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Article ; Online: 'Brain fag': a syndrome associated with 'overstudy' and mental exhaustion in 19th century Britain.

Ayonrinde, Oyedeji A

International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)

2020 Volume 32, Issue 5-6, Page(s) 520–535

Abstract: The relationship between mental exhaustion and somatic sensations has been described across cultures for millennia, including the contextual relationship with studying and learning. In 19th century Britain, concern regarding the impact of 'excessive' ... ...

Abstract	The relationship between mental exhaustion and somatic sensations has been described across cultures for millennia, including the contextual relationship with studying and learning. In 19th century Britain, concern regarding the impact of 'excessive' study ('overstudy') and the mental impact on 'brainworkers' led to the coining of the term 'Brain Fag' in 1850. Anxiety became heightened following the promulgation of the Education Acts from 1870 with compulsory child education. This was felt to be a public health crisis with social class distinctions. Brain fag anxiety subsequently transmitted across the British colonies while declining in Britain. Over a century later, this linguistic and colonial residue was observed in British West Africa where it was described as a culture bound syndrome.
MeSH term(s)	Anxiety/complications ; Anxiety/history ; Brain ; Child ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Mental Fatigue/complications ; Mental Fatigue/history ; Syndrome ; United Kingdom
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1018090-4
ISSN	1369-1627 ; 0954-0261
ISSN (online)	1369-1627
ISSN	0954-0261
DOI	10.1080/09540261.2020.1775428
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Zs.A 2819: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Mental distress and substance use among rural Black South African youth who are not in employment, education or training (NEET).

Mngoma, Nomusa F / Ayonrinde, Oyedeji A

The International journal of social psychiatry

2022 Volume 69, Issue 3, Page(s) 532–542

Abstract: Background: South Africa (SA) has one of the highest rates of youth unemployment and youth who are not in employment, education or training (NEET), even higher among Black South Africans. SA's NEET rates are 3 times those of UK; 5.4 times of Germany; 1 ... ...

Abstract	Background: South Africa (SA) has one of the highest rates of youth unemployment and youth who are not in employment, education or training (NEET), even higher among Black South Africans. SA's NEET rates are 3 times those of UK; 5.4 times of Germany; 1.3 times of Brazil; and 2.5 times of Malaysia. Given that youths between 15 and 24 years of age make up 24% of the total population, these are significant challenges for the economy and further fuel the cyclical, pervasive and enduring nature of poverty. We hypothesised that rural youth who are NEET would have a greater prevalence of mental disorders and higher rates of substance use compared to their non-NEET counterparts. The objective of the study is to determine the differences in rates of psychological distress and substance use between NEET and non-NEET rural African 14- to 24-year-old young men. Methods: The study took place in a remote and rural district municipality in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We divided the district's five sub-municipalities into two clusters (large and small) and randomly selected one from each cluster for inclusion in the study. We further randomly selected wards from each sub-municipality and then rural settlements from each ward, for inclusion in the study. We recruited young men as part of a larger study to explore sociocultural factors important in gender-based violence in rural SA. We compared 15- to 19-year old and 20- to 24-year old youth NEET and non-NEET on rates of psychological distress symptoms (depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, hopelessness and worthlessness) and substance misuse (including alcohol, cannabis, other recreational drugs) using a Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) statistics at Results: About 23% of the 355 male participants were NEET. There were no statistically significant differences in psychological distress or substance use between youth NEET and non-NEET, controlling for age. Conclusion: The study highlights difficult transitions to post-secondary education and work for Black youth in rural SA where opportunities for employment are limited. Education, training and employment appear to offer limited benefit.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Male ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Female ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology ; Employment ; Unemployment
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3062-4
ISSN	1741-2854 ; 0020-7640
ISSN (online)	1741-2854
ISSN	0020-7640
DOI	10.1177/00207640221114252
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Zs.A 181: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Cannabis and psychosis: revisiting a nineteenth century study of 'Indian Hemp and Insanity' in Colonial British India.

Ayonrinde, Oyedeji A

Psychological medicine

2019 Volume 50, Issue 7, Page(s) 1164–1172

Abstract: Background: In nineteenth-century British India, concern regarding large numbers of asylum patients with 'Indian Hemp Insanity' led to establishment of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission. The exotic cannabis plant was widely used in pharmacopeia and a ... ...

