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Article ; Online: Is There an Activity-silent Working Memory?

Oberauer, Klaus / Awh, Edward

2022 Volume 34, Issue 12, Page(s) 2360–2374

Abstract: Although storage in working memory (WM) can be tracked via measurements of ongoing neural activity, past work has shown that observers can maintain access to that information despite temporary interruptions of those neural patterns. This observation has ... ...

Abstract	Although storage in working memory (WM) can be tracked via measurements of ongoing neural activity, past work has shown that observers can maintain access to that information despite temporary interruptions of those neural patterns. This observation has been regarded as evidence for a neurally silent form of WM storage. Alternatively, however, unattended information could be retrieved from episodic long-term memory (eLTM) rather than being maintained in WM during the activity-silent period. Here, we tested between these possibilities by examining whether WM performance showed evidence of proactive interference (PI)-a hallmark of retrieval from eLTM-following such interruptions. Participants remembered the colors (Experiments 1-3) or locations (Experiment 4) of serially presented objects. We found PI for set sizes larger than 4, but not for smaller set sizes, suggesting that eLTM may have supported performance when WM capacity was exceeded. Critically, performance with small set sizes remained resistant to PI, even following prolonged interruptions by a challenging distractor task. Thus, we found evidence for PI-resistant memories that were maintained across likely interruptions of storage-related neural activity, an empirical pattern that implies activity-silent storage in WM.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Memory, Short-Term ; Memory, Long-Term ; Mental Recall
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1007410-7
ISSN	1530-8898 ; 0898-929X ; 1096-8857
ISSN (online)	1530-8898
ISSN	0898-929X ; 1096-8857
DOI	10.1162/jocn_a_01917
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Object-based encoding constrains storage in visual working memory.

Ngiam, William X Q / Loetscher, Krystian B / Awh, Edward

Journal of experimental psychology. General

2023 Volume 153, Issue 1, Page(s) 86–101

Abstract: The fundamental unit of visual working memory (WM) has been debated for decades. WM could be object-based, such that capacity is set by the number of individuated objects, or feature-based, such that capacity is determined by the total number of feature ... ...

Abstract	The fundamental unit of visual working memory (WM) has been debated for decades. WM could be object-based, such that capacity is set by the number of individuated objects, or feature-based, such that capacity is determined by the total number of feature values stored. The present work examined whether object- or feature-based models would best explain how multifeature objects (i.e., color/orientation or color/shape) are encoded into visual WM. If maximum capacity is limited by the number of individuated objects, then above-chance performance should be restricted to the same number of items as in a single-feature condition. By contrast, if the capacity is determined by independent storage resources for distinct features-without respect to the objects that contain those features-then successful storage of feature values could be distributed across a larger number of objects than when only a single feature is relevant. We conducted four experiments using a whole-report task in which subjects reported both features from every item in a six-item array. The crucial finding was that above-chance recall-for both single- and multifeatured objects-was restricted to the first three or four responses, while the later responses were best modeled as guesses. Thus, whole-report with multifeature objects reveals a distribution of recalled features that indicates an object-based limit on WM capacity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Attention/physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	189732-9
ISSN	1939-2222 ; 0096-3445
ISSN (online)	1939-2222
ISSN	0096-3445
DOI	10.1037/xge0001479
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Encoded and updated spatial working memories share a common representational format in alpha activity.

Günseli, Eren / Foster, Joshua J / Sutterer, David W / Todorova, Lara / Vogel, Edward K / Awh, Edward

iScience

2024 Volume 27, Issue 2, Page(s) 108963

Abstract: Working memory (WM) flexibly updates information to adapt to the dynamic environment. Here, we used alpha-band activity in the EEG to reconstruct the content of dynamic WM updates and compared this representational format to static WM content. An ... ...

