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Article ; Online: Cognitive function in different motor subtypes of Parkinson's disease: A systematic review protocol.

Child, Brittany / Saywell, Isaac / da Silva, Robyn / Collins-Praino, Lyndsey / Baetu, Irina

Health science reports

2024 Volume 7, Issue 5, Page(s) e2092

Abstract: Background and aims: As the fastest-growing neurological disorder globally, a better understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD) is needed to improve patient outcomes and reduce the increasing economic and healthcare burden associated with the disease. ... ...

Abstract	Background and aims: As the fastest-growing neurological disorder globally, a better understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD) is needed to improve patient outcomes and reduce the increasing economic and healthcare burden associated with the disease. Whilst classified as a movement disorder, this disease is highly heterogeneous, encompassing a broad range of both motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS). Cognitive impairment, presenting as either mild cognitive impairment or PD-dementia, is one of the most prevalent and disabling NMS. To better understand heterogeneity in PD, researchers have sought to identify subtypes of individuals who share similar symptom profiles. To date, this research has predominantly focused on motor subtyping, with many studies comparing these motor subtypes on non-motor outcomes, such as cognitive impairment. However, despite evidence of a motor-cognitive relationship in healthy aging, findings regarding the presence of a motor-cognitive relationship in PD are inconsistent. In our proposed systematic review, we will investigate motor subtyping studies that have evaluated the relationship between motor and cognitive function in PD. We aim to examine what is currently known about the relationship between motor and cognitive impairment in PD and evaluate the state of the field with respect to the subtyping methods and quality of cognitive assessment tools used. Methods: Systematic literature searches will be conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results: Results will be synthesized using meta-analysis and, where meta-analysis is not feasible, narrative synthesis. Conclusion: Despite the preponderance of motor subtyping research in PD, our study will be the first to systematically review evidence regarding the association between motor subtypes and cognitive impairment. Understanding the nature of the motor-cognitive relationship in PD may lead to important insights regarding shared underlying disease pathology, which would have significant implications for early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cognitive impairment in PD.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2398-8835
ISSN (online)	2398-8835
DOI	10.1002/hsr2.2092
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Article ; Online: Influence of cognitive reserve on cognitive and motor function in α-synucleinopathies: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis.

Saywell, Isaac / Foreman, Lauren / Child, Brittany / Phillips-Hughes, Alexander L / Collins-Praino, Lyndsey / Baetu, Irina

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews

2024 Volume 161, Page(s) 105672

Abstract: Cognitive reserve has shown promise as a justification for neuropathologically unexplainable clinical outcomes in Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence suggests this effect may be replicated in conditions like Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy ... ...

Abstract	Cognitive reserve has shown promise as a justification for neuropathologically unexplainable clinical outcomes in Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence suggests this effect may be replicated in conditions like Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. However, the relationships between cognitive reserve and different cognitive abilities, as well as motor outcomes, are still poorly understood in these conditions. Additionally, it is unclear whether the reported effects are confounded by medication. This review analysed studies investigating the relationship between cognitive reserve and clinical outcomes in these α-synucleinopathy cohorts, identified from MEDLINE, Scopus, psycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science. 85 records, containing 176 cognition and 31 motor function effect sizes, were pooled using multilevel meta-analysis. There was a significant, positive association between higher cognitive reserve and both better cognition and motor function. Cognition effect sizes differed by disease subtype, cognitive reserve measure, and outcome type; however, no moderators significantly impacted motor function. Review findings highlight the clinical implications of cognitive reserve and importance of engaging in reserve-building behaviours.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cognitive Reserve/physiology ; Synucleinopathies/physiopathology ; Cognition/physiology ; Parkinson Disease/physiopathology ; Parkinson Disease/complications
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Systematic Review ; Meta-Analysis ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	282464-4
ISSN	1873-7528 ; 0149-7634
ISSN (online)	1873-7528
ISSN	0149-7634
DOI	10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105672
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Article ; Online: Influence of cognitive reserve on cognitive and motor function in α-synucleinopathies: A systematic review protocol.

Saywell, Isaac / Child, Brittany / Foreman, Lauren / Collins-Praino, Lyndsey / Baetu, Irina

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

2023 Volume 1522, Issue 1, Page(s) 15–23

Abstract: Cognitive reserve has been used to justify neuropathologically unexplainable mismatches in Alzheimer's disease outcomes. Recent evidence has suggested this effect may be replicable across other conditions. However, it is still unclear whether cognitive ... ...