Abstract	Background: In nineteenth-century British India, concern regarding large numbers of asylum patients with 'Indian Hemp Insanity' led to establishment of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission. The exotic cannabis plant was widely used in pharmacopeia and a source of government revenue. The Commission was tasked with determining the public health risks of cannabis use, particularly mental illness. This analysis of the Commission report seeks to highlight the status of 1892 cannabis research and compare it with current evidence for medical and recreational cannabis use. Methods: Detailed historiographic review of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report (1892). Results: In 1892, heavy cannabis use was considered to have been associated with severe mental illness (7.3% of asylum patients; 12.6% of patients with diagnoses). About two-thirds were children and young adults with higher relapse rates. Risk increased with early cannabis use and a family history of mental illness. Cannabis psychosis was found to have a shorter trajectory and better prognosis than other mental illnesses in the asylums. Different cannabis potency and modes of consumption had different effects. Occasional cannabis use was felt to have medicinal benefits for some. Appendices provided symptoms and demographic characteristics of cannabis-induced mental illness. Conclusion: This important nineteenth-century study observed frequency and dose-related effects of cannabis on mental health, particularly psychotic symptoms in young people with a previous or hereditary risk of mental illness. Pathophysiological observations were consistent with current knowledge. As one of the most systematic and detailed studies of the effects of cannabis of the time it foreshadowed contemporary cannabis issues.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Cannabis ; Child ; Female ; History, 19th Century ; Hospitals, Psychiatric/history ; Humans ; India ; Male ; Marijuana Use/history ; Mental Health ; Psychotic Disorders/history ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	217420-0
ISSN	1469-8978 ; 0033-2917
ISSN (online)	1469-8978
ISSN	0033-2917
DOI	10.1017/S0033291719001077
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Article ; Online: Response to Letter to the Editor 'Gestational cannabis use - Implications for neonatal size and maturity?'

Ayonrinde, Oyekoya T / White, Scott W / Mehta, Shailender / Dunn, Mikaela L / Bradley, Clare / Fisher, Petrovia / Ayonrinde, Oyedeji A

The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology

2023 Volume 63, Issue 6, Page(s) 831–832

MeSH term(s)	Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Cannabis ; Gestational Age
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-23
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	390815-x
ISSN	1479-828X ; 0004-8666
ISSN (online)	1479-828X
ISSN	0004-8666
DOI	10.1111/ajo.13742
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Zs.A 424: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Distress, desperation and despair: anxiety, depression and suicidality among rural South African youth.

Mngoma, Nomusa F / Ayonrinde, Oyedeji A / Fergus, Stevenson / Jeeves, Alan H / Jolly, Rosemary J

International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)

2020 Volume 33, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 64–74

Abstract: Common mental disorders (CMDs) affect millions of people worldwide and impose a high cost to individuals and society. Youth are disproportionately affected, as has also been confirmed in South Africa. Mental disorders and substance use disorders often ... ...

Abstract	Common mental disorders (CMDs) affect millions of people worldwide and impose a high cost to individuals and society. Youth are disproportionately affected, as has also been confirmed in South Africa. Mental disorders and substance use disorders often occur as concurrent disorders. Although youth in rural South Africa grow up in difficult social and economic conditions, the study of mental disorders in South Africa has focussed primarily on urban populations. One such rural area in South Africa is the Harry Gwala District, where rates of interpersonal violence and self-inflicted injuries among 15-24-year-old men, are extraordinarily high. Suicide is an important proxy measure of severe emotional distress, predominantly depression and hopelessness. This study reports on rates of fatal self-harm among 15-24-year-old men in the Harry Gwala District. We determined the rates and severity of CMDs and their correlates among 355 young males ranging in age from 14 to 24 years in the Harry Gwala District community. High rates of depression, anxiety, hopelessness and worthlessness were reported. One in four of the young men and boys reported current suicidal thoughts associated with depression, anxiety, feelings of worthlessness and binge drinking. Reports of alcohol use were high, as were those of daily cannabis use. Our findings show high rates of CMDs and alcohol use, and highlight the impact of collective dysphoria on the mental well-being of rural youth in South Africa, who are likely coping through drug and alcohol use.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Depression/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Psychological Distress ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1018090-4
ISSN	1369-1627 ; 0954-0261
ISSN (online)	1369-1627
ISSN	0954-0261
DOI	10.1080/09540261.2020.1741846
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Zs.A 2819: Show issues

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Article: Brain fag syndrome: a culture-bound syndrome that may be approaching extinction.

