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  1. Article ; Online: Implementation of Covid-19 protection protocols and its implication on learning & teaching in public schools

    Anwar Ahmed / Birhanu Sintayehu

    Heliyon, Vol 8, Iss 5, Pp e09362- (2022)

    2022  

    Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the implementation of COVID-19 protection protocols and its implication on teaching –learning process in schools of Werabe administrative town. A concurrent embedded research design and mixed approach were used to carry ... ...

    Abstract This study aimed to investigate the implementation of COVID-19 protection protocols and its implication on teaching –learning process in schools of Werabe administrative town. A concurrent embedded research design and mixed approach were used to carry out the current study and collect data in that order. To conduct the study, 140 teachers, 12 principals, and 6 supervisors were selected by simple random, purposive, and availability sampling techniques respectively. To gather the data, a questionnaire, semi-structured interview, observation checklist, focus group discussion, and document analysis were used. The analysis of quantitative data was carried out by using mean and multiple regressions, while qualitative data was analysed through thematic description and word narration. The results showed that COVID-19 protection protocols were not strictly implemented as per the standards set by both Ministry of Education and the World Health Organization. In addition, the study exposed school community-related factors like reluctance in keeping physical distancing (mean = 4.28, Beta = 0.29, p < 0.05) and resource-related factors like shortage of thermometer (mean = 2.85, Beta = 0.25, p < 0.05) are significantly affecting the implementation of COVID-19 protection protocols. The findings further indicated that the school-community related and the resource-related factors directly affected the classroom teaching-learning process, render students’ families and education sectors for additional financial expenses. Therefore, encouraging communication and coordination among education actors, families, learners, and health communities need to be re-strengthened, and the implementation of protection protocols has to be enforced.
    Keywords COVID-19 ; Implementation ; Learning-teaching ; Protection protocols ; Public school ; Science (General) ; Q1-390 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
    Subject code 370
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Analysis of ORF5 protein signifies its importance in Norway rat Hepatitis E virus

    Zoya Shafat / Anwar Ahmed / Mohammad K. Parvez

    Network Biology, Vol 12, Iss 2, Pp 32-

    2022  Volume 44

    Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the chief cause of hepatitis E (inflammation of liver) across the globe. The Norway rat HEV genome consists of six open reading frames (ORFs), i.e., ORF1, ORF2, ORF3, ORF4, ORF5 and ORF5. The additional reading frame encoded ... ...

    Abstract Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the chief cause of hepatitis E (inflammation of liver) across the globe. The Norway rat HEV genome consists of six open reading frames (ORFs), i.e., ORF1, ORF2, ORF3, ORF4, ORF5 and ORF5. The additional reading frame encoded protein ORF5 protein's structure and function remain to be explored. Therefore, the presented study was conceptualized to analyze the ORF5 protein for its physiochemical properties, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and functional characteristics using bioinformatics tools. The initial analysis revealed ORF5 protein as unstable, thermostable, hydrophilic and highly basic in nature. The primary structural analysis revealed higher percentages of amino acids Arg, Leu, Pro, Ser and Gly, which suggested that the ORF5 protein is richly endowed with some regulatory amino acids (Leu, Pro and Gly). The secondary structure of ORF5 protein showed all three major components (alpha-helix, beta-strand and random coil). The tertiary structure generated through homology modelling revealed mixed 汐/汕 structural fold with subsequently higher percentage of strands and abundance of coils. Moreover, the surface analysis revealed the several clefts and tunnels along with few pores, clearly suggested the ability of ORF5 protein towards interaction with other molecules. The ORF5 protein was also identified with several post-translationally modified sites including glycosylation, phosphorylation and myriystoylation. The presence of these modified sites indicated the role of ORF5 protein in regulation. Thus, our analyses taken together interpret the ORF5 protein's essentiality in HEV. This data will help in exploring the prospective role of this additional genomic component of rat HEV through the sequence, structure and functional annotation of ORF5 protein.
    Keywords rat hev ; open reading frame 5 (orf5) ; physicochemical parameters ; structural analysis ; homology modeling ; functional analysis ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 612
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Decoding the characteristics of ORF6 encoded protein of Norway rat Hepatitis E Virus using bioinformatics approach

    Zoya Shafat / Anwar Ahmed / Mohammad K. Parvez

    Network Biology, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 11-

    2022  Volume 25

    Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) of the family Hepeviridae, is a major causative agent of acute hepatitis in developing countries. The Norway rat HEV genome is organized into six open reading frames (ORFs), i.e., ORF1, ORF2, ORF3, ORF4, ORF5 and ORF6. The ... ...

