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Article ; Online: Mycotoxins-Imprinted Polymers: A State-of-the-Art Review.

Cavalera, Simone / Anfossi, Laura / Di Nardo, Fabio / Baggiani, Claudio

2024 Volume 16, Issue 1

Abstract: Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of molds which can contaminate food and beverages. Because of their acute and chronic toxicity, they can have harmful effects when ingested or inhaled, posing severe risks to human health. Contemporary analytical methods ... ...

Abstract	Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of molds which can contaminate food and beverages. Because of their acute and chronic toxicity, they can have harmful effects when ingested or inhaled, posing severe risks to human health. Contemporary analytical methods have the sensitivity required for contamination detection and quantification, but the direct application of these methods on real samples is not straightforward because of matrix complexity, and clean-up and preconcentration steps are needed, more and more requiring the application of highly selective solid-phase extraction materials. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificial receptors mimicking the natural antibodies that are increasingly being used as a solid phase in extraction methods where selectivity towards target analytes is mandatory. In this review, the state-of-the-art about molecularly imprinted polymers as solid-phase extraction materials in mycotoxin contamination analysis will be discussed, with particular attention paid to the use of mimic molecules in the synthesis of mycotoxin-imprinted materials, to the application of these materials to food real samples, and to the development of advanced extraction methods involving molecular imprinting technology.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Polymers ; Mycotoxins ; Molecularly Imprinted Polymers ; Antibodies ; Beverages
Chemical Substances	Polymers ; Mycotoxins ; Molecularly Imprinted Polymers ; Antibodies
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-15
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2518395-3
ISSN	2072-6651 ; 2072-6651
ISSN (online)	2072-6651
ISSN	2072-6651
DOI	10.3390/toxins16010047
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: MIP-based immunoassays: A critical review.

Di Nardo, Fabio / Anfossi, Laura / Baggiani, Claudio

Analytica chimica acta

2023 Volume 1277, Page(s) 341547

Abstract: Molecularly imprinted polymers, MIPs, are man-made receptors mimicking the thermodynamic and kinetic binding behaviour of natural antibodies. Therefore, it is not surprising that many researchers have thought about MIPs as artificial receptors in ... ...

Abstract	Molecularly imprinted polymers, MIPs, are man-made receptors mimicking the thermodynamic and kinetic binding behaviour of natural antibodies. Therefore, it is not surprising that many researchers have thought about MIPs as artificial receptors in immunoassay-like analytical applications, where the general machinery of the assay is maintained, but the molecular recognition is no longer assured by an antibody but by an artificial receptor. However, the number of papers devoted explicitly to applications of MIPs in the immunoassay field is quite limited if compared to the huge number of papers covering the multifaceted molecular imprinting technology. For this reason, this critical review wants to give a general view of MIP-based immunoassays, trying to highlight the critical points that have so far prevented a wider application of molecular imprinting technology in the immunoassay field and, possibly, try to suggest strategies to overcome them.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Antibodies ; Biological Assay ; Immunoassay ; Molecular Imprinting ; Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
Chemical Substances	Antibodies ; Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-21
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1483436-4
ISSN	1873-4324 ; 0003-2670
ISSN (online)	1873-4324
ISSN	0003-2670
DOI	10.1016/j.aca.2023.341547
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Article ; Online: The Amount of Cross-Linker Influences Affinity and Selectivity of NanoMIPs Prepared by Solid-Phase Polymerization Synthesis.

Testa, Valentina / Anfossi, Laura / Cavalera, Simone / Di Nardo, Fabio / Serra, Thea / Baggiani, Claudio

Polymers

2024 Volume 16, Issue 4

Abstract: The cross-linker methylene-bis-acrylamide is usually present in nanoMIPs obtained by solid-phase polymerization synthesis at 2 mol% concentration, with very few exceptions. Here, we studied the influence of variable amounts of methylene-bis-acrylamide in ...