Ayonrinde, Oyedeji A / Obuaya, Chiedu / Adeyemi, Solomon Olusola

BJPsych bulletin

2016 Volume 39, Issue 4, Page(s) 156–161

Abstract: Aims and method To explore the current salience of 'brain fag' as a nosological, diagnostic and clinical construct in modern West African psychiatry. A semi-structured questionnaire and vignette based on classical symptoms of brain fag syndrome were used ...

Abstract	Aims and method To explore the current salience of 'brain fag' as a nosological, diagnostic and clinical construct in modern West African psychiatry. A semi-structured questionnaire and vignette based on classical symptoms of brain fag syndrome were used to explore current knowledge, explanatory models and practice among Nigerian psychiatrists. Results Of 102 psychiatrists who responded, 98% recognised the term 'brain fag syndrome' and most recognised the scenario presented. However, only 22% made a diagnosis of brain fag syndrome in their practice preferring diagnoses of anxiety, affective and somatic disorders. Clinical implications A decreasing number of Nigerian psychiatrists are making a diagnosis of 'brain fag syndrome'. We found strong evidence of nosological and diagnostic decline in the syndrome in its place of birth. This may signal the early extinction of this disorder or nosological metamorphosis from a 'culture-bound' syndrome in West African psychiatric practice.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2816886-0
ISSN	2056-4708 ; 2056-4694
ISSN (online)	2056-4708
ISSN	2056-4694
DOI	10.1192/pb.bp.114.049049
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Article ; Online: The prevalence and significance of gestational cannabis use at an Australian tertiary hospital.

Dunn, Mikaela L / Bradley, Clare / Ayonrinde, Oyedeji A / Van Rooyen, Derrick M / Tait, Robert J / White, Scott W / Fisher, Petrovia / Sunanda, Gargeswari / Mehta, Shailender / Ayonrinde, Oyekoya T

The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology

2022 Volume 63, Issue 1, Page(s) 6–12

Abstract: Background: Cannabis is one of the most common non-prescribed psychoactive substances used in pregnancy. The prevalence of gestational cannabis use is increasing.: Aim: The aim was to examine the prevalence of gestational cannabis use and associated ... ...

Abstract	Background: Cannabis is one of the most common non-prescribed psychoactive substances used in pregnancy. The prevalence of gestational cannabis use is increasing. Aim: The aim was to examine the prevalence of gestational cannabis use and associated pregnancy and neonate outcomes. Materials and methods: A retrospective observational study involving pregnant women delivering in 2019 was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Perth, Western Australia. Gestational cannabis and other substance use records were based on maternal self-report. Pregnancy outcomes included neonatal gestational age, birthweight, birth length, head circumference, resuscitation measures, special care nursery admission, 5-min Apgar score and initial neonatal feeding method. Results: Among 3104 pregnant women (mean age: 31 years), gestational cannabis use was reported by 1.6% (n = 50). Cannabis users were younger, more likely to use other substances and experience mental illness or domestic violence compared with non-users. Neonates born to cannabis users had a lower mean gestational age, birthweight and birth length compared to those born to non-cannabis users. Gestational cannabis use (odds ratio (OR) 3.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-6.7) and tobacco smoking (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5-3.6) were associated with increased odds of a low-birthweight neonate. Combined cannabis and tobacco use during pregnancy further increased the likelihood of low birthweight (LBW, adjusted OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.6-9.3). Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for maternal sociodemographical characteristics, mental illness, alcohol, tobacco and other substance use demonstrated gestational cannabis use to be independently associated with LBW (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-5.2). Conclusion: Gestational cannabis use was independently associated with low birthweight, synergistically affected by tobacco smoking.
MeSH term(s)	Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Birth Weight ; Cannabis/adverse effects ; Prevalence ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Australia/epidemiology ; Pregnancy Outcome/epidemiology ; Substance-Related Disorders
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-18
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Observational Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390815-x
ISSN	1479-828X ; 0004-8666
ISSN (online)	1479-828X
ISSN	0004-8666
DOI	10.1111/ajo.13589
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Article ; Online: The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice.