    Abstract Hepatitis E virus (HEV) of the family Hepeviridae, is a major causative agent of acute hepatitis in developing countries. The Norway rat HEV genome is organized into six open reading frames (ORFs), i.e., ORF1, ORF2, ORF3, ORF4, ORF5 and ORF6. The additional reading frame encoded protein ORF6 is attributed to life cycle of rat HEV. As ORF6 protein's remains to be explored in terms of its structural and functional implications, the following study was conceptualized to explore the prospective role of this additional genomic component of rat HEV. The detailed computational investigation was carried out for the ORF6 protein to elucidate its physiochemical properties, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and post-translational modifications, motif prediction and other functional characteristics. The in silico analysis revealed ORF6 protein as unstable, highly thermostable, hydrophobic and basic in nature. The amino acid compositional analysis revealed higher abundance of Leu, Arg, Ile and Pro amino acids in the polypeptide chain of ORF6 protein. The secondary structural analysis revealed all the three major elements, i.e., 汐-helices, 汕-strands and coils. The generated 3D structural model of the ORF6 protein through homology modeling algorithm revealed mixed 汐/汕 structural fold of the ORF6 protein with abundance of coils. Additionally, the structural models revealed the presence of clefts and a tunnel. The identified binding functions and the presence of several clefts suggested the commitment of ORF6 protein towards interaction with other ligand molecules. This theoretical study will facilitate towards deciphering the role of unexplored ORF6 encoded protein, thereby providing better understanding towards the pathogenesis of Norway rat HEVs.
    Keywords rat hev ; open reading frame 6 (orf6) ; physicochemical parameters ; structural analysis ; homology modeling ; motif prediction ; molecular function ; biological function ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 612
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Experience with modified two stage inner preputial flap for repair of proximal hypospadias with chordee: A single institution study with intermediate follow up.

    Ali, Mostafa Magdi / Anwar, Ahmed Zaki

    Journal of pediatric surgery

    2021  Volume 57, Issue 7, Page(s) 1404–1408

    Abstract: Purpose: We present our modified technique of using the inner preputial flap to cover the penile shaft, while removing the subcutaneous tissue of the distal part of the flap to act similar to graft. Herein, we present our experience with modified two ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: We present our modified technique of using the inner preputial flap to cover the penile shaft, while removing the subcutaneous tissue of the distal part of the flap to act similar to graft. Herein, we present our experience with modified two stage inner preputial flap for repair of proximal hypospadias with chordee.
    Patients and methods: The current study was a single-institution retrospective study between January 2016 and December 2020. Thirty-one patients with proximal hypospadias with chordee were included and underwent our modified technique. We excluded re-operative hypospadias and incomplete follow-up cases (<6 month of follow up). Patient demographics, outcomes and complications in the form of fistula formation, diverticulum, metal stenosis, stricture formation and glans dehiscence were reviewed.
    Results: A total of 31 patients were included in the study and underwent our modified technique. The median age was 18 months (9-60) & IQR 15-25). The median follow up was 40 months. Overall, success was achieved in 24 cases (77.4%). Complications occurred in seven cases (22.6%) and included urethrocutanous fistula in three patients (9.7%), diverticulum in two patients (6.5.%), metal stenosis in one patient (3.2%) and glans dehiscence in one patient (3.2%).
    Conclusion: Our technique provides a favourable outcome with a low complication rate for repair of proximal severe hypospadias.
    Level of evidence: Case Series Study (Level IV).
    MeSH term(s) Constriction, Pathologic/surgery ; Diverticulum/surgery ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypospadias/complications ; Hypospadias/surgery ; Infant ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Urethra/surgery ; Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 80165-3
    ISSN 1531-5037 ; 0022-3468
    ISSN (online) 1531-5037
    ISSN 0022-3468
    DOI 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.05.024
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Shedding light on the dark proteome of Hepatitis E Virus

    Zoya Shafat / Anwar Ahmed / Mohammad K. Parvez

    Network Biology, Vol 11, Iss 4, Pp 295-

    2021  Volume 314

    Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a quasi-enveloped RNA virus of the family Hepeviridae. HEV is the chief cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, causing approximately 20 million infections annually, which results in 60,000 deaths. Due to insufficiency in ... ...