Abstract	Working memory (WM) flexibly updates information to adapt to the dynamic environment. Here, we used alpha-band activity in the EEG to reconstruct the content of dynamic WM updates and compared this representational format to static WM content. An inverted encoding model using alpha activity precisely tracked both the initially encoded position and the updated position following an auditory cue signaling mental updating. The timing of the update, as tracked in the EEG, correlated with reaction times and saccade latency. Finally, cross-training analyses revealed a robust generalization of alpha-band reconstruction of WM contents before and after updating. These findings demonstrate that alpha activity tracks the dynamic updates to spatial WM and that the format of this activity is preserved across the encoded and updated representations. Thus, our results highlight a new approach for measuring updates to WM and show common representational formats during dynamic mental updating and static storage.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2589-0042
ISSN (online)	2589-0042
DOI	10.1016/j.isci.2024.108963
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Change localization: A highly reliable and sensitive measure of capacity in visual working memory.

Zhao, Chong / Vogel, Edward / Awh, Edward

Attention, perception & psychophysics

2022 Volume 85, Issue 5, Page(s) 1681–1694

Abstract: The change detection paradigm has been a widely used approach for measuring capacity in visual working memory (WM). In this task, subjects see an array of visual items, followed by a short blank delay and a single test item. Their task is to indicate ... ...

Abstract	The change detection paradigm has been a widely used approach for measuring capacity in visual working memory (WM). In this task, subjects see an array of visual items, followed by a short blank delay and a single test item. Their task is to indicate whether that test item changed relative to the item in the sample array. This task provides reliable measurements of WM capacity that exhibit robust correlations with many outcome variables of interest. Here, we offer a new variant of this task that we call "change localization." This task is closely modeled after the change detection task described above, except that the test array contains the same number of items as the sample array, and one item has always changed in each trial. The subject's task is to select the changed item in the test array. Using both color and shape stimuli, scores in the change localization task were highly correlated with those in the change detection task, suggesting that change localization taps into the same variance in WM ability. Moreover, the change localization task was far more reliable than change detection, such that only half the number of trials were required to achieve robust reliability. To further validate the approach, we replicated known effects from the literature, demonstrating that they could be detected with far fewer trials than with change detection. Thus, change localization provides a highly reliable and sensitive approach for measuring visual working memory capacity.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Memory, Short-Term ; Visual Perception ; Reproducibility of Results
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2464550-3
ISSN	1943-393X ; 1943-3921
ISSN (online)	1943-393X
ISSN	1943-3921
DOI	10.3758/s13414-022-02586-0
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Retraction note to: the plateau in mnemonic resolution across large set sizes indicates discrete resource limits in visual working memory.

Awh, Edward

Attention, perception & psychophysics

2015 Volume 77, Issue 7, Page(s) 2519

Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Retraction of Publication
ZDB-ID	2464550-3
ISSN	1943-393X ; 1943-3921
ISSN (online)	1943-393X
ISSN	1943-3921
DOI	10.3758/s13414-015-0980-8
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Is there an activity-silent working memory?

Oberauer, Klaus / Awh, Edward

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

2022 Volume 34, Issue 12, Page(s) 2360–2374

Title translation	Gibt es ein aktivitätsloses Arbeitsgedächtnis?
Abstract	Although storage in working memory (WM) can be tracked via measurements of ongoing neural activity, past work has shown that observers can maintain access to that information despite temporary interruptions of those neural patterns. This observation has been regarded as evidence for a neurally silent form of WM storage. Alternatively, however, unattended information could be retrieved from episodic long-term memory (eLTM) rather than being maintained in WM during the activity-silent period. Here, we tested between these possibilities by examining whether WM performance showed evidence of proactive interference (PI) - a hallmark of retrieval from eLTM - following such interruptions. Participants remembered the colors (Experiments 1-3) or locations (Experiment 4) of serially presented objects. We found PI for set sizes larger than 4, but not for smaller set sizes, suggesting that eLTM may have supported performance when WM capacity was exceeded. Critically, performance with small set sizes remained resistant to PI, even following prolonged interruptions by a challenging distractor task. Thus, we found evidence for PI-resistant memories that were maintained across likely interruptions of storage-related neural activity, an empirical pattern that implies activity-silent storage in WM.
Keywords	Ablenkung ; Alpha Rhythm ; Alpha-Rhythmus ; Distraction ; Episodic Memory ; Episodisches Gedächtnis ; Evoked Potentials ; Evozierte Potenziale ; Human Information Storage ; Informationsspeicherprozesse beim Menschen ; Kurzzeitgedächtnis ; Langzeitgedächtnis ; Long Term Memory ; Proactive Inhibition ; Proaktive Hemmung ; Short Term Memory ; Stimulus Parameters ; Stimulusparameter
Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1007410-7
ISSN	1530-8898 ; 0898-929X ; 1096-8857
ISSN (online)	1530-8898
ISSN	0898-929X ; 1096-8857
DOI	10.1162/jocn_a_01917
Database	PSYNDEX