Abstract	Cognitive reserve has been used to justify neuropathologically unexplainable mismatches in Alzheimer's disease outcomes. Recent evidence has suggested this effect may be replicable across other conditions. However, it is still unclear whether cognitive reserve applies to α-synucleinopathies or to motor outcomes, or if medication confounds effects. This review protocol follows PRISMA-P guidelines and aims to investigate whether cognitive reserve can predict both cognitive and motor outcomes for α-synucleinopathy patients. MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, psycINFO (via Ovid), CINAHL (via EBSCO), and Web of Science have been searched. Cross-sectional, cohort, case-control, and longitudinal studies investigating the association between cognitive reserve and cognitive and/or motor outcomes for Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, or multiple system atrophy will be included. Reviewers will independently perform screening, while also extracting data, assessing the risk of bias (using a version of the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool), and rating evidence quality (using GRADE). If possible, random-effects meta-analyses will be conducted for each unique outcome variable and α-synucleinopathy; otherwise, a narrative synthesis will be performed. Depending on the number of studies, exploratory analyses may involve meta-regression to assess potential confounding effects. Understanding the broader protective effect of cognitive reserve has significant implications for preventive interventions in the wider population.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Synucleinopathies ; Cognitive Reserve ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Systematic Reviews as Topic ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Cognitive Dysfunction
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	211003-9
ISSN	1749-6632 ; 0077-8923
ISSN (online)	1749-6632
ISSN	0077-8923
DOI	10.1111/nyas.14967
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Article ; Online: Reasoning about redundant and non-redundant alternative causes of a single outcome: Blocking or enhancement caused by the stronger cause.

Baetu, Irina / Baker, A G

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)

2018 Volume 72, Issue 2, Page(s) 238–250

Abstract: Perceptions of the effectiveness of a moderate probabilistic cause are influenced by the presence of stronger alternative causes. One important idea is that this influence occurs because the strong cause renders the weaker one statistically redundant. ... ...

Abstract	Perceptions of the effectiveness of a moderate probabilistic cause are influenced by the presence of stronger alternative causes. One important idea is that this influence occurs because the strong cause renders the weaker one statistically redundant. Alternatively, the causes might be contrasted to each other, so the stronger cause may simply overpower perceptions of the weaker one. Causes may have the same polarity (e.g., two generative/excitatory causes or two preventive/inhibitory causes) or be of opposite polarity (e.g., a generative cause versus a preventive or inhibitory cause). Previously, we found that the presence of a stronger redundant alternative cause of the same polarity reduces causal judgements of the moderate cause (i.e., blocking occurs) but a stronger cause of the opposite polarity enhances judgements of the moderate cause (i.e., enhancement). Experiments 1 and 2 further explored these cue competition effects with redundant and non-redundant alternative causes (i.e., correlated versus independent alternatives). We generally found that blocking and enhancement occur with both redundant and non-redundant alternative causes. This is inconsistent with an information processing view of cue competition that relies on statistical redundancy to account for blocking. Although these results are inconsistent with a redundancy information processing account of cue competition and are consistent with our earlier contrast account, we demonstrate here that a simple associative model can account for the sometimes apparently contradictory effects of cue competition.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Association Learning/physiology ; Cues ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Thinking/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219170-2
ISSN	1747-0226 ; 0033-555X ; 1747-0218
ISSN (online)	1747-0226
ISSN	0033-555X ; 1747-0218
DOI	10.1080/17470218.2017.1338302
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Article ; Online: Mackintosh, pearce-hall and time: An EEG study on Inhibition of return.

Russo, Salvatore / Burns, Nicholas / Baetu, Irina

Biological psychology

2019 Volume 146, Page(s) 107731

Abstract: We investigated whether the temporal dynamics of attention could be used to reconcile exploitative and explorative attentional learning theories. Participants trained on a categorisation task where some stimuli were predictive (P) of the correct response ...

Abstract	We investigated whether the temporal dynamics of attention could be used to reconcile exploitative and explorative attentional learning theories. Participants trained on a categorisation task where some stimuli were predictive (P) of the correct response while others were non-predictive (NP). These stimuli were then used in a dot probe task in which we varied the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the cues and the target. Participants responded faster to the target when it appeared over a P cue at each SOA. The reaction time advantage towards the P cues increased proportionally with SOA, suggesting that participants were strategically processing the cues. Target-elicited N2pc amplitudes at short SOAs suggested that P cues were preferentially processed, consistent with exploitation. However, the amplitudes at a longer SOA suggested that after the P cues were processed, they were inhibited. This inhibition could bias attention towards other currently ambiguous stimuli, consistent with exploration.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Cues ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Inhibition, Psychological ; Learning/physiology ; Male ; Photic Stimulation ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-20
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	185105-6
ISSN	1873-6246 ; 0301-0511
ISSN (online)	1873-6246
ISSN	0301-0511
DOI	10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107731
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Article ; Online: Polymorphisms in dopaminergic genes predict proactive processes of response inhibition.

