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Article ; Online: Epidemia de obesidad: evidencia actual, desafíos y direcciones futuras.

Pou, Sonia A / Wirtz Baker, Julia M / Aballay, Laura R

2023 Volume 83, Issue 2, Page(s) 283–289

Abstract: The obesity epidemic is a phenomenon that has been widely studied in recent decades but is still incompletely understood, and its control is far from the desirable level in view of the increasing prevalence figures observed worldwide. This paper conducts ...

Title translation	Obesity epidemic: current evidence, challenges and future directions.
Abstract	The obesity epidemic is a phenomenon that has been widely studied in recent decades but is still incompletely understood, and its control is far from the desirable level in view of the increasing prevalence figures observed worldwide. This paper conducts a narrative review with the aim of providing updated evidence on the global obesity epidemic, and particularly on the situation in Latin America and Argentina, identifying the main challenges and future directions for addressing this public health problem. It first describes the current burden and increasing trends in the prevalence of obesity, in the overall population and by population groups, and its possible association with genetic and epigenetic aspects. It also summarizes the direct and indirect socioeconomic consequences of this epidemic, as well as recent strategies and initiatives focused on obesity prevention, with special attention to those reported as the most efficient in the Latin American context. This review identified some pending challenges in the region, the integrated approach to the double burden of malnutrition and the growing childhood overweight; and it points out some emerging approaches, such as the syndemic approach, as potentially useful to understand and address this complex problem in the current context. In conclusion, it highlights the importance of implementing renewed, more efficient and evidence-based strategies to control the growing prevalence of obesity, which would also impact on the burden of related chronic diseases, and thus on the economy and well-being of Latin American societies.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Malnutrition ; Latin America/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Public Health
Language	Spanish
Publishing date	2023-04-24
Publishing country	Argentina
Document type	English Abstract ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	411586-7
ISSN	1669-9106 ; 0025-7680 ; 0325-951X
ISSN (online)	1669-9106
ISSN	0025-7680 ; 0325-951X
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Article ; Online: Wading Into the Morass: Natural Immunity to Enteropathogens.

Lopman, Benjamin A / Baker, Julia M

The Journal of infectious diseases

2020 Volume 222, Issue 11, Page(s) 1764–1767

MeSH term(s)	Diarrhea ; Feces ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Intestine, Small
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Comment
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1093/infdis/jiaa033
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Article ; Online: Deaths Associated with Pediatric Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology, United States, October 2021-June 2023.

Almendares, Olivia / Baker, Julia M / Sugerman, David E / Parashar, Umesh D / Reagan-Steiner, Sarah / Kirking, Hannah L / Gastañaduy, Paul A / Tate, Jacqueline E

Emerging infectious diseases

2024 Volume 30, Issue 4

Abstract: During October 2021-June 2023, a total of 392 cases of acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children in the United States were reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as part of national surveillance. We describe demographic and clinical ...

Abstract	During October 2021-June 2023, a total of 392 cases of acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children in the United States were reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as part of national surveillance. We describe demographic and clinical characteristics, including potential involvement of adenovirus in development of acute hepatitis, of 8 fatally ill children who met reporting criteria. The children had diverse courses of illness. Two children were immunocompromised when initially brought for care. Four children tested positive for adenovirus in multiple specimen types, including 2 for whom typing was completed. One adenovirus-positive child had no known underlying conditions, supporting a potential relationship between adenovirus and acute hepatitis in previously healthy children. Our findings emphasize the importance of continued investigation to determine the mechanism of liver injury and appropriate treatment. Testing for adenovirus in similar cases could elucidate the role of the virus.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis A/epidemiology ; Viruses ; Acute Disease
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1380686-5
ISSN	1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
ISSN (online)	1080-6059
ISSN	1080-6040
DOI	10.3201/eid3004.231140
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Article ; Online: Clinical Implications of Multiplex Pathogen Panels for the Diagnosis of Acute Viral Gastroenteritis.

