Paddy fields ; Integrated crop-livestock systems
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-06
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1196758-4
ISSN	0929-1393
ISSN	0929-1393
DOI	10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104420
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Integrated crop–livestock systems in paddy fields: New strategies for flooded rice nutrition

Denardin, Luiz Gustavo de O. / Martins, Amanda P. / Carmona, Felipe de C. / Veloso, Murilo G. / Carmona, Gabriela I. / Carvalho, Paulo César de F. / Anghinoni, Ibanor

Agronomy journal. 2020 May, v. 112, no. 3

2020

Abstract: Integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLSs) appear as a good alternative to increase nutrient use efficiency (NUE) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through the improvement in nutrient cycling and soil chemical attributes in paddy fields. The objective of this ... ...

Abstract	Integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLSs) appear as a good alternative to increase nutrient use efficiency (NUE) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through the improvement in nutrient cycling and soil chemical attributes in paddy fields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of an ICLS on soil chemical attributes and on the fertilization requirement of N, P, and K by flooded rice in the Brazilian subtropical region. Nutritional status, yield, and NUE of flooded rice were evaluated by fertilization trials through rice response to different fertilization rates of N, P, and K. Soil chemical attributes were evaluated at the beginning of the experiment and 30 mo later. Different fertilization rates were applied in two systems: (a) a conventional system (CS), based on intensive tillage, rice monocropping and winter fallow, and (b) ICLS, characterized by no‐tillage and winter cattle grazing in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture. Rice shoot accumulation of N, P, and K was greater under CS than ICLS at all fertilization levels. On the other hand, higher rice yields were observed under ICLS at almost every fertilization level, suggesting higher NUE than CS. In addition, rice yield was increased by 40% by fertilization of P and K under CS, whereas no response was observed under ICLS. These benefits were possibly related to greater nutrient cycling and greater synchronism between rice's nutrient uptake and nutrient release of the soil. Our results indicate that the adoption of ICLS ensures greater NUE becoming a system less dependent on external inputs.
Keywords	Lolium multiflorum ; Oryza sativa ; agronomy ; cattle ; continuous cropping ; conventional tillage ; fallow ; no-tillage ; nutrient uptake ; nutrient use efficiency ; nutritional status ; paddies ; pastures ; rice ; soil ; subtropics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-05
Size	p. 2219-2229.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	410332-4
ISSN	1435-0645 ; 0002-1962
ISSN (online)	1435-0645
ISSN	0002-1962
DOI	10.1002/agj2.20148
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Article: Using water with different levels of salinity by paddy fields: a Brazilian case study

Denardin, Luiz Gustavo de Oliveira / Carmona, Felipe de C / Alves, Lucas A / Flores, João Pedro M / Weber, Eliseu J / Martins, Amanda P / Tiecher, Tales / Anghinoni, Ibanor

Communications in soil science and plant analysis. 2020 Dec. 15, v. 51, no. 22

2020

Abstract: On the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, the soil salinity is strictly related to the quality of irrigation water sources connected to the Atlantic Ocean, especially the Patos Lagune. The possibility of using this water source for ... ...

Abstract	On the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, the soil salinity is strictly related to the quality of irrigation water sources connected to the Atlantic Ocean, especially the Patos Lagune. The possibility of using this water source for irrigation of rice fields depends on the salinity level of the water and soil, which can be estimated knowing the sodium (Na⁺) content of both. This study aimed to establish a relationship between the electrical conductivity (EC) and Na⁺ content of the water of the Patos Lagune and to determine the possibility of water use for flooded rice, with increasing levels of EC, on the Brazilian coastal plain. Water samples were collected at different points in the Patos Lagune to determine the levels of Na⁺ and EC. The equation determined was as follows: Na (mg L⁻¹) = 179.61 * EC – 183.25. The possibility of using irrigation water was different between the sites. Most soils can receive the total volume of water demanded by flooded rice since the water EC does not exceed 1.0 dS m⁻¹. With an EC of 1.5 dS m⁻¹, an alternative irrigation water source should be obtained.
Keywords	case studies ; coastal plains ; electrical conductivity ; equations ; irrigation ; irrigation water ; paddies ; plant analysis ; rice ; salinity ; sodium ; soil salinity ; Atlantic Ocean ; Brazil
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-1215
Size	p. 2821-2829.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	419718-5
ISSN	1532-2416 ; 0010-3624
ISSN (online)	1532-2416
ISSN	0010-3624
DOI	10.1080/00103624.2020.1849265
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Nine-year impact of grazing management on soil acidity and aluminum speciation and fractionation in a long-term no-till integrated crop-livestock system in the subtropics

Martins, Amanda Posselt / Anghinoni, Ibanor / Borin, José Bernardo Moraes / Carvalho, Paulo César de Faccio / Denardin, Luiz Gustavo de Oliveira / Kumar, Sandeep / Schaidhauer, Walker / Tiecher, Tales

Geoderma. 2020 Feb. 01, v. 359

2020

Abstract: Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) can be an option for agricultural sustainability in subtropics. Despite numerous studies evaluating ICLS, there have been limited investigations of aluminum (Al) dynamics in such systems. In this context, this ... ...