    Abstract Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a quasi-enveloped RNA virus of the family Hepeviridae. HEV is the chief cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, causing approximately 20 million infections annually, which results in 60,000 deaths. Due to insufficiency in appropriate HEV in vitro cell culture systems, our knowledge of its pathogenesis is inadequately understood. HEV encodes three open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 (replicative machinery), ORF2 (viral capsid) essential for (infectious particles formation) and ORF3 (viral release). The presence of known and unknown coding and non-coding regions of HEV ORFs are still debated. Viral proteins entail disordered regions which are linked with the infectivity and pathogenicity of virus. Thus, we examined the dark proteome of HEV through analyzing intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) present in the ORFs by exploiting computational methodologies. Our findings suggested that ORF3 had the highest prevalence of disordered regions. The ORF3 region was followed by ORF2, which had comparatively lesser fraction of intrinsic disorder. The ORF1 had the least number of disordered residues in the HEV proteome. Our intrinsic disorder analysis results revealed that ORF1 polyprotein consists of mostly ordered domains, i.e., proteins having significant level of well-defined structures, with the exclusion of Pro and PCP domains. The analysis reveals Pro domain as a highly disordered protein while PCP domain as an intrinsic disordered protein. MoRF analysis revealed that HEV proteome contains multiple MoRFs across all ORFs. IDPRs are characterized by remarkable conformational flexibility and structural plasticity resulting in their engagement in several biological processes. Due to possession of MoRF in the HEV proteins, these regions can be used for protein-protein interactions due to the structural flexibility. IDPRs are characterized by remarkable conformational flexibility and structural plasticity resulting in their engagement in several biological processes. Due to possession of MoRF in the HEV proteins, these regions can be used for protein-protein interactions due to the structural flexibility. These extensive findings on the HEV proteome will have significant implications in understanding the deeper functioning of structural as well as non-structural biology of HEV proteins.
    Keywords hev ; orf1 ; orf2 ; orf3 ; intrinsically disordered proteins ; protein-binding propensity ; dna-binding propensity ; rna-binding propensity ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 612
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Journal ; Article ; Online: Impact of influenza vaccine in reduction of incidence and severity of influenza-like illness

    Ruhi Khan / Anwar Ahmed / Rachid Zeitounie / Rajiv Khandekar

    2021  

    Abstract: Background: Vaccination is useful for protection against seasonal influenza but has a low uptake. Evidence of a protective effect of influenza vaccine among Arab populations would be a useful tool for advocacy. Aims: To evaluate the impact of vaccine in ... ...

    Abstract Background: Vaccination is useful for protection against seasonal influenza but has a low uptake. Evidence of a protective effect of influenza vaccine among Arab populations would be a useful tool for advocacy. Aims: To evaluate the impact of vaccine in reducing the incidence and severity of influenza-like illness among health staff of a tertiary care eye hospital in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in 2018–2019. Hospital staff were divided into vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Influenza-like illness episodes and their severity were compared between the groups and influenza-like illness rate before and after vaccination was reviewed in the vaccinated group. Results: The uptake of flu vaccine among 1180 health staff was 41%. There were 28 (9.3%) and 51 (17%) persons with influenza-like illness in the vaccinated (n = 300) and nonvaccinated (n = 300) groups, respectively. The nonvaccinated group had a significantly higher rate of influenza-like illness than the vaccinated group had. Vaccination, young age and absence of comorbidity were independent protectors against influenza-like illness. Conclusions: Influenza vaccine confers significant protection and reduces the incidence and severity of influenza-like illness. However, this was a retrospective review of health data; therefore, the association of vaccine with outcomes should be considered as a weak form of evidence. The low uptake of influenza vaccine in hospital staff and their dependents is a matter of concern and should be addressed by greater awareness and education. This evidence can be used to improve overall vaccine coverage.

