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Article ; Online: Partial integration of the components of value in anterior cingulate cortex.

Azab, Habiba / Hayden, Benjamin Y

2020 Volume 134, Issue 4, Page(s) 296–308

Abstract: Evaluation often involves integrating multiple determinants of value, such as the different possible outcomes in risky choice. A brain region can be placed either before or after a presumed evaluation stage by measuring how responses of its neurons ... ...

Abstract	Evaluation often involves integrating multiple determinants of value, such as the different possible outcomes in risky choice. A brain region can be placed either before or after a presumed evaluation stage by measuring how responses of its neurons depend on multiple determinants of value. A brain region could also, in principle, show partial integration, which would indicate that it occupies a middle position between (preevaluative) nonintegration and (postevaluative) full integration. Existing mathematical techniques cannot distinguish full from partial integration and therefore risk misidentifying regional function. Here we use a new Bayesian regression-based approach to analyze responses of neurons in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) to risky offers. We find that dACC neurons only partially integrate across outcome dimensions, indicating that dACC cannot be assigned to either a pre- or postevaluative position. Neurons in dACC also show putative signatures of value comparison, thereby demonstrating that comparison does not require complete evaluation before proceeding. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Choice Behavior/physiology ; Gambling/physiopathology ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Neurons/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	230159-3
ISSN	1939-0084 ; 0735-7044
ISSN (online)	1939-0084
ISSN	0735-7044
DOI	10.1037/bne0000382
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Zs.A 1837: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Correlates of economic decisions in the dorsal and subgenual anterior cingulate cortices.

Azab, Habiba / Hayden, Benjamin Y

The European journal of neuroscience

2018 Volume 47, Issue 8, Page(s) 979–993

Abstract: The anterior cingulate cortex can be divided into distinct ventral (subgenual, sgACC) and dorsal (dACC), portions. The role of dACC in value-based decision-making is hotly debated, while the role of sgACC is poorly understood. We recorded neuronal ... ...

Abstract	The anterior cingulate cortex can be divided into distinct ventral (subgenual, sgACC) and dorsal (dACC), portions. The role of dACC in value-based decision-making is hotly debated, while the role of sgACC is poorly understood. We recorded neuronal activity in both regions in rhesus macaques performing a token-gambling task. We find that both encode many of the same variables; including integrated offered values of gambles, primary as well as secondary reward outcomes, number of current tokens and anticipated rewards. Both regions exhibit memory traces for offer values and putative value comparison signals. Both regions use a consistent scheme to encode the value of the attended option. This result suggests that neurones do not appear to be specialized for specific offers (that is, neurones use an attentional as opposed to labelled line coding scheme). We also observed some differences between the two regions: (i) coding strengths in dACC were consistently greater than those in sgACC, (ii) neurones in sgACC responded especially to losses and in anticipation of primary rewards, while those in dACC showed more balanced responding and (iii) responses to the first offer were slightly faster in sgACC. These results indicate that sgACC and dACC have some functional overlap in economic choice, and are consistent with the idea, inspired by neuroanatomy, which sgACC may serve as input to dACC.
MeSH term(s)	Action Potentials/physiology ; Animals ; Choice Behavior/physiology ; Decision Making/physiology ; Gambling/physiopathology ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Neurons/physiology ; Reward
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-28
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	645180-9
ISSN	1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
ISSN (online)	1460-9568
ISSN	0953-816X
DOI	10.1111/ejn.13865
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Zs.A 2548: Show issues

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Article ; Online: The PRO model accounts for the anterior cingulate cortex role in risky decision-making and monitoring.

Woo, Jae Hyung / Azab, Habiba / Jahn, Andrew / Hayden, Benjamin / Brown, Joshua W

Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience

2022 Volume 22, Issue 5, Page(s) 952–968

Abstract: The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been implicated in a number of functions, including performance monitoring and decision-making involving effort. The prediction of responses and outcomes (PRO) model has provided a unified account of much human and ...

