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  1. Article ; Online: Gonadal hormone deprivation regulates response to tibolone in neurodegenerative pathways.

    McGovern, Andrew J / Arevalo, Maria Angeles / Ciordia, Sergio / Garcia-Segura, Luis Miguel / Barreto, George E

    The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology

    2024  Volume 241, Page(s) 106520

    Abstract: Gonadal hormone deprivation (GHD) and decline such as menopause and bilateral oophorectomy are associated with an increased risk of neurodegeneration. Yet, hormone therapies (HTs) show varying efficacy, influenced by factors such as sex, drug type, and ... ...

    Abstract Gonadal hormone deprivation (GHD) and decline such as menopause and bilateral oophorectomy are associated with an increased risk of neurodegeneration. Yet, hormone therapies (HTs) show varying efficacy, influenced by factors such as sex, drug type, and timing of treatment relative to hormone decline. We hypothesize that the molecular environment of the brain undergoes a transition following GHD, impacting the effectiveness of HTs. Using a GHD model in mice treated with Tibolone, we conducted proteomic analysis and identified a reprogrammed response to Tibolone, a compound that stimulates estrogenic, progestogenic, and androgenic pathways. Through a comprehensive network pharmacological workflow, we identified a reprogrammed response to Tibolone, particularly within "Pathways of Neurodegeneration", as well as interconnected pathways including "cellular respiration", "carbon metabolism", and "cellular homeostasis". Analysis revealed 23 proteins whose Tibolone response depended on GHD and/or sex, implicating critical processes like oxidative phosphorylation and calcium signalling. Our findings suggest the therapeutic efficacy of HTs may depend on these variables, suggesting a need for greater precision medicine considerations whilst highlighting the need to uncover underlying mechanisms.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1049188-0
    ISSN 1879-1220 ; 0960-0760
    ISSN (online) 1879-1220
    ISSN 0960-0760
    DOI 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106520
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Epigenetic modifier Kdm6a/Utx controls the specification of hypothalamic neuronal subtypes in a sex-dependent manner.

    Cabrera Zapata, Lucas E / Cambiasso, María Julia / Arevalo, Maria Angeles

    Frontiers in cell and developmental biology

    2022  Volume 10, Page(s) 937875

    Abstract: Kdm6a is an X-chromosome-linked H3K27me2/3 demethylase that promotes chromatin accessibility and gene transcription and is critical for tissue/cell-specific differentiation. Previous results showed ... ...

    Abstract Kdm6a is an X-chromosome-linked H3K27me2/3 demethylase that promotes chromatin accessibility and gene transcription and is critical for tissue/cell-specific differentiation. Previous results showed higher
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-04
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2737824-X
    ISSN 2296-634X
    ISSN 2296-634X
    DOI 10.3389/fcell.2022.937875
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  3. Article ; Online: Interaction of gonadal hormones, dopaminergic system, and epigenetic regulation in the generation of sex differences in substance use disorders: A systematic review.

    Santos-Toscano, Raquel / Arevalo, Maria Angeles / Garcia-Segura, Luis Miguel / Grassi, Daniela / Lagunas, Natalia

    Frontiers in neuroendocrinology

    2023  Volume 71, Page(s) 101085

    Abstract: Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic condition characterized by pathological drug-taking and seeking behaviors. Remarkably different between males and females, suggesting that drug addiction is a sexually differentiated disorder. The neurobiological ...

    Abstract Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic condition characterized by pathological drug-taking and seeking behaviors. Remarkably different between males and females, suggesting that drug addiction is a sexually differentiated disorder. The neurobiological bases of sex differences in SUD include sex-specific reward system activation, influenced by interactions between gonadal hormone level changes, dopaminergic reward circuits, and epigenetic modifications of key reward system genes. This systematic review, adhering to PICOS and PRISMA-P 2015 guidelines, highlights the sex-dependent roles of estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone in SUD. In particular, estradiol elevates and progesterone reduces dopaminergic activity in SUD females, whilst testosterone and progesterone augment SUD behavior in males. Finally, SUD is associated with a sex-specific increase in the rate of opioid and monoaminergic gene methylation. The study reveals the need for detailed research on gonadal hormone levels, dopaminergic or reward system activity, and epigenetic landscapes in both sexes for efficient SUD therapy development.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Male ; Dopamine/physiology ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Progesterone ; Sex Characteristics ; Substance-Related Disorders/genetics ; Systematic Reviews as Topic ; Testosterone
    Chemical Substances Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X) ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Progesterone (4G7DS2Q64Y) ; Testosterone (3XMK78S47O)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Systematic Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 390985-2
    ISSN 1095-6808 ; 0532-7466 ; 0091-3022
    ISSN (online) 1095-6808
    ISSN 0532-7466 ; 0091-3022
    DOI 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101085
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  4. Article ; Online: Microglial and Astrocytic Function in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Estrogenic Modulation.