Abstract	The cross-linker methylene-bis-acrylamide is usually present in nanoMIPs obtained by solid-phase polymerization synthesis at 2 mol% concentration, with very few exceptions. Here, we studied the influence of variable amounts of methylene-bis-acrylamide in the range between 0 (no cross-linker) and 50 mol% concentration on the binding properties of rabbit IgG nanoMIPs. The binding parameters were determined by equilibrium binding experiments and the results show that the degree of cross-linking defines three distinct types of nanoMIPs: (i) those with a low degree of cross-linking, including nanoMIPs without cross-linker (0-05 mol%), showing a low binding affinity, high density of binding sites, and low selectivity; (ii) nanoMIPs with a medium degree of cross-linking (1-18 mol%), showing higher binding affinity, low density of binding sites, and high selectivity; (iii) nanoMIPs with a high degree of cross-linking (32-50 mol%), characterized by non-specific nanopolymer-ligand interactions, with low binding affinity, high density of binding sites, and no selectivity. In conclusion, the results are particularly relevant in the synthesis of high-affinity, high-selectivity nanoMIPs as they demonstrate that a significant gain in affinity and selectivity could be achieved with pre-polymerization mixtures containing quantities of cross-linker up to 10-20 mol%, well higher than those normally used in this technique.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527146-5
ISSN	2073-4360 ; 2073-4360
ISSN (online)	2073-4360
ISSN	2073-4360
DOI	10.3390/polym16040532
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Article ; Online: Merging Lateral Flow Immunoassay with Electroanalysis as a Novel Sensing Platform: Prostate Specific Antigen Detection as Case of Study.

Miglione, Antonella / Di Nardo, Fabio / Cavalera, Simone / Serra, Thea / Baggiani, Claudio / Cinti, Stefano / Anfossi, Laura

Analytical chemistry

2024 Volume 96, Issue 6, Page(s) 2297–2302

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) strips as the most known point-of-care (POC) devices enabling rapid and easy detection of relevant biomarkers by nonspecialists. However, these diagnostic tests are usually associated with ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) strips as the most known point-of-care (POC) devices enabling rapid and easy detection of relevant biomarkers by nonspecialists. However, these diagnostic tests are usually associated with the qualitative detection of the biomarker of interest. Alternatively, electrochemical-based diagnostics, especially known for diabetes care, enable quantitative determination of biomarkers. From an analytical point perspective, the combination of the two approaches might represent a step forward for the POC world: in fact, electrochemical transduction is attractive to be integrated into LFIA strips due to its simplicity, high sensitivity, fast signal generation, and cost effectiveness. In this work, a LFIA strip has been combined with an electrochemical transduction, yielding an electrochemical LFIA (eLFIA). As a proof-of-concept method, the detection of prostate-specific antigen has been carried out by combining a printed-electrochemical strip with the traditional LFIA tests. The electrochemical detection has been based on the measurement of Au ions produced from the dissolution of the gold nanoparticles previously captured on the test line. The analytical performances obtained at LFIA and eLFIA were compared, highlighting how the use of differential pulse voltammetry allowed for a lower detection limit (2.5-fold), respectively, 0.38 and 0.15 ng/mL, but increasing the time of analysis. Although the correlation between the two architectures confirmed the satisfactory agreement of outputs, this technical note has been thought to provide the reader a fair statement with regard to the strength and drawbacks about combining the two (apparently) competitor devices in a diagnostics field, namely, LFIA and electrochemical strips.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Gold ; Pandemics ; Metal Nanoparticles ; Immunoassay/methods ; Biomarkers ; Limit of Detection
Chemical Substances	Prostate-Specific Antigen (EC 3.4.21.77) ; Gold (7440-57-5) ; Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1508-8
ISSN	1520-6882 ; 0003-2700
ISSN (online)	1520-6882
ISSN	0003-2700
DOI	10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04078
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Article: Rabbit IgG-imprinted nanoMIPs by solid phase synthesis: the effect of cross-linkers on their affinity and selectivity

Chiarello, Matteo / Anfossi, Laura / Cavalera, Simone / Di Nardo, Fabio / Serra, Thea / Sordello, Fabrizio / Baggiani, Claudio

Journal of materials chemistry B. 2022 Sept. 15, v. 10, no. 35

2022

Abstract: Solid phase synthesis (SPS) of molecularly imprinted nanopolymers (nanoMIPs) represents an innovative method to prepare nanomaterials with tailor-made molecular recognition properties towards peptides and proteins. The synthesis of nanoMIPs by SPS ... ...