Abstract	The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been implicated in a number of functions, including performance monitoring and decision-making involving effort. The prediction of responses and outcomes (PRO) model has provided a unified account of much human and monkey ACC data involving anatomy, neurophysiology, EEG, fMRI, and behavior. We explored the computational nature of ACC with the PRO model, extending it to account specifically for both human and macaque monkey decision-making under risk, including both behavioral and neural data. We show that the PRO model can account for a number of additional effects related to outcome prediction, decision-making under risk, gambling behavior. In particular, we show that the ACC represents the variance of uncertain outcomes, suggesting a link between ACC function and mean-variance theories of decision making. The PRO model provides a unified account of a large set of data regarding the ACC.
MeSH term(s)	Decision Making/physiology ; Gambling/diagnostic imaging ; Gyrus Cinguli/diagnostic imaging ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2029088-3
ISSN	1531-135X ; 1530-7026
ISSN (online)	1531-135X
ISSN	1530-7026
DOI	10.3758/s13415-022-00992-3
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Zs.A 5947: Show issues

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Article ; Online: (with research data) Correlates of decisional dynamics in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.

Azab, Habiba / Hayden, Benjamin Y

PLoS biology

2017 Volume 15, Issue 11, Page(s) e2003091

Abstract: We hypothesized that during binary economic choice, decision makers use the first option they attend as a default to which they compare the second. To test this idea, we recorded activity of neurons in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) of ... ...

Abstract	We hypothesized that during binary economic choice, decision makers use the first option they attend as a default to which they compare the second. To test this idea, we recorded activity of neurons in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) of macaques choosing between gambles presented asynchronously. We find that ensemble encoding of the value of the first offer includes both choice-dependent and choice-independent aspects, as if reflecting a partial decision. That is, its responses are neither entirely pre- nor post-decisional. In contrast, coding of the value of the second offer is entirely decision dependent (i.e., post-decisional). This result holds even when offer-value encodings are compared within the same time period. Additionally, we see no evidence for 2 pools of neurons linked to the 2 offers; instead, all comparison appears to occur within a single functionally homogenous pool of task-selective neurons. These observations suggest that economic choices reflect a context-dependent evaluation of attended options. Moreover, they raise the possibility that value representations reflect, to some extent, a tentative commitment to a choice.
MeSH term(s)	Action Potentials ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Choice Behavior ; Decision Making ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Neurons/physiology ; Task Performance and Analysis
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-11-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2126776-5
ISSN	1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
ISSN (online)	1545-7885
ISSN	1544-9173
DOI	10.1371/journal.pbio.2003091
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Zs.A 6193: Show issues

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Article ; Online: On the Flexibility of Basic Risk Attitudes in Monkeys.

Farashahi, Shiva / Azab, Habiba / Hayden, Benjamin / Soltani, Alireza

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2018 Volume 38, Issue 18, Page(s) 4383–4398

Abstract: Monkeys and other animals appear to share with humans two risk attitudes predicted by prospect theory: an inverse-S-shaped probability-weighting (PW) function and a steeper utility curve for losses than for gains. These findings suggest that such ... ...

Abstract	Monkeys and other animals appear to share with humans two risk attitudes predicted by prospect theory: an inverse-S-shaped probability-weighting (PW) function and a steeper utility curve for losses than for gains. These findings suggest that such preferences are stable traits with common neural substrates. We hypothesized instead that animals tailor their preferences to subtle changes in task contexts, making risk attitudes flexible. Previous studies used a limited number of outcomes, trial types, and contexts. To gain a broader perspective, we examined two large datasets of male macaques' risky choices: one from a task with real (juice) gains and another from a token task with gains and losses. In contrast to previous findings, monkeys were risk seeking for both gains and losses (i.e., lacked a reflection effect) and showed steeper gain than loss curves (loss seeking). Utility curves for gains were substantially different in the two tasks. Monkeys showed nearly linear PWs in one task and S-shaped ones in the other; neither task produced a consistent inverse-S-shaped curve. To account for these observations, we developed and tested various computational models of the processes involved in the construction of reward value. We found that adaptive differential weighting of prospective gamble outcomes could partially account for the observed differences in the utility functions across the two experiments and thus provide a plausible mechanism underlying flexible risk attitudes. Together, our results support the idea that risky choices are constructed flexibly at the time of elicitation and place important constraints on neural models of economic choice.
MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; Animals ; Attitude ; Computer Simulation ; Decision Making ; Female ; Gambling/psychology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Reward ; Risk-Taking
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2260-17.2018
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Zs.A 1668: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Opposing pupil responses to offered and anticipated reward values.

