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Article ; Online: Updated WHO Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for dioxin-like compounds: methodology, database, and commentary.

Aylward, Lesa L

Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP

2024 Volume 149, Page(s) 105600

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Dioxins/toxicity ; Databases, Factual ; World Health Organization ; Animals ; Risk Assessment ; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Dioxins ; Environmental Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Editorial
ZDB-ID	604672-1
ISSN	1096-0295 ; 0273-2300
ISSN (online)	1096-0295
ISSN	0273-2300
DOI	10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105600
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Article ; Online: Editorial: 2024 - A promising start for regulatory toxicology and pharmacology.

van den Berg, Martin / Aylward, Lesa

Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP

2024 Volume 149, Page(s) 105601

MeSH term(s)	Toxicology/methods ; Humans ; Pharmacology/methods ; Animals
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-20
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	604672-1
ISSN	1096-0295 ; 0273-2300
ISSN (online)	1096-0295
ISSN	0273-2300
DOI	10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105601
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Article ; Online: Editorial: Looking back and forward.

van den Berg, Martin / Aylward, Lesa

Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP

2023 Volume 143, Page(s) 105465

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	604672-1
ISSN	1096-0295 ; 0273-2300
ISSN (online)	1096-0295
ISSN	0273-2300
DOI	10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105465
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Article ; Online: Corrigendum to "Biomonitoring Equivalents for Molybdenum" [Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 77 (2016) 223-229].

Hays, Sean M / Macey, Kristin / Poddalgoda, Devika / Lu, Ming / Nong, Andy / Aylward, Lesa L

Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP

2022 Volume 134, Page(s) 105212

Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-20
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	604672-1
ISSN	1096-0295 ; 0273-2300
ISSN (online)	1096-0295
ISSN	0273-2300
DOI	10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105212
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Article: Associations between serum perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) concentrations and health related biomarkers in firefighters

Nilsson, Sandra / Smurthwaite, Kayla / Aylward, Lesa L. / Kay, Margaret / Toms, Leisa-Maree / King, Leisa / Marrington, Shelby / Kirk, Martyn D. / Mueller, Jochen F. / Bräunig, Jennifer

Environmental research. 2022 Sept. 15,

2022

Abstract: Firefighters who used aqueous film forming foam in the past have experienced elevated exposures to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). The objective of this study was to examine the associations between clinical chemistry endpoints and serum concentrations of ... ...

Abstract	Firefighters who used aqueous film forming foam in the past have experienced elevated exposures to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). The objective of this study was to examine the associations between clinical chemistry endpoints and serum concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in firefighters. Multiple linear regression was used to assess relationships between PFAAs serum concentrations and biochemical markers for cardiovascular disease, kidney-, liver- and thyroid function, in a cross-sectional survey of 783 firefighters with elevated levels of PFHxS, PFHpS and PFOS in relation to the most recently reported levels in the general Australian population. Linear logistic regression was used to assess the odds ratios for selected self-reported health outcomes. Repeated measures linear mixed models were used to assess relationships between PFAAs and biomarkers for cardiovascular disease and kidney function longitudinally in a subset of the firefighters (n = 130) where serum measurements were available from two timepoints, five years apart. In the cross-sectional analysis, higher levels of all PFAAs were significantly associated with higher levels of biomarkers for cardiovascular disease (total-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol). For example, doubling in PFOS serum concentration were associated with increases in total cholesterol (β:0.111, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.026, 0.195 mmol/L) and LDL-cholesterol (β: 0.104, CI:0.03, 0.178 mmol/L) Doubling in PFOA concentration, despite not being elevated in the study population, were additionally positively associated with kidney function marker urate (e.g., β: 0.010, CI; 0.004, 0.016 mmol/L) and thyroid function marker TSH (e.g., β: 0.087, CI: 0.014, 0.161 mIU/L). PFAAs were not associated with any assessed self-reported health conditions. No significant relationships were observed in the longitudinal analysis. Findings support previous studies, particularly on the association between PFAAs and serum lipids.
Keywords	biomarkers ; blood serum ; cardiovascular diseases ; chemistry ; confidence interval ; cross-sectional studies ; foams ; longitudinal studies ; low density lipoprotein cholesterol ; perfluorohexane sulfonic acid ; perfluorooctane sulfonic acid ; perfluorooctanoic acid ; regression analysis ; renal function ; research ; sulfonates ; thyroid function
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0915
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2022.114370
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Zs.A 726: Show issues