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Article ; Online: Spatially Guided Distractor Suppression during Visual Search.

Feldmann-Wüstefeld, Tobias / Weinberger, Marina / Awh, Edward

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2021 Volume 41, Issue 14, Page(s) 3180–3191

Abstract: Past work has demonstrated that active suppression of salient distractors is a critical part of visual selection. Evidence for goal-driven suppression includes below-baseline visual encoding at the position of salient distractors (Gaspelin and Luck, 2018) ...

Abstract	Past work has demonstrated that active suppression of salient distractors is a critical part of visual selection. Evidence for goal-driven suppression includes below-baseline visual encoding at the position of salient distractors (Gaspelin and Luck, 2018) and neural signals such as the distractor positivity (Pd) that track how many distractors are presented in a given hemifield (Feldmann-Wüstefeld and Vogel, 2019). One basic question regarding distractor suppression is whether it is inherently spatial or nonspatial in character. Indeed, past work has shown that distractors evoke both spatial (Theeuwes, 1992) and nonspatial forms of interference (Folk and Remington, 1998), motivating a direct examination of whether space is integral to goal-driven distractor suppression. Here, we use behavioral and EEG data from adult humans (male and female) to provide clear evidence for a spatial gradient of suppression surrounding salient singleton distractors. Replicating past work, both reaction time and neural indices of target selection improved monotonically as the distance between target and distractor increased. Importantly, these target selection effects were paralleled by a monotonic decline in the amplitude of the Pd, an electrophysiological index of distractor suppression. Moreover, multivariate analyses revealed spatially selective activity in the θ-band that tracked the position of the target and, critically, revealed suppressed activity at spatial channels centered on distractor positions. Thus, goal-driven selection of relevant over irrelevant information benefits from a spatial gradient of suppression surrounding salient distractors.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Space Perception/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2418-20.2021
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Perceptual Grouping Reveals Distinct Roles for Sustained Slow Wave Activity and Alpha Oscillations in Working Memory.

Diaz, Gisella K / Vogel, Edward K / Awh, Edward

Journal of cognitive neuroscience

2021 Volume 33, Issue 7, Page(s) 1354–1364

Abstract: Multiple neural signals have been found to track the number of items stored in working memory (WM). These signals include oscillatory activity in the alpha band and slow-wave components in human EEG, both of which vary with storage loads and predict ... ...

Abstract	Multiple neural signals have been found to track the number of items stored in working memory (WM). These signals include oscillatory activity in the alpha band and slow-wave components in human EEG, both of which vary with storage loads and predict individual differences in WM capacity. However, recent evidence suggests that these two signals play distinct roles in spatial attention and item-based storage in WM. Here, we examine the hypothesis that sustained negative voltage deflections over parieto-occipital electrodes reflect the number of individuated items in WM, whereas oscillatory activity in the alpha frequency band (8-12 Hz) within the same electrodes tracks the attended positions in the visual display. We measured EEG activity while participants stored the orientation of visual elements that were either grouped by collinearity or not. This grouping manipulation altered the number of individuated items perceived while holding constant the number of locations occupied by visual stimuli. The negative slow wave tracked the number of items stored and was reduced in amplitude in the grouped condition. By contrast, oscillatory activity in the alpha frequency band tracked the number of positions occupied by the memoranda and was unaffected by perceptual grouping. Perceptual grouping, then, reduced the number of individuated representations stored in WM as reflected by the negative slow wave, whereas the location of each element was actively maintained as indicated by alpha power. These findings contribute to the emerging idea that distinct classes of EEG signals work in concert to successfully maintain on-line representations in WM.
MeSH term(s)	Attention ; Humans ; Memory, Short-Term
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1007410-7
ISSN	1530-8898 ; 0898-929X ; 1096-8857
ISSN (online)	1530-8898
ISSN	0898-929X ; 1096-8857
DOI	10.1162/jocn_a_01719
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Article ; Online: Alpha-band Activity Tracks the Zoom Lens of Attention.