Cash-Padgett, Tyler / Azab, Habiba / Yoo, Seng Bum Michael / Hayden, Benjamin Y

Animal cognition

2018 Volume 21, Issue 5, Page(s) 671–684

Abstract: Previous studies have shown that the pupils dilate more in anticipation of larger rewards. This finding raises the possibility of a more general association between reward amount and pupil size. We tested this idea by characterizing macaque pupil ... ...

Abstract	Previous studies have shown that the pupils dilate more in anticipation of larger rewards. This finding raises the possibility of a more general association between reward amount and pupil size. We tested this idea by characterizing macaque pupil responses to offered rewards during evaluation and comparison in a binary choice task. To control attention, we made use of a design in which offers occurred in sequence. By looking at pupil responses after choice but before reward, we confirmed the previously observed positive association between pupil size and anticipated reward values. Surprisingly, however, we find that pupil size is negatively correlated with the value of offered gambles before choice, during both evaluation and comparison stages of the task. These results demonstrate a functional distinction between offered and anticipated rewards and present evidence against a narrow version of the simulation hypothesis; the idea that we represent offers by reactivating states associated with anticipating them. They also suggest that pupil size is correlated with relative, not absolute, values of offers, suggestive of an accept-reject model of comparison.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Attention ; Macaca ; Male ; Pupil/physiology ; Reward
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-03
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1466332-6
ISSN	1435-9456 ; 1435-9448
ISSN (online)	1435-9456
ISSN	1435-9448
DOI	10.1007/s10071-018-1202-2
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Article: Evidence for the speed-value trade-off: human and monkey decision making is magnitude sensitive.

Pirrone, Angelo / Azab, Habiba / Hayden, Benjamin Y / Stafford, Tom / Marshall, James A R

Decision (Washington, D.C.)

2017 Volume 5, Issue 2, Page(s) 129–142

Abstract: Complex natural systems from brains to bee swarms have evolved to make adaptive multifactorial decisions. Recent theoretical and empirical work suggests that many evolved systems may take advantage of common motifs across multiple domains. We are ... ...

Abstract	Complex natural systems from brains to bee swarms have evolved to make adaptive multifactorial decisions. Recent theoretical and empirical work suggests that many evolved systems may take advantage of common motifs across multiple domains. We are particularly interested in value sensitivity (i.e., sensitivity to the magnitude or intensity of the stimuli or reward under consideration) as a mechanism to resolve deadlocks adaptively. This mechanism favours long-term reward maximization over accuracy in a simple manner, because it avoids costly delays associated with ambivalence between similar options; speed-value trade-offs have been proposed to be evolutionarily advantageous for many kinds of decision. A key prediction of the value-sensitivity hypothesis is that choices between equally-valued options will proceed faster when the options have a high value than when they have a low value. However, value-sensitivity is not part of idealised choice models such as diffusion to bound. Here we examine two different choice behaviours in two different species, perceptual decisions in humans and economic choices in rhesus monkeys, to test this hypothesis. We observe the same value sensitivity in both human perceptual decisions and monkey value-based decisions. These results endorse the idea that neural decision systems make use of the same basic principle of value-sensitivity in order to resolve costly deadlocks and thus improve long-term reward intake.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-02-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2740994-6
ISSN	2325-9973 ; 2325-9965
ISSN (online)	2325-9973
ISSN	2325-9965
DOI	10.1037/dec0000075
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Article ; Online: On the Role of Theory and Modeling in Neuroscience.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2023 Volume 43, Issue 7, Page(s) 1074–1088

Abstract: In recent years, the field of neuroscience has gone through rapid experimental advances and a significant increase in the use of quantitative and computational methods. This growth has created a need for clearer analyses of the theory and modeling ... ...