Wilber, Eli / Baker, Julia M / Rebolledo, Paulina A

Journal of clinical microbiology

2021 Volume 59, Issue 8, Page(s) e0151319

Abstract: Acute gastroenteritis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both high- and low-resource settings. The development of nucleic acid-based testing has demonstrated that viruses are a common, yet often undetected, cause of acute ... ...

Abstract	Acute gastroenteritis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both high- and low-resource settings. The development of nucleic acid-based testing has demonstrated that viruses are a common, yet often undetected, cause of acute gastroenteritis. The development of multiplex pathogen PCR panels makes it possible to detect these viral pathogens with greater sensitivity and rapidity than with previous methods. At present, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of these panels for the average patient with acute gastroenteritis. However, there are specific scenarios and patient populations, such as epidemiology/outbreak surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and the care of immunocompromised patients, where these tests could be clinically useful today. Further research on the effect of these syndromic panels on provider antibiotic prescribing behavior and patient length of stay will be necessary to know their ultimate role in clinical practice.
MeSH term(s)	Antimicrobial Stewardship ; Enteritis ; Feces ; Gastroenteritis/diagnosis ; Humans ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Viruses/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	390499-4
ISSN	1098-660X ; 0095-1137
ISSN (online)	1098-660X
ISSN	0095-1137
DOI	10.1128/JCM.01513-19
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Article ; Online: Rotavirus vaccination takes seasonal signature of childhood diarrhea back to pre-sanitation era in Brazil.

Baker, Julia M / Alonso, Wladimir J

The Journal of infection

2017 Volume 76, Issue 1, Page(s) 68–77

Abstract: Objectives: This study aimed to examine the previously unknown long-term spatio-temporal patterns in diarrheal morbidity and mortality across age groups and geography in Brazil under the light of evolving socioeconomic factors and interventions.: ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: This study aimed to examine the previously unknown long-term spatio-temporal patterns in diarrheal morbidity and mortality across age groups and geography in Brazil under the light of evolving socioeconomic factors and interventions. Methods: Nationwide mortality (1979-2014) and hospitalization (1998-2014) data were obtained from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Analyses of long-term secular trends and seasonality of diarrheal morbidity and mortality were performed in EPIPOI (www.epipoi.info). Results: For most states, the primary peak in mortality risk among children under 5 years occurred from December-April (summer/early autumn) from 1979-1988. From 2000-2005 (before the 2006 implementation of rotavirus vaccination), the pattern switched to June-October (winter/early spring). By 2007-2014, the peak in mortality shifted back towards summer/early autumn. A similar pattern was observed for hospitalizations. These patterns were particularly apparent in non-equatorial regions of the country. In contrast, the risk of diarrhea-related death among older children (5-19 years) did not demonstrate well-defined seasonality or spatial patterns. Conclusions: Rotavirus vaccination policies were associated with a shift in the timing of seasonal peaks in children under 5, reminiscent of the summer diarrhea period common decades prior. Additionally, young children were shown to have distinct disease patterns compared to other age groups, suggesting different etiologies.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea/epidemiology ; Diarrhea/mortality ; Diarrhea/virology ; Diarrhea, Infantile/epidemiology ; Diarrhea, Infantile/mortality ; Diarrhea, Infantile/virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Risk Assessment ; Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Rotavirus Infections/mortality ; Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Seasons ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Rotavirus Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-10-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	424417-5
ISSN	1532-2742 ; 0163-4453
ISSN (online)	1532-2742
ISSN	0163-4453
DOI	10.1016/j.jinf.2017.10.001
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Article: Association Between Rotavirus Vaccination and Antibiotic Prescribing Among Commercially Insured US Children, 2007-2018.

Hall, Eric W / Tippett, Ashley / Fridkin, Scott / Anderson, Evan J / Lopman, Ben / Benkeser, David / Baker, Julia M

Open forum infectious diseases

2022 Volume 9, Issue 7, Page(s) ofac276

Abstract: Background: Vaccines may play a role in controlling the spread of antibiotic resistance. However, it is unknown if rotavirus vaccination affects antibiotic use in the United States (US).: Methods: Using data from the IBM MarketScan Commercial ... ...