Beu, Nathan D / Burns, Nicholas R / Baetu, Irina

The European journal of neuroscience

2019 Volume 49, Issue 9, Page(s) 1127–1148

Abstract: The ability to inhibit a prepared emotional or motor action is difficult but critical to everyday functioning. It is well-established that response inhibition relies on the dopaminergic system in the basal ganglia. However, response inhibition is often ... ...

Abstract	The ability to inhibit a prepared emotional or motor action is difficult but critical to everyday functioning. It is well-established that response inhibition relies on the dopaminergic system in the basal ganglia. However, response inhibition is often measured imprecisely due to a process which slows our responses and increases subsequent inhibition success known as proactive inhibition. As the role of the dopamine system in proactive inhibition is unclear, we investigated the contribution of dopaminergic genes to proactive inhibition. We operationalised proactive inhibition as slower responses after failures to inhibit a response in a Go/No-Go paradigm and investigated its relationship to rs686/A at DRD1 (associated with increased gene expression) and rs1800497/T at DRD2 (associated with reduced D2 receptor availability). Even though our sample (N = 264) was relatively young (18-40 years), we found that proactive inhibition improves the ability to withhold erroneous responses in older participants (p = 0.002) and those with lower fluid intelligence scores (p < 0.001), indicating that proactive inhibition is likely a naturally occurring compensatory mechanism. Critically, we found that a polygenic risk score consisting of the number of rs686 A and rs1800497 T alleles predicts higher engagement of proactive inhibition (p = 0.040), even after controlling for age (p = 0.011). Furthermore, age seemed to magnify these genetic effects (p < 0.001). This suggests that the extent to which proactive inhibition is engaged depends on increased dopamine D1 and decreased D2 neurotransmission. These results provide important considerations for future work investigating disorders of the dopaminergic system.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Inhibition, Psychological ; Male ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	DRD1 protein, human ; DRD2 protein, human ; Receptors, Dopamine D1 ; Receptors, Dopamine D2
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-09
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	645180-9
ISSN	1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
ISSN (online)	1460-9568
ISSN	0953-816X
DOI	10.1111/ejn.14323
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Article ; Online: Age-related differences in sequence learning: Findings from two visuo-motor sequence learning tasks.

Urry, Kristi / Burns, Nicholas R / Baetu, Irina

British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)

2018 Volume 109, Issue 4, Page(s) 830–849

Abstract: The Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) is thought to assess implicit learning, which seems to be preserved with age. However, the reaction time (RT) measures employed on implicit-like tasks might be too unreliable to detect individual differences. We ... ...

Abstract	The Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) is thought to assess implicit learning, which seems to be preserved with age. However, the reaction time (RT) measures employed on implicit-like tasks might be too unreliable to detect individual differences. We investigated whether RT-based measures mask age effects by comparing the performance of 43 younger and 35 older adults on SRTT and an explicit-like Predictive Sequence Learning Task (PSLT). RT-based measures (difference scores and a ratio) were collected for both tasks, and accuracy was additionally measured for PSLT. We also measured fluid abilities. The RT-difference scores indicated preserved SRTT and PSLT performance with age and did not correlate with fluid abilities, while ratio RT and the accuracy-based measures indicated age-related decline and correlated with fluid abilities. Therefore, RT-difference scores might mask individual differences, which compromises the interpretation of previous studies using SRTT.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Individuality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Skills/physiology ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Serial Learning/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	220659-6
ISSN	2044-8295
ISSN (online)	2044-8295
DOI	10.1111/bjop.12299
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Article ; Online: Individual differences in anxiety and fear learning: The role of working memory capacity.

Laing, Patrick A F / Burns, Nicholas / Baetu, Irina

Acta psychologica

2018 Volume 193, Page(s) 42–54

Abstract: Anxiety disorders are characterised by the perception of fear and threat in the presence of stimuli that are neutral or ambiguous. Attempts in previous research to explain the relationship between anxiety and fear learning have been inconsistent, ... ...