Abstract	In recent years, the field of neuroscience has gone through rapid experimental advances and a significant increase in the use of quantitative and computational methods. This growth has created a need for clearer analyses of the theory and modeling approaches used in the field. This issue is particularly complex in neuroscience because the field studies phenomena that cross a wide range of scales and often require consideration at varying degrees of abstraction, from precise biophysical interactions to the computations they implement. We argue that a pragmatic perspective of science, in which descriptive, mechanistic, and normative models and theories each play a distinct role in defining and bridging levels of abstraction, will facilitate neuroscientific practice. This analysis leads to methodological suggestions, including selecting a level of abstraction that is appropriate for a given problem, identifying transfer functions to connect models and data, and the use of models themselves as a form of experiment.
MeSH term(s)	Neurosciences ; Biophysics
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1179-22.2022
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Zs.A 1668: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Neuronal selectivity for spatial positions of offers and choices in five reward regions.

Strait, Caleb E / Sleezer, Brianna J / Blanchard, Tommy C / Azab, Habiba / Castagno, Meghan D / Hayden, Benjamin Y

Journal of neurophysiology

2016 Volume 115, Issue 3, Page(s) 1098–1111

Abstract: When we evaluate an option, how is the neural representation of its value linked to information that identifies it, such as its position in space? We hypothesized that value information and identity cues are not bound together at a particular point but ... ...

Abstract	When we evaluate an option, how is the neural representation of its value linked to information that identifies it, such as its position in space? We hypothesized that value information and identity cues are not bound together at a particular point but are represented together at the single unit level throughout the entirety of the choice process. We examined neuronal responses in two-option gambling tasks with lateralized and asynchronous presentation of offers in five reward regions: orbitofrontal cortex (OFC, area 13), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC, area 14), ventral striatum (VS), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC, area 25). Neuronal responses in all areas are sensitive to the positions of both offers and of choices. This selectivity is strongest in reward-sensitive neurons, indicating that it is not a property of a specialized subpopulation of cells. We did not find consistent contralateral or any other organization to these responses, indicating that they may be difficult to detect with aggregate measures like neuroimaging or studies of lesion effects. These results suggest that value coding is wed to factors that identify the object throughout the reward system and suggest a possible solution to the binding problem raised by abstract value encoding schemes.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Choice Behavior ; Frontal Lobe/cytology ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Limbic Lobe/cytology ; Limbic Lobe/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Neurons/physiology ; Reward ; Space Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	80161-6
ISSN	1522-1598 ; 0022-3077
ISSN (online)	1522-1598
ISSN	0022-3077
DOI	10.1152/jn.00325.2015
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Book ; Online: On the role of theory and modeling in neuroscience

2020

Abstract	In recent years, the field of neuroscience has gone through rapid experimental advances and a significant increase in the use of quantitative and computational methods. This growth has created a need for clearer analyses of the theory and modeling approaches used in the field. This issue is particularly complex in neuroscience because the field studies phenomena across a wide range of scales and often requires consideration of these phenomena at varying degrees of abstraction, from precise biophysical interactions to the computations they implement. We argue that a pragmatic perspective of science, in which descriptive, mechanistic, and normative approaches each play a distinct role in defining and bridging levels of abstraction will facilitate neuroscientific practice. This analysis leads to methodological suggestions, including selecting a level of abstraction that is appropriate for a given problem, identifying transfer functions to connect models and data, and the use of models themselves as a form of experiment.
Keywords	Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition ; Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods
Subject code	501
Publishing date	2020-03-30
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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