Abstract	Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) can be an option for agricultural sustainability in subtropics. Despite numerous studies evaluating ICLS, there have been limited investigations of aluminum (Al) dynamics in such systems. In this context, this study was conducted in 2001–2010 on Rhodic Hapludox soil with the objective of assessing the impacts of time and grazing on soil acidity and Al fractions (solid phase) and species (liquid phase) in ICLS (soybean-beef cattle) managed with a long-term no-till system. The crop succession consisted of soybean cultivation during summer and a mix of black oat + Italian ryegrass during winter. Treatments consisted of different grazing managements during the winter season: intensive grazing, moderate grazing, and no-grazing. For this study, sampling was performed prior to the first and after nine grazing seasons. Lime was applied to the surface of the entire study area immediately after the first grazing season. We demonstrated differences in the Al forms in the soil solid and liquid phases over time and with different managements. The ICLS with intensive grazing or moderate grazing during the winter season led to a lower availability of total Al in the soil solution and a higher base saturation and lower Al saturation in the soil solid phase compared to non-grazed areas. However, the soil pH is similar between grazed and non-grazed. Despite such differentiated dynamics, the carbon accumulated in the soil with a long-term no-till management guarantees that the preponderant Al form is linked to organic compounds, maintaining the content of phytotoxic species and the Al3+ activity below the critical limit for plant growth.
Keywords	aluminum ; base saturation ; carbon ; cattle ; crop production ; fractionation ; grazing ; grazing management ; Hapludox ; integrated agricultural systems ; Lolium multiflorum ; no-tillage ; organic compounds ; phytotoxicity ; plant growth ; soil pH ; soil solution ; soybeans ; subtropics ; summer ; sustainable agriculture ; winter
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0201
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	281080-3
ISSN	1872-6259 ; 0016-7061
ISSN (online)	1872-6259
ISSN	0016-7061
DOI	10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.113986
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Soil chemical properties under no‐tillage as affected by agricultural trophic complexity

Deiss, Leonardo / Kleina, Georgia B / Moraes, Anibal / Franzluebbers, Alan J / Motta, Antonio C. V / Dieckow, Jeferson / Sandini, Itacir E / Anghinoni, Ibanor / Carvalho, Paulo C. F

European journal of soil science. 2020 Nov., v. 71, no. 6

2020

Abstract: Soil fertility under no‐tillage farming may be affected by agricultural complexity. By transforming most of the ingested pasture into urine and faeces, ruminants catalyse nutrient cycling by breaking down complex plant molecules, which can help to ... ...

Abstract	Soil fertility under no‐tillage farming may be affected by agricultural complexity. By transforming most of the ingested pasture into urine and faeces, ruminants catalyse nutrient cycling by breaking down complex plant molecules, which can help to maintain or even improve soil fertility. We evaluated how integrating annual crops and the ruminant grazing of cover crops in the same land area and at overlapping times affect soil fertility in no‐tillage systems. Soil chemical properties were evaluated at 0–5‐cm and 5–25‐cm depths, in three long‐term cropping experiments (7, 10 and 12 years) with and without ruminant grazing of cover crops. The three sites had contrasting soil and climatic char acteristics, but all sites were managed under no‐tillage, and treatments with livestock were managed with moderate grazing intensity. Ruminant grazing increased soil Na and P concentrations at 0–5‐cm depth, and increased Ca and Mg availability, base saturation and pH in deeper layers (5–25‐cm depth) or across the soil profile (0–25 cm). Land‐use complexity changed the soil exchangeable complex, resulting in soil acidity amelioration and consequently reduced Al toxicity, but it also had a negative impact on K saturation and cationic micronutrient availability (Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe). In general, grazing improved or did not change most soil chemical properties, and any negative effects of animal presence did not limit agroecosystem productivity. Therefore, under appropriate nutrient and grazing management, no‐tillage farming with integrated crop–livestock systems can uphold soil chemical conditions to sustain primary and secondary productivities in agroecosystems. HIGHLIGHTS: Is the soil fertility in no‐tillage systems affected by ruminant grazing of cover crops? Land‐use complexity increased P, Na, Ca and Mg availability, and pH, and reduced Al toxicity Soil acidity amelioration decreased K saturation and cationic micronutrient availability Agriculture complexity under no‐tillage fosters soil fertility to allow sustainable intensification
Keywords	agroecosystems ; base saturation ; feces ; land use ; livestock ; no-tillage ; nutrient availability ; pastures ; ruminants ; soil fertility ; soil pH ; soil profiles ; toxicity ; urine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-11
Size	p. 1090-1105.
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1191614-x
ISSN	1365-2389 ; 1351-0754
ISSN (online)	1365-2389
ISSN	1351-0754
DOI	10.1111/ejss.12869
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Erratum: Arnuti, F., et al. Sheep Dung Composition and Phosphorus and Potassium Release Affected by Grazing Intensity and Pasture Development Stage in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1162

