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  1. Article ; Online: The End of Step 2 CS Should Be the Beginning of a New Approach to Clinical Skills Assessment.

    Baker, Timothy K

    Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges

    2021  Volume 96, Issue 9, Page(s) 1239–1241

    Abstract: The discontinuation of the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic marked the end of a decades-long debate about the utility and value of the exam. For all its controversy, the ... ...

    Abstract The discontinuation of the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic marked the end of a decades-long debate about the utility and value of the exam. For all its controversy, the implementation of Step 2 CS in 2004 brought about profound changes to the landscape of medical education, altering the curriculum and assessment practices of medical schools to ensure students were prepared to take and pass this licensing exam. Its elimination, while celebrated by some, is not without potential negative consequences. As the responsibility for assessing students' clinical skills shifts back to medical schools, educators must take care not to lose the ground they have gained in advancing clinical skills education. Instead, they need to innovate, collaborate, and share resources; hold themselves accountable; and ultimately rise to the challenge of ensuring that physicians have the necessary clinical skills to safely and effectively practice medicine.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/prevention & control ; Clinical Competence/standards ; Education, Medical, Undergraduate/standards ; Education, Medical, Undergraduate/trends ; Educational Measurement/methods ; Educational Measurement/standards ; Humans ; Licensure, Medical/standards ; Licensure, Medical/trends ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 96192-9
    ISSN 1938-808X ; 1040-2446
    ISSN (online) 1938-808X
    ISSN 1040-2446
    DOI 10.1097/ACM.0000000000004187
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  2. Article ; Online: A special issue dedicated to the scientific career of Paul Vouros.

    Baker, Timothy R

    Mass spectrometry reviews

    2019  Volume 39, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 3–5

    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-03-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial ; Introductory Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1491946-1
    ISSN 1098-2787 ; 0277-7037
    ISSN (online) 1098-2787
    ISSN 0277-7037
    DOI 10.1002/mas.21594
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  3. Article ; Online: Economic Evaluation of Enhanced vs Standard Varenicline Treatment for Tobacco Cessation.

    Mundt, Marlon P / Stein, James H / Fiore, Michael C / Baker, Timothy B

    JAMA network open

    2024  Volume 7, Issue 4, Page(s) e248727

    Abstract: Importance: Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death and illness in the US. Identifying cost-effective smoking cessation treatment may increase the likelihood that health systems deliver such treatment to their patients who smoke.: Objective!# ...

    Abstract Importance: Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death and illness in the US. Identifying cost-effective smoking cessation treatment may increase the likelihood that health systems deliver such treatment to their patients who smoke.
    Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of standard vs enhanced varenicline use (extended varenicline treatment or varenicline in combination with nicotine replacement therapy) among individuals trying to quit smoking.
    Design, setting, and participants: This economic evaluation assesses the Quitting Using Intensive Treatments Study (QUITS), which randomized 1251 study participants who smoked into 4 conditions: (1) 12-week varenicline monotherapy (n = 315); (2) 24-week varenicline monotherapy (n = 311); (3) 12-week varenicline combination treatment with nicotine replacement therapy patch (n = 314); or (4) 24-week varenicline combination treatment with nicotine replacement therapy patch (n = 311). Study enrollment occurred in Madison and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, between November 11, 2017, and July 2, 2020. Statistical analysis took place from May to October 2023.
    Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcome was 7-day point prevalence abstinence (biochemically confirmed with exhaled carbon monoxide level ≤5 ppm) at 52 weeks. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), or cost per additional person who quit smoking, was calculated using decision tree analysis based on abstinence and cost for each arm of the trial.
    Results: Of the 1251 participants, mean (SD) age was 49.1 (11.9) years, 675 (54.0%) were women, and 881 (70.4%) completed the 52-week follow-up. Tobacco cessation at 52 weeks was 25.1% (79 of 315) for 12-week monotherapy, 24.4% (76 of 311) for 24-week monotherapy, 23.6% (74 of 314) for 12-week combination therapy, and 25.1% (78 of 311) for 24-week combination therapy, respectively. The total mean (SD) cost was $1175 ($365) for 12-week monotherapy, $1374 ($412) for 12-week combination therapy, $2022 ($813) for 24-week monotherapy, and $2118 ($1058) for 24-week combination therapy. The ICER for 12-week varenicline monotherapy was $4681 per individual who quit smoking and $4579 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) added. The ICER for 24-week varenicline combination therapy relative to 12-week monotherapy was $92 000 000 per additional individual who quit smoking and $90 000 000 (95% CI, $15 703 to dominated or more costly and less efficacious) per additional QALY.
    Conclusions and relevance: This economic evaluation of standard vs enhanced varenicline treatment for smoking cessation suggests that 12-week varenicline monotherapy was the most cost-effective treatment option at the commonly cited threshold of $100 000/QALY. This study provides patients, health care professionals, and other stakeholders with increased understanding of the health and economic impact of more intensive varenicline treatment options.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Varenicline/therapeutic use ; Female ; Male ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Smoking Cessation/methods ; Smoking Cessation/economics ; Smoking Cessation Agents/therapeutic use ; Tobacco Use Cessation Devices/economics ; Tobacco Use Cessation/methods ; Tobacco Use Cessation/economics
    Chemical Substances Varenicline (W6HS99O8ZO) ; Smoking Cessation Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Randomized Controlled Trial
    ISSN 2574-3805
    ISSN (online) 2574-3805
    DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.8727
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  4. Article ; Online: Combined Varenicline With Nicotine Patch and Extended Duration of Therapy for Smoking Cessation-Reply.