Abstract	Background: Vaccines may play a role in controlling the spread of antibiotic resistance. However, it is unknown if rotavirus vaccination affects antibiotic use in the United States (US). Methods: Using data from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database, we conducted a retrospective cohort of US children born between 2007 and 2018 who were continuously enrolled for the first 8 months of life (N = 2 136 136). We followed children through 5 years of age and compared children who completed a full rotavirus vaccination series by 8 months of age to children who had not received any doses of rotavirus vaccination. We evaluated antibiotic prescriptions associated with an acute gastroenteritis (AGE) diagnosis and defined the switching of antibiotics as the prescription of a second, different antibiotic within 28 days. Using a stratified Kaplan-Meier approach, we estimated the cumulative incidence for each study group, adjusted for receipt of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, provider type, and urban/rural status. Results: Overall, 0.8% (n = 17 318) of participants received an antibiotic prescription following an AGE diagnosis. The 5-year adjusted relative cumulative incidence of antibiotic prescription following an AGE diagnosis was 0.793 (95% confidence interval [CI], .761-.827) among children with complete rotavirus vaccination compared to children without rotavirus vaccination. Additionally, children with complete vaccination were less likely to switch antibiotics (0.808 [95% CI, .743-.887]). Rotavirus vaccination has averted an estimated 67 045 (95% CI, 53 729-80 664) antibiotic prescriptions nationally among children born between 2007 and 2018. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that rotavirus vaccines reduce antibiotic prescribing for AGE, which could help reduce the growth of antibiotic resistance.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2757767-3
ISSN	2328-8957
ISSN	2328-8957
DOI	10.1093/ofid/ofac276
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Article ; Online: Primary and Secondary Attack Rates by Vaccination Status after a SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant Outbreak at a Youth Summer Camp-Texas, June 2021.

Baker, Julia M / Shah, Melisa M / O'Hegarty, Michelle / Pomeroy, Mary / Keiser, Philip / Ren, Ping / Weaver, Scott C / Maknojia, Sara / Machado, Rafael R G / Mitchell, Brooke M / McConnell, Allan / Tate, Jacqueline E / Kirking, Hannah L

Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

2023 Volume 11, Issue 12, Page(s) 550–556

Abstract: Children are capable of initiating COVID-19 transmission into households, but many questions remain about the impact of vaccination on transmission. Data from a COVID-19 Delta variant outbreak at an overnight camp in Texas during June 23-27, 2021, were ... ...

Abstract	Children are capable of initiating COVID-19 transmission into households, but many questions remain about the impact of vaccination on transmission. Data from a COVID-19 Delta variant outbreak at an overnight camp in Texas during June 23-27, 2021, were analyzed. The camp had 451 attendees, including 364 youths aged < 18 years and 87 adults. Detailed interviews were conducted with 92 (20.4%) of consenting attendees and 117 household members of interviewed attendees with COVID-19. Among 450 attendees with known case status, the attack rate was 41%, including 42% among youths; attack rates were lower among vaccinated (13%) than among unvaccinated youths (48%). The secondary attack rate was 51% among 115 household contacts of 55 interviewed index patients. Secondary infections occurred in 67% of unvaccinated household members and 33% of fully or partially vaccinated household members. Analyses suggested that household member vaccination and camp attendee masking at home protected against household transmission.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Aged ; Incidence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Texas/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Disease Outbreaks ; Vaccination
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2668791-4
ISSN	2048-7207 ; 2048-7193
ISSN (online)	2048-7207
ISSN	2048-7193
DOI	10.1093/jpids/piac086
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Article ; Online: Effects of the rotavirus vaccine program across age groups in the United States: analysis of national claims data, 2001-2016.