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    Keywords Influenza ; Influenza Vaccines ; Huma ; Tertiary Healthcare ; Personnel ; Hospital ; Retrospective Studies ; Comorbidity ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; prevention and control
    Language English
    Publisher World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
    Document type Journal ; Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: Analysis of codon usage patterns in open reading frame 4 of hepatitis E viruses

    Zoya Shafat / Anwar Ahmed / Mohammad K. Parvez / Shama Parveen

    Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2022  Volume 11

    Abstract: Abstract Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a member of the family Hepeviridae and causes acute HEV infections resulting in thousands of deaths worldwide. The zoonotic nature of HEV in addition to its tendency from human to human transmission has led ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a member of the family Hepeviridae and causes acute HEV infections resulting in thousands of deaths worldwide. The zoonotic nature of HEV in addition to its tendency from human to human transmission has led scientists across the globe to work on its different aspects. HEV also accounts for about 30% mortality rates in case of pregnant women. The genome of HEV is organized into three open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 ORF2 and ORF3. A reading frame encoded protein ORF4 has recently been discovered which is exclusive to GT 1 isolates of HEV. The ORF4 is suggested to play crucial role in pregnancy-associated pathology and enhanced replication. Though studies have documented the ORF4’s importance, the genetic features of ORF4 protein genes in terms of compositional patterns have not been elucidated. As codon usage performs critical role in establishment of the host–pathogen relationship, therefore, the present study reports the codon usage analysis (based on nucleotide sequences of HEV ORF4 available in the public database) in three hosts along with the factors influencing the codon usage patterns of the protein genes of ORF4 of HEV. Results The nucleotide composition analysis indicated that ORF4 protein genes showed overrepresentation of C nucleotide and while A nucleotide was the least-represented, with random distribution of G and T(U) nucleotides. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis revealed biasness toward C/G-ended codons (over U/A) in all three natural HEV-hosts (human, rat and ferret). It was observed that all the ORF4 genes were richly endowed with GC content. Further, our results showed the occurrence of both coincidence and antagonistic codon usage patterns among HEV-hosts. The findings further emphasized that both mutational and selection forces influenced the codon usage patterns of ORF4 protein genes. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is first bioinformatics study evaluating codon usage patterns in HEV ORF4 protein genes. The ...
    Keywords Hepatitis E virus (HEV) ; Open reading frame 4 (ORF4) ; Nucleotide composition ; Synonymous codon usage ; Mutational pressure ; Natural selection ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 572
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher SpringerOpen
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Eyes and the heart: what a clinician should know.

    Ng, Jing Yong / Zarook, Essa / Nicholson, Luke / Khanji, Mohammed Yunus / Chahal, Choudhary Anwar Ahmed

    Heart (British Cardiac Society)

    2023  Volume 109, Issue 22, Page(s) 1670–1676

    Abstract: The eye is prone to various forms of afflictions, either as a manifestation of primary ocular disease or part of systemic disease, including the cardiovascular system. A thorough cardiovascular examination should include a brief ocular assessment. ... ...