Ayonrinde, Oyedeji A / Stefatos, Anthi / Miller, Shadé / Richer, Amanda / Nadkarni, Pallavi / She, Jennifer / Alghofaily, Ahmad / Mngoma, Nomusa

International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)

2020 Volume 33, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 179–188

Abstract: Numbers are ubiquitous to modern existence and have evolved with humanity over millenia. They structure, record and quantify human behaviour, spiritual belief systems and the evolution of innovation across all spheres of life. Furthermore, cultural ... ...

Abstract	Numbers are ubiquitous to modern existence and have evolved with humanity over millenia. They structure, record and quantify human behaviour, spiritual belief systems and the evolution of innovation across all spheres of life. Furthermore, cultural identities and interpersonal expression often have numerical components to them for instance rites of passage, population demography and fiscal measures. The salience of numbers in both historical and contemporary cultural life arguably plays a role in individual psyches and the experience of distress or wellness. This paper illustrates the cultural relativism of numbers through superstition and foreboding to auspiciousness in different societies. As a short hand for the quantification of multiple phenomena in low literacy to high technology populations, rural and urban societies as well as traditional and evolving societies, numbers have and will continue to be core to all cultures as they have from prehistoric to contemporary times.
MeSH term(s)	Culture ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Religion ; Spirituality ; Symbolism
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1018090-4
ISSN	1369-1627 ; 0954-0261
ISSN (online)	1369-1627
ISSN	0954-0261
DOI	10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289
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Zs.A 2819: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Association between gestational cannabis exposure and maternal, perinatal, placental, and childhood outcomes.

Ayonrinde, Oyekoya T / Ayonrinde, Oyedeji A / Van Rooyen, Derrick / Tait, Robert / Dunn, Mikaela / Mehta, Shailender / White, Scott / Ayonrinde, Oyekunle K

Journal of developmental origins of health and disease

2020 Volume 12, Issue 5, Page(s) 694–703

Abstract: Globally, the availability and formulations for the administration of cannabis are changing with decriminalization or legalization of recreational use in some jurisdictions, and the prescription of cannabis also occurring. These changes are likely to ... ...

Abstract	Globally, the availability and formulations for the administration of cannabis are changing with decriminalization or legalization of recreational use in some jurisdictions, and the prescription of cannabis also occurring. These changes are likely to affect the prevalence of use, including by women of childbearing age. The effects of in utero and infant alcohol and tobacco exposure are well-documented, but the outcomes of cannabis exposure are less certain. The content of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis has progressively increased over several decades. This review explores the limited knowledge surrounding the epidemiology of gestational and postnatal cannabis exposure and implications for the mother-placenta-fetus/neonate triad. We examine cannabis' effects from antenatal and lactation exposure on (a) pregnancy and perinatal outcomes, (b) placental health, and (c) longer term cardiometabolic and neurodevelopmental risks and outcomes. Though definitive outcomes are lacking, gestational cannabis has been associated with increased risk of other substance use during pregnancy; impaired placental blood flow; increased risk of small for gestational age births; and associated complications. Childhood and adolescent outcomes are sparsely assessed, with suggested outcomes including increased risk of depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Cardiometabolic implications of gestational cannabis use may include maternal fatty liver, obesity, insulin resistance, and increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), with potential consequences for the fetus. Clinical implications for pediatric practice were explored in a bid to understand any potential risk or impact on child health and development.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cannabis/adverse effects ; Cannabis/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Maternal Exposure/adverse effects ; Maternal Exposure/statistics & numerical data ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2554780-X
ISSN	2040-1752 ; 2040-1744
ISSN (online)	2040-1752
ISSN	2040-1744
DOI	10.1017/S2040174420001166
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Article ; Online: Taking Action on Racism and Structural Violence in Psychiatric Training and Clinical Practice.

Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie

2023 Volume 68, Issue 10, Page(s) 780–808

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Racism/prevention & control ; Racism/psychology ; Violence/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	304227-3
ISSN	1497-0015 ; 0008-4824 ; 0706-7437
ISSN (online)	1497-0015
ISSN	0008-4824 ; 0706-7437
DOI	10.1177/07067437231166985
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