Baker, Julia M / Dahl, Rebecca M / Cubilo, Justin / Parashar, Umesh D / Lopman, Benjamin A

BMC infectious diseases

2019 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 186

Abstract: Background: The direct effectiveness of infant rotavirus vaccination implemented in 2006 in the United States has been evaluated extensively, however, understanding of population-level vaccine effectiveness (VE) is still incomplete.: Methods: We ... ...

Abstract	Background: The direct effectiveness of infant rotavirus vaccination implemented in 2006 in the United States has been evaluated extensively, however, understanding of population-level vaccine effectiveness (VE) is still incomplete. Methods: We analyzed time series data on rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and all-cause acute gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalization rates in the United States from the MarketScan® Research Databases for July 2001-June 2016. Individuals were grouped into ages 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-24, 25-44, and 45-64 years. Negative binomial regression models were fitted to monthly RVGE and AGE data to estimate the direct, indirect, overall, and total VE. Results: A total of 9211 RVGE and 726,528 AGE hospitalizations were analyzed. Children 0-4 years of age had the largest declines in RVGE hospitalizations with direct VE of 87% (95% CI: 83, 90%). Substantial indirect effects were observed across age groups and generally declined in each older group. Overall VE against RVGE hospitalizations for all ages combined was 69% (95% CI: 62, 76%). Total VE was highest among young children; a vaccinated child in the post-vaccine era has a 95% reduced risk of RVGE hospitalization compared to a child in the pre-vaccine era. We observed higher direct VE in odd post-vaccine years and an opposite pattern for indirect VE. Conclusions: Vaccine benefits extended to unvaccinated individuals in all age groups, suggesting infants are important drivers of disease transmission across the population. Imperfect disease classification and changing disease incidence may lead to bias in observed direct VE. Trial registration: Not applicable.
MeSH term(s)	Administrative Claims, Healthcare/statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Databases, Factual ; Female ; Gastroenteritis/epidemiology ; Gastroenteritis/prevention & control ; Gastroenteritis/therapy ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Reduction Behavior ; Rotavirus/immunology ; Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Rotavirus Infections/therapy ; Rotavirus Vaccines/therapeutic use ; United States/epidemiology ; Vaccination/methods ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Rotavirus Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1471-2334
ISSN (online)	1471-2334
DOI	10.1186/s12879-019-3816-7
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Article ; Online: Antirotavirus IgA seroconversion rates in children who receive concomitant oral poliovirus vaccine: A secondary, pooled analysis of Phase II and III trial data from 33 countries.

Baker, Julia M / Tate, Jacqueline E / Leon, Juan / Haber, Michael J / Lopman, Benjamin A

PLoS medicine

2019 Volume 16, Issue 12, Page(s) e1003005

Abstract: Background: Despite the success of rotavirus vaccines over the last decade, rotavirus remains a leading cause of severe diarrheal disease among young children. Further progress in reducing the burden of disease is inhibited, in part, by vaccine ... ...