    Abstract The eye is prone to various forms of afflictions, either as a manifestation of primary ocular disease or part of systemic disease, including the cardiovascular system. A thorough cardiovascular examination should include a brief ocular assessment. Hypertension and diabetes, for example, would present with retinopathy and dyslipidaemia would present with corneal arcus. Multisystem autoimmune diseases, such as Graves' disease, rheumatoid arthritis and sarcoidosis, would present with proptosis, episcleritis and scleritis, respectively. Myasthenia gravis, while primarily a neuromuscular disease, presents with fatigable ptosis and is associated with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and giant cell myocarditis. Connective tissue diseases such as Marfan syndrome, which commonly presents with aortic root dilatation, would be associated with ectopia lentis and myopia. Wilson's disease, which is associated with arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies, would present usually with the characteristic Kayser-Fleischer rings. Rarer diseases, such as Fabry disease, would be accompanied by ocular signs such as cornea verticillata and such cardiac manifestations include cardiac hypertrophy as well as arrhythmias. This review examines the interplay between the eye and the cardiovascular system and emphasises the use of conventional and emerging tools to improve diagnosis, management and prognostication of patients.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Hepatolenticular Degeneration/diagnosis ; Marfan Syndrome/diagnosis ; Cardiovascular System ; Heart ; Copper
    Chemical Substances Copper (789U1901C5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1303417-0
    ISSN 1468-201X ; 1355-6037
    ISSN (online) 1468-201X
    ISSN 1355-6037
    DOI 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-322081
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Predicting left ventricular hypertrophy from the 12-lead electrocardiogram in the UK Biobank imaging study using machine learning.

    Naderi, Hafiz / Ramírez, Julia / van Duijvenboden, Stefan / Pujadas, Esmeralda Ruiz / Aung, Nay / Wang, Lin / Anwar Ahmed Chahal, Choudhary / Lekadir, Karim / Petersen, Steffen E / Munroe, Patricia B

    European heart journal. Digital health

    2023  Volume 4, Issue 4, Page(s) 316–324

    Abstract: Aims: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an established, independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Indices derived from the electrocardiogram (ECG) have been used to infer the presence of LVH with limited sensitivity. This study aimed to ... ...

    Abstract Aims: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an established, independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Indices derived from the electrocardiogram (ECG) have been used to infer the presence of LVH with limited sensitivity. This study aimed to classify LVH defined by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging using the 12-lead ECG for cost-effective patient stratification.
    Methods and results: We extracted ECG biomarkers with a known physiological association with LVH from the 12-lead ECG of 37 534 participants in the UK Biobank imaging study. Classification models integrating ECG biomarkers and clinical variables were built using logistic regression, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF). The dataset was split into 80% training and 20% test sets for performance evaluation. Ten-fold cross validation was applied with further validation testing performed by separating data based on UK Biobank imaging centres. QRS amplitude and blood pressure (
    Conclusion: A combination of ECG biomarkers and clinical variables were able to predict LVH defined by CMR. Our findings provide support for the ECG as an inexpensive screening tool to risk stratify patients with LVH as a prelude to advanced imaging.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2634-3916
    ISSN (online) 2634-3916
    DOI 10.1093/ehjdh/ztad037
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Book ; Online: Honeypot Allocation for Cyber Deception in Dynamic Tactical Networks

    Sayed, Md Abu / Anwar, Ahmed H. / Kiekintveld, Christopher / Kamhoua, Charles

    A Game Theoretic Approach

    2023  

    Abstract: Honeypots play a crucial role in implementing various cyber deception techniques as they possess the capability to divert attackers away from valuable assets. Careful strategic placement of honeypots in networks should consider not only network aspects ... ...

    Abstract Honeypots play a crucial role in implementing various cyber deception techniques as they possess the capability to divert attackers away from valuable assets. Careful strategic placement of honeypots in networks should consider not only network aspects but also attackers' preferences. The allocation of honeypots in tactical networks under network mobility is of great interest. To achieve this objective, we present a game-theoretic approach that generates optimal honeypot allocation strategies within an attack/defense scenario. Our proposed approach takes into consideration the changes in network connectivity. In particular, we introduce a two-player dynamic game model that explicitly incorporates the future state evolution resulting from changes in network connectivity. The defender's objective is twofold: to maximize the likelihood of the attacker hitting a honeypot and to minimize the cost associated with deception and reconfiguration due to changes in network topology. We present an iterative algorithm to find Nash equilibrium strategies and analyze the scalability of the algorithm. Finally, we validate our approach and present numerical results based on simulations, demonstrating that our game model successfully enhances network security. Additionally, we have proposed additional enhancements to improve the scalability of the proposed approach.

    Comment: This paper accepted in 14th International Conference on Decision and Game Theory for Security, GameSec 2023
    Keywords Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory
    Subject code 000
    Publishing date 2023-08-22
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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