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Article: Phthalate esters in face masks and associated inhalation exposure risk

Wang, Xianyu / Okoffo, Elvis D. / Banks, Andrew PW / Li, Yan / Thomas, Kevin V. / Rauert, Cassandra / Aylward, Lesa L. / Mueller, Jochen F.

Journal of hazardous materials. 2022 Feb. 05, v. 423

2022

Abstract: This study assessed the composition of single-use face mask materials, quantified the concentration of phthalate esters in masks and evaluated associated inhalation exposure risk. All the mask samples, including 12 surgical and four N95/P1/P2 masks, were ...

Abstract	This study assessed the composition of single-use face mask materials, quantified the concentration of phthalate esters in masks and evaluated associated inhalation exposure risk. All the mask samples, including 12 surgical and four N95/P1/P2 masks, were identified to be made of polypropylene, with polyethylene terephthalate present in the N95/P1/P2 masks. Di-methyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, di-ethyl phthalate, di-isobutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were frequently detected and their concentration summed up 55 ± 35 ~ 1700 ± 140 ng per surgical mask and 2300 ± 150 ~ 5200 ± 800 ng per N95/P1/P2 mask. Our simulation experiment suggested a mean loss of 13 – 71% of phthalate mass depending on compounds, during 5-hour wearing of these masks. This resulted in an estimated daily intake of individual compounds no higher than 20 ng/kg/day for adults and 120 ng/kg/day for toddlers, which were at least 80 times lower compared to relevant tolerable daily intake values. Two interventional trials were conducted where a volunteer wore a mask for four hours and urine samples were collected before and after the mask wearing. No obvious increase was observed for the urinary concentration of any phthalate metabolite, indicating minimal contribution to overall exposure to phthalate esters.
Keywords	average daily intake ; dibutyl phthalate ; face ; face masks ; inhalation exposure ; metabolites ; polyethylene terephthalates ; polypropylenes ; risk ; urine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0205
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1491302-1
ISSN	1873-3336 ; 0304-3894
ISSN (online)	1873-3336
ISSN	0304-3894
DOI	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127001
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Article ; Online: Comparison of lipid-normalised concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) between serum and adipose tissue.

Sontag, Nis-Julius / Banks, Andrew P W / Aylward, Lesa L / O'Rourke, Nicholas A / Cavallucci, David J / Mueller, Jochen F / Drage, Daniel S

International journal of hygiene and environmental health

2021 Volume 236, Page(s) 113801

Abstract: Human biomonitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is typically based on serum analysis and for comparison and modelling purposes, data are often normalised to the lipid content of the serum. Such approach assumes a steady state of the compound ... ...

Abstract	Human biomonitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is typically based on serum analysis and for comparison and modelling purposes, data are often normalised to the lipid content of the serum. Such approach assumes a steady state of the compound between the serum lipids and for example lipid-rich adipose tissue. Few published data are available to assess the validity of this assumption. The aim of this study was to measure concentrations of POPs in both serum and adipose tissue samples from 32 volunteers and compare the lipid-normalised concentrations between serum and adipose tissue. For p,p'-DDE, PCB-138, PCB-153 and PCB-180, lipid-normalised adipose tissue concentrations were positively correlated to the respective serum concentrations but generally were more highly concentrated in adipose tissue. These results suggest that the investigated legacy POPs that were consistently found in paired samples may often not be in a steady state between the lipid compartments of the human body. Consequently, the analysis of serum lipids as a surrogate for adipose tissue exposure may more often than not underestimate total body burden of POPs. Further research is warranted to confirm the findings of this study.
MeSH term(s)	Adipose Tissue ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene ; Environmental Pollutants ; Humans ; Lipids ; Persistent Organic Pollutants ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Chemical Substances	Environmental Pollutants ; Lipids ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene (4M7FS82U08) ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls (DFC2HB4I0K)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-06
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2009176-X
ISSN	1618-131X ; 1438-4639
ISSN (online)	1618-131X
ISSN	1438-4639
DOI	10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113801
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Zs.A 5334: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Phthalate esters in face masks and associated inhalation exposure risk.