Abstract	Anxiety disorders are characterised by the perception of fear and threat in the presence of stimuli that are neutral or ambiguous. Attempts in previous research to explain the relationship between anxiety and fear learning have been inconsistent, possibly due to the influence of an unmeasured mechanism that mediates the relationship between them. Working memory capacity has been suggested as one such mechanism. The current study investigated the influence of anxiety-based individual differences upon associative fear learning, while accounting for individual differences in working memory. We hypothesised that individuals high in both anxiety and working memory would show unimpaired fear learning whereas individuals high in anxiety and low in working memory would exhibit dysfunctional fear learning. Sixty participants completed a battery of anxiety and working memory tests, as well as a fear conditioning experiment that tested for blocking, conditioned inhibition and fear discrimination. We found that anxious individuals were more likely to show impaired fear discrimination only if they also had a low working memory capacity. Furthermore, anxiety was particularly associated with poorer learning about safety cues. Such relationships were not observed for blocking and conditioned inhibition. These results suggest that the relationship between anxiety and fear learning is complex and warrants further investigation of the potential mediating role of higher-order cognitive faculties.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Anxiety Disorders/psychology ; Attention/physiology ; Conditioning, Classical/physiology ; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology ; Fear/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Individuality ; Learning/physiology ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-12-24
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1480049-4
ISSN	1873-6297 ; 0001-6918
ISSN (online)	1873-6297
ISSN	0001-6918
DOI	10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.12.006
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Article ; Online: Reinforcement history shapes primary visual cortical responses: An SSVEP study.

Griffiths, Oren / Gwinn, O Scott / Russo, Salvatore / Baetu, Irina / Nicholls, Michael E R

Biological psychology

2020 Volume 158, Page(s) 108004

Abstract: Efficient learning requires allocating limited attentional resources to meaningful stimuli and away from irrelevant stimuli. This prioritization may occur via covert attention, evident in the activity of the visual cortex. We used steady-state visual ... ...

Abstract	Efficient learning requires allocating limited attentional resources to meaningful stimuli and away from irrelevant stimuli. This prioritization may occur via covert attention, evident in the activity of the visual cortex. We used steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) to assess whether associability-driven changes in stimulus processing were evident in visuocortical responses. Participants were trained on a learned-predictiveness protocol, whereby one stimulus on each trial accurately predicted the correct response for that trial, and the other was irrelevant. In a second phase the task was arranged so that all cues were objectively predictive. Participants' overt attention (eye gaze) was affected by each cue's reinforcement history, as was their covert attention (SSVEP responses). These biases persisted into Phase 2 when all stimuli were objectively predictive, thereby demonstrating that learned attentional processes are evident in basic sensory processing, and exert an effect on covert attention above and beyond the effects of overt gaze bias.
MeSH term(s)	Attention ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; Photic Stimulation ; Visual Cortex
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	185105-6
ISSN	1873-6246 ; 0301-0511
ISSN (online)	1873-6246
ISSN	0301-0511
DOI	10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.108004
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Article ; Online: Fluid Abilities and Rule Learning: Patterning and Biconditional Discriminations.

Baetu, Irina / Burns, Nicholas R / Yu, Elsa / Baker, A G

Journal of Intelligence

2018 Volume 6, Issue 1

Abstract: Previous experience with discrimination problems that can only be solved by learning about stimulus configurations enhances performance on new configural discriminations. Some of these effects can be explained by a shift toward increased configural ... ...

Abstract	Previous experience with discrimination problems that can only be solved by learning about stimulus configurations enhances performance on new configural discriminations. Some of these effects can be explained by a shift toward increased configural processing (learning about combinations of cues rather than about individual elements), or by a tendency to generalize a learned rule to a new training set. We investigated whether fluid abilities influence the extent that previous experience with configural discriminations improves performance on subsequent discriminations. In Experiments 1 and 2 we used patterning discriminations that could be solved by applying a simple rule, whereas in Experiment 3 we used biconditional discriminations that could not be solved using a rule. Fluid abilities predicted the improvement on the second training set in all experiments, including Experiment 3 in which rule-based generalization could not explain the improvement on the second discrimination. This supports the idea that fluid abilities contribute to performance by inducing a shift toward configural processing rather than rule-based generalization. However, fluid abilities also predicted performance on a rule-based transfer test in Experiment 2. Taken together, these results suggest that fluid abilities contribute to both a flexible shift toward configural processing and to rule-based generalization.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2721035-2
ISSN	2079-3200 ; 2079-3200
ISSN (online)	2079-3200
ISSN	2079-3200
DOI	10.3390/jintelligence6010007
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