    Baker, Timothy B / Fiore, Michael C

    JAMA

    2021  Volume 327, Issue 4, Page(s) 391–392

    MeSH term(s) Duration of Therapy ; Humans ; Nicotinic Agonists ; Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Use Cessation Devices ; Varenicline
    Chemical Substances Nicotinic Agonists ; Varenicline (W6HS99O8ZO)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2958-0
    ISSN 1538-3598 ; 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    ISSN (online) 1538-3598
    ISSN 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    DOI 10.1001/jama.2021.22664
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  5. Article ; Online: Ten Million Calls and Counting: Progress and Promise of Tobacco Quitlines in the U.S.

    Fiore, Michael C / Baker, Timothy B

    American journal of preventive medicine

    2021  Volume 60, Issue 3 Suppl 2, Page(s) S103–S106

    MeSH term(s) Hotlines ; Humans ; Smoking Cessation ; Nicotiana ; Tobacco Use
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Editorial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 632646-8
    ISSN 1873-2607 ; 0749-3797
    ISSN (online) 1873-2607
    ISSN 0749-3797
    DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.021
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    Zs.A 2096: Show issues Location:
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  6. Article ; Online: The 2016 Ferno Award Address: Three Things.

    Baker, Timothy B

    Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco

    2017  Volume 19, Issue 8, Page(s) 891–900

    Abstract: Researchers may optimize smoking treatment by addressing three research topics that have been relatively neglected. First, researchers have neglected to intensively explore how counseling contents affect smoking cessation success. Worldwide, millions of ... ...

    Abstract Researchers may optimize smoking treatment by addressing three research topics that have been relatively neglected. First, researchers have neglected to intensively explore how counseling contents affect smoking cessation success. Worldwide, millions of smokers are exposed to different smoking cessation contents and messages, yet existing research evidence does not permit strong inference about the value of particular counseling contents or strategies. Research in this area could enhance smoking outcomes and yield new insights into smoking motivation. Second, researchers have focused great attention on inducing smokers to make quit attempts when they contact healthcare systems; the success of such efforts may have plateaued. Also, the vast majority of quit attempts are self-quit attempts, largely unsuccessful, that occur outside such contacts. Researchers should explore strategies for using healthcare systems as conduits for digital- and other population-based interventions independent of healthcare visits. Such resources should be used to graft timely access to evidence-based intervention onto self-quitting, yielding evidence-based, patient-managed quit attempts. Third, most smoking treatments are assembled via selection of components based on informal synthesis of empirical and impressionistic evidence and are evaluated as a package. However, recent factorial experiments show that components of smoking treatments often interact meaningfully; for example, some components may interfere with the effectiveness of other components. Many extant treatments likely comprise suboptimal sets of components; future treatment development should routinely use factorial experiments to permit the assembly of components that yield additive or synergistic effects.Research in the above three areas should significantly advance our understanding of tobacco use and its treatment.
    Implications: A lack of relevant research, and the likely prospect of significant clinical and public health benefit, underscore the importance of performing research on three topics related to smoking intervention: (1) researchers need to identify which contents of smoking counseling are effective; (2) researchers need to devise innovative strategies that use healthcare systems as conduits of smoking treatment delivery outside of clinical contacts; and (3) researchers need to use factorial designs to guide their development of smoking treatments. Research on these topics should yield complementary evidence that guides the development of more effective smoking treatments.
    MeSH term(s) Awards and Prizes ; Biomedical Research ; Humans ; Smoking Cessation ; Societies, Scientific
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-04-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1452315-2
    ISSN 1469-994X ; 1462-2203
    ISSN (online) 1469-994X
    ISSN 1462-2203
    DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntx039
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    Zs.A 5789: Show issues Location:
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  7. Article ; Online: Helping African American Individuals Quit Smoking: Finally, Some Progress.