    Crespo-Castrillo, Andrea / Arevalo, Maria-Angeles

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2020  Volume 21, Issue 9

    Abstract: There are sexual differences in the onset, prevalence, and outcome of numerous neurological diseases. Thus, in Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and major depression disorder, the incidence in women is higher than in men. In contrast, men are more ...

    Abstract There are sexual differences in the onset, prevalence, and outcome of numerous neurological diseases. Thus, in Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and major depression disorder, the incidence in women is higher than in men. In contrast, men are more likely to present other pathologies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and autism spectrum. Although the neurological contribution to these diseases has classically always been studied, the truth is that neurons are not the only cells to be affected, and there are other cells, such as glial cells, that are also involved and could be key to understanding the development of these pathologies. Sexual differences exist not only in pathology but also in physiological processes, which shows how cells are differentially regulated in males and females. One of the reasons these sexual differences may occur could be due to the different action of sex hormones. Many studies have shown an increase in aromatase levels in the brain, which could indicate the main role of estrogens in modulating proinflammatory processes. This review will highlight data about sex differences in glial physiology and how estrogenic compounds, such as estradiol and tibolone, could be used as treatment in neurological diseases due to their anti-inflammatory effects and the ability to modulate glial cell functions.
    MeSH term(s) Alzheimer Disease/metabolism ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Astrocytes/pathology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/metabolism ; Depressive Disorder, Major/pathology ; Estrogens/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Microglia/pathology ; Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism ; Multiple Sclerosis/pathology ; Sex Factors
    Chemical Substances Estrogens
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-02
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms21093219
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  5. Article ; Online: The Contribution of Astrocyte Autophagy to Systemic Metabolism.

    Ortiz-Rodriguez, Ana / Arevalo, Maria-Angeles

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2020  Volume 21, Issue 7

    Abstract: Autophagy is an essential mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis. Besides its role in controlling the quality of cytoplasmic components, it participates in nutrient obtaining and lipid mobilization under stressful conditions. Furthermore, autophagy ... ...

    Abstract Autophagy is an essential mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis. Besides its role in controlling the quality of cytoplasmic components, it participates in nutrient obtaining and lipid mobilization under stressful conditions. Furthermore, autophagy is involved in the regulation of systemic metabolism as its blockade in hypothalamic neurons can affect the central regulation of metabolism and impact body energy balance. Moreover, hypothalamic autophagy can be altered during obesity, one of the main alterations of metabolism nowadays. In this review, we focus on the role of astrocytes, essential cells for brain homeostasis, which represent key metabolic regulators. Astrocytes can sense metabolic signals in the hypothalamus and modulate systemic functions as glucose homeostasis and feeding response. Moreover, the response of astrocytes to obesity has been widely studied. Astrocytes are important mediators of brain inflammation and can be affected by increased levels of saturated fatty acids associated with obesity. Although autophagy plays important roles for astrocyte homeostasis and functioning, the contribution of astrocyte autophagy to systemic metabolism has not been analyzed yet. Furthermore, how obesity can impact astrocyte autophagy is poorly understood. More studies are needed in order to understand the contribution of astrocyte autophagy to metabolism.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Astrocytes/cytology ; Astrocytes/physiology ; Autophagy ; Energy Metabolism ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/cytology ; Hypothalamus/metabolism ; Obesity/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Fatty Acids
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-03
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms21072479
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  6. Article ; Online: Respirasome Proteins Are Regulated by Sex-Hormone Interactions in the Brain.

    McGovern, Andrew J / Arevalo, Maria Angeles / Ciordia, Sergio / Garcia-Segura, Luis Miguel / Barreto, George E

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2022  Volume 23, Issue 23

    Abstract: The existence of sex differences in disease incidence is attributed, in part, to sex differences in metabolism. Uncovering the precise mechanism driving these differences is an extraordinarily complex process influenced by genetics, endogenous hormones, ... ...