Abstract	Background: Despite the success of rotavirus vaccines over the last decade, rotavirus remains a leading cause of severe diarrheal disease among young children. Further progress in reducing the burden of disease is inhibited, in part, by vaccine underperformance in certain settings. Early trials suggested that oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), when administered concomitantly with rotavirus vaccine, reduces rotavirus seroconversion rates after the first rotavirus dose with modest or nonsignificant interference after completion of the full rotavirus vaccine course. Our study aimed to identify a range of individual-level characteristics, including concomitant receipt of OPV, that affect rotavirus vaccine immunogenicity in high- and low-child-mortality settings, controlling for individual- and country-level factors. Our central hypothesis was that OPV administered concomitantly with rotavirus vaccine reduced rotavirus vaccine immunogenicity. Methods and findings: Pooled, individual-level data from GlaxoSmithKline's Phase II and III clinical trials of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1), Rotarix, were analyzed, including 7,280 vaccinated infants (5-17 weeks of age at first vaccine dose) from 22 trials and 33 countries/territories (5 countries/territories with high, 13 with moderately low, and 15 with very low child mortality). Two standard markers for immune response were examined including antirotavirus immunoglobulin A (IgA) seroconversion (defined as the appearance of serum antirotavirus IgA antibodies in subjects initially seronegative) and serum antirotavirus IgA titer, both collected approximately 4-12 weeks after administration of the last rotavirus vaccine dose. Mixed-effect logistic regression and mixed-effect linear regression of log-transformed data were used to identify individual- and country-level predictors of seroconversion (dichotomous) and antibody titer (continuous), respectively. Infants in high-child-mortality settings had lower odds of seroconverting compared with infants in low-child-mortality settings (odds ratio [OR] = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43-0.53, p < 0.001). Similarly, among those who seroconverted, infants in high-child-mortality settings had lower IgA titers compared with infants in low-child-mortality settings (mean difference [β] = 0.83, 95% CI 0.77-0.90, p < 0.001). Infants who received OPV concomitantly with both their first and their second doses of rotavirus vaccine had 0.63 times the odds of seroconverting (OR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.47-0.84, p = 0.002) compared with infants who received OPV but not concomitantly with either dose. In contrast, among infants who seroconverted, OPV concomitantly administered with both the first and second rotavirus vaccine doses was found to be positively associated with antirotavirus IgA titer (β = 1.28, 95% CI 1.07-1.53, p = 0.009). Our findings may have some limitations in terms of generalizability to routine use of rotavirus vaccine because the analysis was limited to healthy infants receiving RV1 in clinical trial settings. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that OPV given concomitantly with RV1 was a substantial contributor to reduced antirotavirus IgA seroconversion, and this interference was apparent after the second vaccine dose of RV1, as with the original clinical trials that our reanalysis is based on. However, our findings do suggest that the forthcoming withdrawal of OPV from the infant immunization schedule globally has the potential to improve RV1 performance.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization Schedule ; Immunoglobulin A/blood ; Infant ; Male ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/administration & dosage ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/therapeutic use ; Rotavirus/drug effects ; Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Seroconversion/drug effects ; Treatment Outcome
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin A ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Clinical Trial, Phase II ; Clinical Trial, Phase III ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2185925-5
ISSN	1549-1676 ; 1549-1277
ISSN (online)	1549-1676
ISSN	1549-1277
DOI	10.1371/journal.pmed.1003005
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Article ; Online: Driver licensing and motor vehicle crash rates among young adults with amblyopia and unilateral vision impairment.

Baker, Julia M / Drews-Botsch, Carolyn / Pfeiffer, Melissa R / Curry, Allison E

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

2019 Volume 23, Issue 4, Page(s) 230–232

Abstract: This retrospective cohort study investigated whether unilateral vision impairment (UVI) or amblyopia are associated with driver licensing and crash risk among young adults. Electronic health records for New Jersey residents who were patients with the ... ...

Abstract	This retrospective cohort study investigated whether unilateral vision impairment (UVI) or amblyopia are associated with driver licensing and crash risk among young adults. Electronic health records for New Jersey residents who were patients with the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's healthcare network were linked to statewide driver licensing and crash data. We compared young adults with a diagnosis of UVI and/or amblyopia to peers without such a diagnosis. Young adults with UVI or amblyopia were less likely to acquire a driver's license than those without these conditions. However, among licensed drivers, the risk of a police-reported crash was similar in all three groups.
MeSH term(s)	Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Amblyopia/diagnosis ; Amblyopia/epidemiology ; Amblyopia/physiopathology ; Automobile Driving/legislation & jurisprudence ; Blindness/diagnosis ; Blindness/epidemiology ; Blindness/physiopathology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Licensure/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Motor Vehicles/statistics & numerical data ; Retrospective Studies ; United States/epidemiology ; Visual Acuity ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1412476-2
ISSN	1528-3933 ; 1091-8531
ISSN (online)	1528-3933
ISSN	1091-8531
DOI	10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.01.009
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