Abstract	Solid phase synthesis (SPS) of molecularly imprinted nanopolymers (nanoMIPs) represents an innovative method to prepare nanomaterials with tailor-made molecular recognition properties towards peptides and proteins. The synthesis of nanoMIPs by SPS usually involves a pre-polymerization formulation, where the cross-linker is invariably N,N′-methylen-bis-acrylamide (BIS). To date, the effect of cross-linkers on the binding properties of nanoMIPs prepared using cross-linkers other than BIS has never been reported. In this work, in order to investigate the effect of different cross-linkers in protein-imprinted nanoMIPs prepared by SPS, alongside BIS we considered other similar cross-linkers: N,N′-ethylene dimethacrylamide (EDAM), N,O-bis-methacryloylethanolamine (NOBE), ethylene glycol dimethacrilate (EDMA) and glycerol dimethacrylate (GDMA), replacing BIS with them in pre-polymerization mixtures. The synthetized nanoMIPs were homogeneous, with a polydispersity index of 0.24–0.30 and a mean diameter of 129–169 nm in water. The binding properties of the nanoMIPs were measured via equilibrium partition experiments with the template, rabbit IgG (RIgG), and the selectivity was evaluated with respect to bovine IgG (BIgG), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and hen egg lysozyme (LZM). The experimental results show that all the cross-linkers, with the exception of EDMA, endowed nanoMIPs with high binding affinities for the template (BIS: 16.0 × 10⁶ mol⁻¹ L, EDAM: 8.8 × 10⁶ mol⁻¹ L, NOBE: 15.8 × 10⁶ mol⁻¹ L, and GDMA: 12.8 × 10⁶ mol⁻¹ L), medium to high imprinting factors (BIS: 12.3, EDAM: 5.5, NOBE: 7.2, and GDMA: 11.6) and good selectivity towards other proteins but markedly dependent on the structure of the cross-linker, confirming the importance of the latter in the SPS of imprinted nanopolymers.
Keywords	bovine serum albumin ; cattle ; chemistry ; eggs ; ethylene glycol ; glycerol ; hens ; lysozyme ; nanomaterials ; peptides ; rabbits
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0915
Size	p. 6724-6731.
Publishing place	The Royal Society of Chemistry
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2702241-9
ISSN	2050-7518 ; 2050-750X
ISSN (online)	2050-7518
ISSN	2050-750X
DOI	10.1039/d2tb00245k
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: A semi-quantitative visual lateral flow immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection for the follow-up of immune response to vaccination or recovery.

Cavalera, Simone / Di Nardo, Fabio / Serra, Thea / Testa, Valentina / Baggiani, Claudio / Rosati, Sergio / Colitti, Barbara / Brienza, Ludovica / Colasanto, Irene / Nogarol, Chiara / Cosseddu, Domenico / Guiotto, Cristina / Anfossi, Laura

Journal of materials chemistry. B

2024 Volume 12, Issue 8, Page(s) 2139–2149

Abstract: The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) technique is largely employed for the point-of-care detection of antibodies especially for revealing the immune response in serum. Visual LFIAs usually provide the qualitative yes/no detection of antibodies, while ... ...