    Abstract The existence of sex differences in disease incidence is attributed, in part, to sex differences in metabolism. Uncovering the precise mechanism driving these differences is an extraordinarily complex process influenced by genetics, endogenous hormones, sex-specific lifetime events, individual differences and external environmental/social factors. In fact, such differences may be subtle, but across a life span, increase susceptibility to a pathology. Whilst research persists in the hope of discovering an elegant biological mechanism to underpin sex differences in disease, here, we show, for the first time, that such a mechanism may be subtle in nature but influenced by multiple sex-specific factors. A proteomic dataset was generated from a gonadectomized mouse model treated with Tibolone, a menopausal hormone therapy. Following functional enrichment analysis, we identified that Alzheimer's disease and the electron transport chain-associated pathways were regulated by sex-hormone interactions. Specifically, we identified that the expression of three respirasome proteins, NDUFA2, NDUFA7 and UQCR10, is significantly altered by compounding factors that contribute to sex differences. These proteins function in bioenergetics and produce reactive oxygen species, which are each dysregulated in many diseases with sex differences in incidence. We show sex-specific reprogrammed responses to Tibolone following gonadectomy, which primarily influence the expression of proteins contributing to metabolic pathways. This further infers that metabolic differences may underpin the observed sex differences in disease, but also that hormone therapy research now has potential in exploring sex-specific interventions to produce an effective method of prevention or treatment.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-25
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms232314754
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  7. Article ; Online: Genetics and Epigenetics of the X and Y Chromosomes in the Sexual Differentiation of the Brain.

    Cabrera Zapata, Lucas E / Garcia-Segura, Luis Miguel / Cambiasso, María Julia / Arevalo, Maria Angeles

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2022  Volume 23, Issue 20

    Abstract: For many decades to date, neuroendocrinologists have delved into the key contribution of gonadal hormones to the generation of sex differences in the developing brain and the expression of sex-specific physiological and behavioral phenotypes in adulthood. ...

    Abstract For many decades to date, neuroendocrinologists have delved into the key contribution of gonadal hormones to the generation of sex differences in the developing brain and the expression of sex-specific physiological and behavioral phenotypes in adulthood. However, it was not until recent years that the role of sex chromosomes in the matter started to be seriously explored and unveiled beyond gonadal determination. Now we know that the divergent evolutionary process suffered by X and Y chromosomes has determined that they now encode mostly dissimilar genetic information and are subject to different epigenetic regulations, characteristics that together contribute to generate sex differences between XX and XY cells/individuals from the zygote throughout life. Here we will review and discuss relevant data showing how particular X- and Y-linked genes and epigenetic mechanisms controlling their expression and inheritance are involved, along with or independently of gonadal hormones, in the generation of sex differences in the brain.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Male ; Animals ; Sex Differentiation/genetics ; Y Chromosome ; Sex Chromosomes/genetics ; Sex Chromosomes/metabolism ; Sex Characteristics ; Gonadal Hormones/metabolism ; Brain/metabolism ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; X Chromosome
    Chemical Substances Gonadal Hormones
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-14
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms232012288
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  8. Article: Kif21B mediates the effect of estradiol on the morphological plasticity of mouse hippocampal neurons.

    Ganchala, Danny / Pinto-Benito, Daniel / Baides, Elisa / Ruiz-Palmero, Isabel / Grassi, Daniela / Arevalo, Maria Angeles

    Frontiers in molecular neuroscience

    2023  Volume 16, Page(s) 1143024

    Abstract: Introduction: Neurons are polarized cells, and their ability to change their morphology has a functional implication in the development and plasticity of the nervous system in order to establish new connections. Extracellular factors strongly influence ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Neurons are polarized cells, and their ability to change their morphology has a functional implication in the development and plasticity of the nervous system in order to establish new connections. Extracellular factors strongly influence neuronal shape and connectivity. For instance, the developmental actions of estradiol on hippocampal neurons are well characterized, and we have demonstrated in previous studies that Ngn3 mediates these actions. On the other hand, Kif21B regulates microtubule dynamics and carries out retrograde transport of the TrkB/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) complex, essential for neuronal development.
    Methods: In the present study, we assessed the involvement of kinesin Kif21B in the estradiol-dependent signaling mechanisms to regulate neuritogenesis through cultured mouse hippocampal neurons.
    Results: We show that estradiol treatment increases BDNF expression, and estradiol and BDNF modify neuron morphology through TrkB signaling. Treatment with K252a, a TrkB inhibitor, decreases dendrite branching without affecting axonal length, whereas. Combined with estradiol or BDNF, it blocks their effects on axons but not dendrites. Notably, the downregulation of Kif21B abolishes the actions of estradiol and BDNF in both the axon and dendrites. In addition, Kif21B silencing also decreases Ngn3 expression, and downregulation of Ngn3 blocks the effect of BDNF on neuron morphology.
    Discussion: These results suggest that Kif21B is required for the effects of estradiol and BDNF on neuronal morphology, but phosphorylation-mediated activation of TrkB is essential only for axonal growth. Our results show that the Estradiol/BDNF/TrkB/Kif21B/Ngn3 is a new and essential pathway mediating hippocampal neuron development.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-03
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452967-9
    ISSN 1662-5099
    ISSN 1662-5099
    DOI 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1143024
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  9. Article ; Online: Neonatal inhibition of androgen activity alters the programming of body weight and orexinergic peptides differentially in male and female rats.