Arnuti, Fernando / Denardin, Luiz Gustavo de O / Nunes, Pedro Arthur de A / Alves, Lucas A / Cecagno, Diego / Assis, Júlia de / Schaidhauer, Walker da S / Anghinoni, Ibanor / Chabbi, Abad / Carvalho, Paulo César de F

Agronomy. 2021 Jan. 11, v. 11, no. 1

2021

Abstract: The authors would like to make the following correction to the published paper [ ... ] ...

Abstract	The authors would like to make the following correction to the published paper [...]
Keywords	agronomy ; feces ; grazing intensity ; integrated agricultural systems ; paper ; pastures ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sheep
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0111
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ZDB-ID	2607043-1
ISSN	2073-4395
ISSN	2073-4395
DOI	10.3390/agronomy11010126
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Article: Effect of grazing intensity on plant-parasitic nematodes in an integrated crop–livestock system with low plant diversity

Schmitt, Juliane / Portela, Valéria Ortaça / Santana, Natielo Almeida / Freiberg, Joice Aline / Bellé, Cristiano / Pacheco, Danrley / Antoniolli, Zaida Inês / Anghinoni, Ibanor / Cares, Juvenil Enrique / de Araújo Filho, Jerônimo Vieira / Jacques, Rodrigo Josemar Seminoti

Applied soil ecology. 2021 July, v. 163

2021

Abstract: Integrated crop–livestock (ICL) systems increase food production and improve environmental quality, but these benefits may be outweighed by overgrazing, monocropping, and the use of plants susceptible to plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN). The objective of ... ...

Abstract	Integrated crop–livestock (ICL) systems increase food production and improve environmental quality, but these benefits may be outweighed by overgrazing, monocropping, and the use of plants susceptible to plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN). The objective of this work was to study the occurrence of PPN in an ICL system cultivated for 16 years with low plant diversity and managed with four grazing intensities. The experiment was conducted on a 22-hectare experimental area cultivated with Glycinemax for grain production (summer) and Avena strigosa + Lolium multiflorum for cattle grazing (winter), in a subtropical region of Brazil. The treatments consisted of different grazing intensities, represented by sward heights of 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm; ungrazed plots; and a natural pasture as the reference system. The soil samples were collected during flowering of soybeans and of pasture to identify and quantify PPN (genera and species) and determine the physical, chemical, and soil cover properties. Eleven genera of PPN were identified. Helicotylenchus was the dominant taxon in all treatments, but only the species H. dihystera was present. A greater grazing height resulted in greater PPN abundance in the winter but did not affect the nematode abundance where soybean was subsequently grown. Despite low plant diversity and overgrazing in some treatments, the conditions of this ICL system limit the growth of PPN populations.
Keywords	Avena strigosa ; Lolium multiflorum ; cattle ; continuous cropping ; environmental quality ; food production ; integrated agricultural systems ; pastures ; plant parasitic nematodes ; soil ; soil ecology ; soybeans ; species diversity ; subtropics ; summer ; sward ; winter ; Brazil
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-07
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	1196758-4
ISSN	0929-1393
ISSN	0929-1393
DOI	10.1016/j.apsoil.2021.103908
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Article: Tolerance mechanisms and irrigation management to reduce iron stress in irrigated rice

de Campos Carmona, Felipe / Adamski, Janete Mariza / Wairich, Andriele / de Carvalho, Joseane Biso / Lima, Gustavo Gomes / Anghinoni, Ibanor / Jaeger, Isadora Rodrigues / da Silva, Paulo Regis Ferreira / de Freitas Terra, Tatiana / Fett, Janette Palma / Carlos, Filipe Selau

Plant and soil. 2021 Dec., v. 469, no. 1-2

2021

Abstract: Iron toxicity is a major nutritional disorder in rice plants, especially in flooded areas. The use of alternative crop management practices, such as soil drainage, may mitigate negative impacts of iron toxicity, since soil aeration that follows drainage ... ...