Abstract	The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) technique is largely employed for the point-of-care detection of antibodies especially for revealing the immune response in serum. Visual LFIAs usually provide the qualitative yes/no detection of antibodies, while quantification requires some equipment, making the assay more expensive and complicated. To achieve visual semi-quantification, the alignment of several lines (made of the same antigen) along a LFIA strip has been proposed. The numbering of the reacting lines has been used to correlate with the quantity of some biomarkers in serum. Here, we designed the first semiquantitative LFIA for detecting antibodies and applied it to classify the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 raised by vaccination or natural infection. We used a recombinant spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) as the specific capture reagent to draw two test lines. The detection reagent was selected among three possible ligands that are able to bind to anti-spike human antibodies: the same RBD, staphylococcal protein A, and anti-human immunoglobulin G antibodies. The most convenient detector, adsorbed on gold nanoparticles, was chosen based on the highest correlation with an antibody titre of 171 human sera, measured by a reference serological method, and was the RBD (Spearman's rho = 0.84). Incorporated into the semiquantitative LFIA, it confirmed the ability to discriminate high- and low-titre samples and to classify them into two classes (Dunn's test,
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gold ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; Metal Nanoparticles ; Immunoassay ; Vaccination ; Antibodies ; Immunity
Chemical Substances	Gold (7440-57-5) ; Antibodies
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2702241-9
ISSN	2050-7518 ; 2050-750X
ISSN (online)	2050-7518
ISSN	2050-750X
DOI	10.1039/d3tb02895j
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Article ; Online: Ten Years of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique Applications: Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives.

Di Nardo, Fabio / Chiarello, Matteo / Cavalera, Simone / Baggiani, Claudio / Anfossi, Laura

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 21, Issue 15

Abstract: The Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is by far one of the most successful analytical platforms to perform the on-site detection of target substances. LFIA can be considered as a sort of lab-in-a-hand and, together with other point-of-need tests, has ... ...

Abstract	The Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is by far one of the most successful analytical platforms to perform the on-site detection of target substances. LFIA can be considered as a sort of lab-in-a-hand and, together with other point-of-need tests, has represented a paradigm shift from sample-to-lab to lab-to-sample aiming to improve decision making and turnaround time. The features of LFIAs made them a very attractive tool in clinical diagnostic where they can improve patient care by enabling more prompt diagnosis and treatment decisions. The rapidity, simplicity, relative cost-effectiveness, and the possibility to be used by nonskilled personnel contributed to the wide acceptance of LFIAs. As a consequence, from the detection of molecules, organisms, and (bio)markers for clinical purposes, the LFIA application has been rapidly extended to other fields, including food and feed safety, veterinary medicine, environmental control, and many others. This review aims to provide readers with a 10-years overview of applications, outlining the trends for the main application fields and the relative compounded annual growth rates. Moreover, future perspectives and challenges are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Biomarkers ; Hand ; Humans ; Immunoassay ; Immunologic Tests
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2052857-7
ISSN	1424-8220 ; 1424-8220
ISSN (online)	1424-8220
ISSN	1424-8220
DOI	10.3390/s21155185
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Article: Stoichiometric molecular imprinting using polymerisable urea and squaramide receptors for the solid phase extraction of organo-arsenic compound roxarsone

Cavalera, Simone / Di Nardo, Fabio / Spano, Giulia / Anfossi, Laura / Manesiotis, Panagiotis / Baggiani, Claudio

Analytical methods. 2020 Dec. 17, v. 12, no. 47

2020

Abstract: The design, preparation and evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymers for roxarsone (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylarsonic acid), an organo-arsenic swine and poultry feed additive, using bi-substituted ureas and squaramide receptors as the functional ... ...