    Carrillo, Beatriz / Fernandez-Garcia, Jose Manuel / García-Úbeda, Rocío / Grassi, Daniela / Primo, Ulises / Blanco, Noemí / Ballesta, Antonio / Arevalo, Maria Angeles / Collado, Paloma / Pinos, Helena

    Brain research bulletin

    2024  Volume 208, Page(s) 110898

    Abstract: The involvement of androgens in the regulation of energy metabolism has been demonstrated. The main objective of the present research was to study the involvement of androgens in both the programming of energy metabolism and the regulatory peptides ... ...

    Abstract The involvement of androgens in the regulation of energy metabolism has been demonstrated. The main objective of the present research was to study the involvement of androgens in both the programming of energy metabolism and the regulatory peptides associated with feeding. For this purpose, androgen receptors and the main metabolic pathways of testosterone were inhibited during the first five days of postnatal life in male and female Wistar rats. Pups received a daily s.c. injection from the day of birth, postnatal day (P) 1, to P5 of Flutamide (a competitive inhibitor of androgen receptors), Letrozole (an aromatase inhibitor), Finasteride (a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor) or vehicle. Body weight, food intake and fat pads were measured. Moreover, hypothalamic Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexin, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. The inhibition of androgenic activity during the first five days of life produced a significant decrease in body weight in females at P90 but did not affect this parameter in males. Moreover, the inhibition of aromatase decreased hypothalamic AgRP mRNA levels in males while the inhibition of 5α-reductase decreased hypothalamic AgRP and orexin mRNA levels in female rats. Finally, food intake and visceral fat, but not subcutaneous fat, were affected in both males and females depending on which testosterone metabolic pathway was inhibited. Our results highlight the differential involvement of androgens in the programming of energy metabolism as well as the AgRP and orexin systems during development in male and female rats.
    MeSH term(s) Rats ; Animals ; Male ; Female ; Orexins/metabolism ; Androgens/pharmacology ; Androgens/metabolism ; Rats, Wistar ; Agouti-Related Protein/genetics ; Receptors, Androgen/metabolism ; Body Weight/physiology ; Hypothalamus/metabolism ; Pro-Opiomelanocortin/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Testosterone/pharmacology ; Oxidoreductases/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Orexins ; Androgens ; Agouti-Related Protein ; Receptors, Androgen ; Pro-Opiomelanocortin (66796-54-1) ; RNA, Messenger ; Testosterone (3XMK78S47O) ; Oxidoreductases (EC 1.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 197620-5
    ISSN 1873-2747 ; 0361-9230
    ISSN (online) 1873-2747
    ISSN 0361-9230
    DOI 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110898
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  10. Article ; Online: Sex chromosome complement interacts with gonadal hormones in determining regional-specific neuroactive steroid levels in plasma, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. A study using the four core genotype mouse model.

    Cioffi, Lucia / Grassi, Daniela / Diviccaro, Silvia / Caruso, Donatella / Pinto-Benito, Daniel / Arevalo, Maria-Angeles / Garcia-Segura, Luis Miguel / Melcangi, Roberto Cosimo / Giatti, Silvia

    The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology

    2024  Volume 241, Page(s) 106514

    Abstract: An important aspect of the neuromodulatory and neuroprotective actions exerted by neuroactive steroids is that they are sex-specific, as determined by the sexually dimorphic levels of these molecules in plasma and the nervous tissue. Thus, the ... ...

    Abstract An important aspect of the neuromodulatory and neuroprotective actions exerted by neuroactive steroids is that they are sex-specific, as determined by the sexually dimorphic levels of these molecules in plasma and the nervous tissue. Thus, the identification of the factors that generate the sex-dimorphic levels of neuroactive steroids may be crucial from a neuroprotectant perspective. The main driver for sex determination in mammals is the SRY gene and the subsequent presence of a specific gonad: testes for males and ovaries for females, thus producing hormonal compounds, primarily androgens and estrogens, respectively. Nowadays, it is well established that despite the relevance of gonads, other factors control sexual features, and, among them, sex chromosome complement is highly relevant. In this study, neuroactive steroids were evaluated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and plasma of the four core genotype mouse model, to determine the relative contribution of sex chromosome complement and gonads in determining their sex dimorphic levels. The data obtained reveal that although gonads are the main contributing factor for sex differences in neuroactive steroid levels, the levels of some neuroactive steroids, including testosterone, are also influenced in brain and plasma by tissue-specific actions of sex chromosomes. The data presented here adds a new piece to the puzzle of steroid level regulation, which may be useful in designing sex-specific neuroprotective approaches to pathological conditions affecting the nervous system.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-28
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1049188-0
    ISSN 1879-1220 ; 0960-0760
    ISSN (online) 1879-1220
    ISSN 0960-0760
    DOI 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106514
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