Wang, Xianyu / Okoffo, Elvis D / Banks, Andrew Pw / Li, Yan / Thomas, Kevin V / Rauert, Cassandra / Aylward, Lesa L / Mueller, Jochen F

Journal of hazardous materials

2021 Volume 423, Issue Pt A, Page(s) 127001

Abstract	This study assessed the composition of single-use face mask materials, quantified the concentration of phthalate esters in masks and evaluated associated inhalation exposure risk. All the mask samples, including 12 surgical and four N95/P1/P2 masks, were identified to be made of polypropylene, with polyethylene terephthalate present in the N95/P1/P2 masks. Di-methyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, di-ethyl phthalate, di-isobutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were frequently detected and their concentration summed up 55 ± 35 ~ 1700 ± 140 ng per surgical mask and 2300 ± 150 ~ 5200 ± 800 ng per N95/P1/P2 mask. Our simulation experiment suggested a mean loss of 13 - 71% of phthalate mass depending on compounds, during 5-hour wearing of these masks. This resulted in an estimated daily intake of individual compounds no higher than 20 ng/kg/day for adults and 120 ng/kg/day for toddlers, which were at least 80 times lower compared to relevant tolerable daily intake values. Two interventional trials were conducted where a volunteer wore a mask for four hours and urine samples were collected before and after the mask wearing. No obvious increase was observed for the urinary concentration of any phthalate metabolite, indicating minimal contribution to overall exposure to phthalate esters.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Dibutyl Phthalate ; Environmental Exposure/analysis ; Environmental Pollutants ; Esters ; Humans ; Inhalation Exposure/analysis ; Masks ; Phthalic Acids
Chemical Substances	Environmental Pollutants ; Esters ; Phthalic Acids ; Dibutyl Phthalate (2286E5R2KE) ; phthalic acid (6O7F7IX66E)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-21
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1491302-1
ISSN	1873-3336 ; 0304-3894
ISSN (online)	1873-3336
ISSN	0304-3894
DOI	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127001
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Article ; Online: Variation in urinary spot sample, 24 h samples, and longer-term average urinary concentrations of short-lived environmental chemicals: implications for exposure assessment and reverse dosimetry.

Aylward, Lesa L / Hays, Sean M / Zidek, Angelika

Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology

2016 Volume 27, Issue 6, Page(s) 582–590

Abstract: Population biomonitoring data sets such as the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) and the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collect and analyze spot urine samples for analysis for biomarkers of exposure to non- ... ...

Abstract	Population biomonitoring data sets such as the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) and the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collect and analyze spot urine samples for analysis for biomarkers of exposure to non-persistent chemicals. Estimation of population intakes using such data sets in a risk-assessment context requires consideration of intra- and inter-individual variability to understand the relationship between variation in the biomarker concentrations and variation in the underlying daily and longer-term intakes. Two intensive data sets with a total of 16 individuals with collection and measurement of serial urine voids over multiple days were used to examine these relationships using methyl paraben, triclosan, bisphenol A (BPA), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), and mono-2-ethylhexyl hydroxyl phthalate (MEHHP) as example compounds. Composited 24 h voids were constructed mathematically from the individual collected voids, and concentrations for each 24 h period and average multiday concentrations were calculated for each individual in the data sets. Geometric mean and 95th percentiles were compared to assess the relationship between distributions in spot sample concentrations and the 24 h and multiday collection averages. In these data sets, spot sample concentrations at the 95th percentile were similar to or slightly higher than the 95th percentile of the distribution of all 24 h composite void concentrations, but tended to overestimate the maximum of the multiday concentration averages for most analytes (usually by less than a factor of 2). These observations can assist in the interpretation of population distributions of spot samples for frequently detected analytes with relatively short elimination half-lives.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Biomarkers/urine ; Environmental Exposure/analysis ; Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Environmental Monitoring/statistics & numerical data ; Environmental Pollutants/urine ; Europe ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Time Factors ; United States ; Urine/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Environmental Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-10-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2218551-3
ISSN	1559-064X ; 1559-0631
ISSN (online)	1559-064X
ISSN	1559-0631
DOI	10.1038/jes.2016.54
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Article: Exposure and toxicity characterization of chemical emissions and chemicals in products: global recommendations and implementation in USEtox