    Baker, Timothy B / Burris, Jessica L / Fiore, Michael C

    JAMA

    2022  Volume 327, Issue 22, Page(s) 2192–2194

    MeSH term(s) African Americans ; Humans ; Smoking/adverse effects ; Smoking Cessation/ethnology ; Tobacco Smoking/adverse effects
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2958-0
    ISSN 1538-3598 ; 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    ISSN (online) 1538-3598
    ISSN 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    DOI 10.1001/jama.2022.9161
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  8. Article ; Online: What We Do Not Know About e-Cigarettes Is a Lot.

    Baker, Timothy B / Fiore, Michael C

    JAMA network open

    2020  Volume 3, Issue 6, Page(s) e204850

    MeSH term(s) Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Smoking
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial ; Comment
    ISSN 2574-3805
    ISSN (online) 2574-3805
    DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4850
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  9. Article ; Online: Playing Around with Quitting Smoking: A Randomized Pilot Trial of Mobile Games as a Craving Response Strategy.

    Schlam, Tanya R / Baker, Timothy B

    Games for health journal

    2019  Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 64–70

    Abstract: Objective: ...

    Abstract Objective:
    MeSH term(s) Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; Craving ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pilot Projects ; Smoking Cessation/methods ; Smoking Cessation/psychology ; Video Games/psychology ; Video Games/standards ; Video Games/statistics & numerical data
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
    ZDB-ID 2650543-5
    ISSN 2161-7856 ; 2161-783X
    ISSN (online) 2161-7856
    ISSN 2161-783X
    DOI 10.1089/g4h.2019.0030
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  10. Article ; Online: Understanding what changes adults in a smoking cessation study believe they need to make to quit smoking: A qualitative analysis of pre- and post-quit perceptions.

    Johnson, Adrienne L / Schlam, Tanya R / Baker, Timothy B / Piper, Megan E

    Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors

    2022  Volume 36, Issue 8, Page(s) 982–989

    Abstract: Objective: Most individuals who try to quit smoking will not succeed even if they use evidence-based treatment. Qualitative methods can help identify cessation treatments' limitations and suggest adaptations to increase treatment success.: Method: ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Most individuals who try to quit smoking will not succeed even if they use evidence-based treatment. Qualitative methods can help identify cessation treatments' limitations and suggest adaptations to increase treatment success.
    Method: Rapid qualitative analysis was conducted on data from 125 adults who smoked daily (48% female; 44% White) and participated in a smoking cessation trial and completed qualitative interviews 2 weeks prequit, reporting on changes they needed to make to quit, and 100 adults (50% female; 49% White) who completed a second interview 2 weeks postquit, reporting changes they had made.
    Results: The anticipated changes reported prequit (in order of frequency) were as follows: identify smoking triggers (without a coping plan), focus on benefits of quitting, reduce exposure to others smoking, make other health changes, reduce exposure to nonsocial smoking cues, and reduce alcohol consumption. Many participants were unable to identify specific changes that would aid their cessation success. Changes reported postquit included the following: use the 4 D strategies (delay, drink water, deep breathing, distract), reduce exposure to nonsocial smoking cues, focus on benefits of quitting, change daily routine, make other health changes, reduce exposure to others smoking, and get support from loved ones. Most changes reported postquit were consistent with clinical practice guidelines; however, use of cessation medication was the least reported theme.
    Conclusion: Prior to quitting, over a third of participants were unable to identify changes to increase cessation success. Those who could focus on triggers and cues for smoking. Postquit, participants reported using cessation strategies encouraged during study cessation counseling. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Counseling ; Smoking/therapy ; Smoking/psychology ; Smoking Cessation/psychology ; Tobacco Smoking ; Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Clinical Trial ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2101111-4
    ISSN 1939-1501 ; 0893-164X
    ISSN (online) 1939-1501
    ISSN 0893-164X
    DOI 10.1037/adb0000856
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