Abstract	The design, preparation and evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymers for roxarsone (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylarsonic acid), an organo-arsenic swine and poultry feed additive, using bi-substituted ureas and squaramide receptors as the functional monomers, are demonstrated. Pre-polymerisation studies of the template–monomer complexation performed by ¹H NMR experiments show that squaramide-based monomers provide association equilibrium constant values higher than urea-based monomers. Equilibrium rebinding experiments in methanol show that two squaramide-based materials have good molecular recognition properties towards roxarsone, with high affinity (Kₑq = 16.85 × 10³ L mol⁻¹ and 14.65 × 10³ L mol⁻¹, respectively), high imprinting factors (4.73 and 3.64 respectively) and good selectivity towards two roxarsone-related compounds, acetarsone (3-acetamido-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) and nitarsone (4-nitrophenylarsonic acid). Polymer MIP-SQ2 was successfully used to setup an experimental protocol for the direct solid phase extraction of roxarsone from surface water samples. The method gives clean HPLC traces, with recoveries between 91% and 95% at concentration levels of 5.0, 10, and 25 mg L⁻¹. Sample preconcentration with good recoveries between 87% and 97%, are shown, confirming that it is possible to employ the developed materials to measure roxarsone down to 1 μg L⁻¹ in water samples.
Keywords	feed additives ; methanol ; molecular imprinting ; polymers ; poultry feed ; roxarsone ; solid phase extraction ; stoichiometry ; surface water ; swine ; urea
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-1217
Size	p. 5729-5736.
Publishing place	The Royal Society of Chemistry
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2515210-5
ISSN	1759-9679 ; 1759-9660
ISSN (online)	1759-9679
ISSN	1759-9660
DOI	10.1039/d0ay01635g
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Effect of Surfactants on the Binding Properties of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer.

Testa, Valentina / Anfossi, Laura / Cavalera, Simone / Chiarello, Matteo / Di Nardo, Fabio / Serra, Thea / Baggiani, Claudio

Polymers

2022 Volume 14, Issue 23

Abstract: In molecularly imprinted polymers, non-specific interactions are generally based on weak forces between the polymer surface and the sample matrix. Thus, additives able to interfere with such interactions should be able to significantly reduce any non- ... ...

Abstract	In molecularly imprinted polymers, non-specific interactions are generally based on weak forces between the polymer surface and the sample matrix. Thus, additives able to interfere with such interactions should be able to significantly reduce any non-specific binding effect. Surfactants represent an interesting class of substances as they are cheap and easily available. Here, we present a study of the effect of three surfactants (the anionic sodium dodecylsulphate, SDS, the cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and the non-ionic polyoxyethylene-(20)-sorbitan monolaurate Tween 20) on the binding affinity of a 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)-imprinted polymer for the template and its analogue 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The experimental results indicate that increasing amounts of surfactant decrease the binding affinity for the ligands strongly for the ionic ones, and more weakly for the non-ionic one. This effect is general, as it occurs for both 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D and for both the imprinted and the not-imprinted polymers. It also proves that the magnitude of this effect mainly depends on the presence or absence of an ionic charge, and that the hydrophobic "tail" of surfactants plays only a minor role.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527146-5
ISSN	2073-4360 ; 2073-4360
ISSN (online)	2073-4360
ISSN	2073-4360
DOI	10.3390/polym14235210
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Article ; Online: Rabbit IgG-imprinted nanoMIPs by solid phase synthesis: the effect of cross-linkers on their affinity and selectivity.

Chiarello, Matteo / Anfossi, Laura / Cavalera, Simone / Di Nardo, Fabio / Serra, Thea / Sordello, Fabrizio / Baggiani, Claudio

Journal of materials chemistry. B

2022 Volume 10, Issue 35, Page(s) 6724–6731

Abstract	Solid phase synthesis (SPS) of molecularly imprinted nanopolymers (nanoMIPs) represents an innovative method to prepare nanomaterials with tailor-made molecular recognition properties towards peptides and proteins. The synthesis of nanoMIPs by SPS usually involves a pre-polymerization formulation, where the cross-linker is invariably
MeSH term(s)	Acrylamides ; Animals ; Ethylene Glycols ; Ethylenes ; Glycerol ; Immunoglobulin G ; Molecular Imprinting/methods ; Polymers/chemistry ; Rabbits ; Serum Albumin, Bovine ; Water
Chemical Substances	Acrylamides ; Ethylene Glycols ; Ethylenes ; Immunoglobulin G ; Polymers ; Water (059QF0KO0R) ; Serum Albumin, Bovine (27432CM55Q) ; Glycerol (PDC6A3C0OX)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2702241-9
ISSN	2050-7518 ; 2050-750X
ISSN (online)	2050-7518
ISSN	2050-750X
DOI	10.1039/d2tb00245k
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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