Fantke, Peter / Chiu, Weihsueh A / Aylward, Lesa / Judson, Richard / Huang, Lei / Jang, Suji / Gouin, Todd / Rhomberg, Lorenz / Aurisano, Nicolò / McKone, Thomas / Jolliet, Olivier

international journal of life cycle assessment. 2021 May, v. 26, no. 5

2021

Abstract: PURPOSE: Reducing chemical pressure on human and environmental health is an integral part of the global sustainability agenda. Guidelines for deriving globally applicable, life cycle–based indicators are required to consistently quantify toxicity impacts ...

Abstract	PURPOSE: Reducing chemical pressure on human and environmental health is an integral part of the global sustainability agenda. Guidelines for deriving globally applicable, life cycle–based indicators are required to consistently quantify toxicity impacts from chemical emissions as well as from chemicals in consumer products. In response, we elaborate the methodological framework and present recommendations for advancing near-field/far-field exposure and toxicity characterization, and for implementing these recommendations into the scientific consensus model USEtox. METHODS: An expert taskforce was convened by the Life Cycle Initiative hosted by UN Environment to expand existing guidance for evaluating human toxicity impacts from exposure to chemical substances. This taskforce evaluated scientific advances since the original release of USEtox and identified two major aspects that required refinement, namely integrating near-field and far-field exposure, and improving human dose-response modeling. Dedicated efforts have led to a set of recommendations to address these aspects in an update of USEtox, while ensuring consistency with the boundary conditions for characterizing life cycle toxicity impacts and being aligned with recommendations from agencies that regulate chemical exposure. The proposed updated USEtox framework was tested in an illustrative rice production and consumption case study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: On the exposure side, a matrix system is proposed and recommended to integrate far-field exposure from environmental emissions with near-field exposure from chemicals in various consumer product types. Consumer exposure is addressed via sub-models for each product type to account for product type-specific characteristics and exposure settings. Case study results illustrate that product use–related exposure dominates overall life cycle exposure. On the effect side, a probabilistic dose-response approach combined with a decision tree for identifying reliable points of departure is proposed for non-cancer effects, following recent guidance from the World Health Organization. This approach allows for explicitly considering both uncertainty and human variability in toxicity effect factors. Factors reflecting disease severity are proposed to distinguish cancer from non-cancer effects and within the latter to discriminate reproductive/developmental and other non-cancer effects. All proposed aspects have been consistently implemented into the original USEtox framework. CONCLUSIONS: The recommended methodological advancements address several key limitations in earlier approaches. Next steps are to test the new characterization framework in additional case studies and to close remaining research gaps. Our framework is applicable for evaluating chemical emissions and product-related exposure in life cycle assessment, chemical alternatives assessment and chemical substitution, consumer exposure and risk screening, and high-throughput chemical prioritization.
Keywords	World Health Organization ; case studies ; decision support systems ; disease severity ; dose response ; environmental health ; humans ; life cycle assessment ; models ; prioritization ; rice ; risk ; toxicity ; uncertainty
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-05
Size	p. 899-915.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2009386-X
ISSN	1614-7502 ; 0948-3349
ISSN (online)	1614-7502
ISSN	0948-3349
DOI	10.1007/s11367-021-01889-y
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