Abstract	Iron toxicity is a major nutritional disorder in rice plants, especially in flooded areas. The use of alternative crop management practices, such as soil drainage, may mitigate negative impacts of iron toxicity, since soil aeration that follows drainage can oxidize and precipitate potentially toxic Fe⁺² into Fe³⁺. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of alternative water management on agronomical and physiological parameters in rice plants grown in a field location with iron toxicity history. Rice cultivars BR-IRGA 409 (sensitive) and IRGA 425 (resistant to iron toxicity) were tested. Irrigation management comprised three treatments: continuous irrigation, one cycle of water suppression (1S) and two cycles of water suppression (2S). Evaluations included the ionic composition of soil solution and leaf tissues, grain yield, antioxidant responses and gene expression. Permanent soil flooding resulted in higher grain yield in plants from the resistant than from the sensitive genotype, which had higher malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in leaves. In contrast, two cycles of alternate soil drying resulted in equivalent grain yield and MDA concentrations in both genotypes. Resistance to iron toxicity in IRGA 425 plants seems related to limited Fe translocation to shoots, increased tolerance to oxidative stress in leaves and higher expression of Ferritin, OsGAP1, OsWRKY80 and Oryzain-α genes. Plants from the BR-IRGA 409 cultivar (sensitive to Fe toxicity) improved growth and yield under the interrupted irrigation treatments, probably due to lower Fe availability in the soil solution. Management of water irrigation successfully alleviated Fe toxicity in rice plants cultivated in field conditions.
Keywords	aeration ; alternative crops ; antioxidants ; crop management ; cultivars ; drainage ; ferritin ; gene expression ; genotype ; grain yield ; irrigation scheduling ; leaves ; malondialdehyde ; oxidative stress ; rice ; soil ; soil solution ; toxicity
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-12
Size	p. 173-191.
Publishing place	Springer International Publishing
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	208908-7
ISSN	1573-5036 ; 0032-079X
ISSN (online)	1573-5036
ISSN	0032-079X
DOI	10.1007/s11104-021-05156-9
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Article: Forms and balance of soil potassium from a long-term integrated crop-livestock system in a subtropical Oxisol

Almeida, Tauana Ferreira / Carvalho, Jacques Krticka / Reid, Elise / Martins, Amanda Posselt / Bissani, Carlos Alberto / Bortoluzzi, Edson Campanhola / Brunetto, Gustavo / Anghinoni, Ibanor / de Faccio Carvalho, Paulo César / Tiecher, Tales

Soil & tillage research. 2021 Mar., v. 207

2021

Abstract: The presence of animal grazing at different intensities in integrated crop livestock systems (ICLS) may affect the forms and the balance of K in the soil, especially after many years. The objective of this study was to evaluate different K forms and ... ...

Abstract	The presence of animal grazing at different intensities in integrated crop livestock systems (ICLS) may affect the forms and the balance of K in the soil, especially after many years. The objective of this study was to evaluate different K forms and their balance for 17 years with ICLS. ICLS experimental area used no-till practices with different grazing intensities of cattle in winter pasture (black oat + annual ryegrass) and soybean production in the summer season. The experiment started in May 2001 at a location with a Rhodic Hapludox (Oxisol). The treatments consisted of varied grazing intensities: intensive grazing (IG) at 10 cm of pasture height, moderate grazing (MG) at 20 cm of pasture height, and a no grazing (NG) treatment. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replicates. Soil samples were collected in 2001, 2007, 2012 and 2017 in 0−5, 5−10, 10−15 and 15−20 cm of soil layers. Desorption of K was measured using the Mehlich-1 method and the results were fitted to first-order kinetic equations to obtain readily and potentially available K content. Total K was determined by X-ray fluorescence, and the unavailable K by the difference between the total K and potentially available K. Long-term no-till ICLS resulted in an increase in more readily available K forms in the soil surface. The increase was especially prominent in the no-grazing treatment due to the greater amount of K left in the plant residues. Regardless of grazing intensity, soybean cultivation was the controlling component of the soil nutrient budget, representing 98.6 % of the total amount of K exported. Animal outputs represent only 1.4 % of total K exported and are therefore the recycling component of the system. Although meat production in ICLS represents only a very small fraction of the amount of K exported from the system, K tends to become less available in the grazed treatments in the long-term.
Keywords	Hapludox ; Lolium ; X-radiation ; cattle ; desorption ; experimental design ; fluorescence ; integrated agricultural systems ; meat production ; no-tillage ; pastures ; potassium ; research ; soil nutrients ; soybeans ; summer
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-03
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	406698-4
ISSN	0167-1987
ISSN	0167-1987
DOI	10.1016/j.still.2020.104864
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