Feldmann-Wüstefeld, Tobias / Awh, Edward

Journal of cognitive neuroscience

2019 Volume 32, Issue 2, Page(s) 272–282

Abstract: Voluntary control over spatial attention has been likened to the operation of a zoom lens, such that processing quality declines as the size of the attended region increases, with a gradient of performance that peaks at the center of the selected area. ... ...

Abstract	Voluntary control over spatial attention has been likened to the operation of a zoom lens, such that processing quality declines as the size of the attended region increases, with a gradient of performance that peaks at the center of the selected area. Although concurrent changes in activity in visual regions suggest that zoom lens adjustments influence perceptual stages of processing, extant work has not distinguished between changes in the spatial selectivity of attention-driven neural activity and baseline shift of activity that can increase mean levels of activity without changes in selectivity. Here, we distinguished between these alternatives by measuring EEG activity in humans to track preparatory changes in alpha activity that indexed the precise topography of attention across the possible target positions. We observed increased spatial selectivity in alpha activity when observers voluntarily directed attention toward a narrower region of space, a pattern that was mirrored in target discrimination accuracy. Thus, alpha activity tracks both the centroid and spatial extent of covert spatial attention before the onset of the target display, lending support to the hypothesis that narrowing the zoom lens of attention shapes the initial encoding of sensory information.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Alpha Rhythm/physiology ; Attention/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Cues ; Fixation, Ocular/physiology ; Humans ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Space Perception/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1007410-7
ISSN	1530-8898 ; 0898-929X ; 1096-8857
ISSN (online)	1530-8898
ISSN	0898-929X ; 1096-8857
DOI	10.1162/jocn_a_01484
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Article ; Online: Object-based biased competition during covert spatial orienting.

Scolari, Miranda / Awh, Edward

Attention, perception & psychophysics

2019 Volume 81, Issue 5, Page(s) 1366–1385

Abstract: Biased-competition models assert that spatial attention facilitates visual perception by biasing competitive interactions in favor of relevant input. In line with this view, past work has shown that the benefits of covert spatial attention are greatest ... ...

Abstract	Biased-competition models assert that spatial attention facilitates visual perception by biasing competitive interactions in favor of relevant input. In line with this view, past work has shown that the benefits of covert spatial attention are greatest when targets must compete with interfering stimuli. Here we propose a boundary condition for the resolution of interference via exogenous attention: Attention resolves visual interference between targets and distractors, but only when they can be individuated into distinct representations. Thus, we propose that biased competition may be object-based. We replicated previous observations of larger attention effects when targets were flanked by irrelevant distractors (interference-present displays) than when targets were presented alone (interference-absent displays). Critically, we then showed that this amplification of cueing effects in the presence of interference is eliminated when strong crowding hampers individuation of the targets and distractors. Likewise, when targets were embedded within a noise mask that did not evoke the percept of an individuated distractor, the attention effects were equivalent across noise and lone-target displays. Thus, we conclude that exogenous spatial attention resolves interference in an object-based fashion that depends on the perception of individuated targets and distractors.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Cues ; Female ; Humans ; Individuation ; Male ; Orientation, Spatial ; Perceptual Masking ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Space Perception/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2464550-3
ISSN	1943-393X ; 1943-3921
ISSN (online)	1943-393X
ISSN	1943-3921
DOI	10.3758/s13414-018-01656-6
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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