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Article ; Online: Development and Characterization of Econazole Topical Gel

Mohammad F. Bayan / Balakumar Chandrasekaran / Mohammad H. Alyami

Gels, Vol 9, Iss 12, p

2023 Volume 929

Abstract: The purpose of this work was to develop a novel topical formulation of econazole nitrate based on gel that can be easily scaled up in one pot for the potential treatment of fungal and yeast infections. Econazole nitrate, a topical antifungal, is used to ... ...

Abstract	The purpose of this work was to develop a novel topical formulation of econazole nitrate based on gel that can be easily scaled up in one pot for the potential treatment of fungal and yeast infections. Econazole nitrate, a topical antifungal, is used to treat tinea versicolor, tinea pedis, and tinea cruris. Compared to applying cream or ointment, topical gels offer numerous advantages, one of which is that the drug is released more quickly to the intended site of action. A viscous mixture of propylene glycol, Capmul ® MCM C8, methyl and propyl paraben, and econazole nitrate were mixed together before being formulated into the optimized Carbopol ® gel bases. The gel’s color, appearance, and homogeneity were assessed visually. For every formulation, the drug content, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and gel strength were characterized. The cup plate diffusion method was used to evaluate the anti-fungal activity of the prepared formulations. To assess the behavior of the developed system, studies on in vitro release and mechanism were conducted. The manufactured formulations were transparent, pale yellow, and exhibited excellent homogeneity. The pH of each formulation was roughly 6.0, making them suitable for topical use. The concentration of Carbopol ® 940 resulted in a significant increase in viscosity and gel strength but a significant decrease in spreadability. It was demonstrated that the prepared formulations inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus . In contrast, the standard blank gel showed no signs of antifungal action. By increasing the concentration of Carbopol ® 940, the in vitro release profile of econazole nitrate significantly decreased. Following the Korsmeyer–Peppas model fitting, all formulations exhibited n values greater than 0.5 and less than 1, indicating that diffusion and gel swelling control econazole nitrate release.
Keywords	econazole ; cutaneous candidiasis ; Carbopol ® 940 ; topical gel ; sustainability ; Science ; Q ; Chemistry ; QD1-999 ; Inorganic chemistry ; QD146-197 ; General. Including alchemy ; QD1-65
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Development of Polymeric-Based Formulation as Potential Smart Colonic Drug Delivery System

Mohammad F. Bayan / Saeed M. Marji / Mutaz S. Salem / M. Yasmin Begum / Kumarappan Chidambaram / Balakumar Chandrasekaran

Polymers, Vol 14, Iss 3697, p

2022 Volume 3697

Abstract: Conventional oral formulations are mainly absorbed in the small intestine. This limits their use in the treatment of some diseases associated with the colon, where the drug has to act topically at the inflammation site. This paved the way for the ... ...

Abstract	Conventional oral formulations are mainly absorbed in the small intestine. This limits their use in the treatment of some diseases associated with the colon, where the drug has to act topically at the inflammation site. This paved the way for the development of a smart colonic drug delivery system, thereby improving the therapeutic efficacy, reducing the dosing frequency and potential side effects, as well as improving patient acceptance, especially in cases where enemas or other topical preparations may not be effective alone in treating the inflammation. In healthy individuals, it takes an oral medication delivery system about 5 to 6 h to reach the colon. A colonic drug delivery system should delay or prohibit the medication release during these five to six hours while permitting its release afterward. The main aim of this study was to develop a smart drug delivery system based on pH-sensitive polymeric formulations, synthesized by a free-radical bulk polymerization method, using different monomer and crosslinker concentrations. The formulations were loaded with 5-amino salicylic acid as a model drug and Capmul MCM C8 as a bioavailability enhancer. The glass transition temperature (Tg), tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and tensile elongation at break were all measured as a part of the dried films’ characterization. In vitro swelling and release studies were performed to assess the behavior of the produced formulations. The in vitro swelling and release evaluation demonstrated the potential ability of the developed system to retard the drug release at conditions mimicking the stomach and small intestine while triggering its release at conditions mimicking the colon, which indicates its promising applicability as a potential smart colonic drug delivery system.
Keywords	5-amino salicylic acid ; smart delivery system ; sustainable polymers ; triggered drug delivery ; ulcerative colitis ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Mucilage of

Ilango, Kumbakonam Balachandran / Gowthaman, Senguttuvan / Seramaan, Kumbakonam Ilango / Chidambaram, Kumarappan / Bayan, Mohammad F / Rahamathulla, Mohamed / Balakumar, Chandrasekaran

Polymers

2022 Volume 14, Issue 1

Abstract: Natural eco-friendly materials are recently employed in products to replace synthetic materials due to their superior benefits in preserving the environment. The ... ...

Abstract	Natural eco-friendly materials are recently employed in products to replace synthetic materials due to their superior benefits in preserving the environment. The herb
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-05
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527146-5
ISSN	2073-4360 ; 2073-4360
ISSN (online)	2073-4360
ISSN	2073-4360
DOI	10.3390/polym14010215
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Appraising the therapeutical potentials of Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K. Hoffm., an underexplored medicinal herb

Nem Kumar Jain / Mukul Tailang / Santosh Kumar / Balakumar Chandrasekaran / Yahia Alghazwani / Harish C. Chandramoorthy / Ashish Kumar / Hemali Deshpande / Pranay Wal / Manickam Balamurugan / Kumarappan Chidambaram

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol

A systematic review

2022 Volume 13

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance:Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K. Hoffm. (Euphorbiaceae) is an important traditional medicinal plant grown in tropical Africa. The stem, leaves, and root have been widely used in the folk medicine systems in Nigeria, ... ...

Abstract	Ethnopharmacological relevance:Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K. Hoffm. (Euphorbiaceae) is an important traditional medicinal plant grown in tropical Africa. The stem, leaves, and root have been widely used in the folk medicine systems in Nigeria, Cameroon, South Africa, and Ghana to treat various ailments, including inflammatory, infectious, and central nervous system disorders, such as anxiety and epilepsy.Material and methods: The scientific name of the plant was validated using the “The Plant List,” “Kew Royal Botanic Gardens,” and Tropicos Nomenclatural databases. The literature search on A. laxiflora was performed using electronic search engines and databases such as Google scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, AJOL, Scopus, and Mendeley.Results: To the best of our knowledge, no specific and detailed review has been reported on A. laxiflora. Consequently, this review provides an up-to-date systematic presentation on ethnobotany, phytoconstituents, pharmacological activities, and toxicity profiles of A. laxiflora. Phytochemical investigations disclosed the presence of important compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and fatty acids. Furthermore, various pharmacological activities and traditional uses reported for this botanical drug were discussed comprehensively.Conclusion: This systemic review presents the current status and perspectives of A. laxiflora as a potential therapeutic modality that would assist future researchers in exploring this African botanical drug as a source of novel drug candidates for varied diseases.
Keywords	Alchornea laxiflora ; ethnopharmacology ; African plants ; traditional medicine ; phytochemistry ; pharmacology ; Therapeutics. Pharmacology ; RM1-950
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Green Synthesis, Experimental and Theoretical Studies to Discover Novel Binders of Exosomal Tetraspanin CD81 Protein.

Anand, Krishnan / Khan, Faez I / Singh, Thishana / Elumalai, Palani / Balakumar, Chandrasekaran / Premnath, Dhanaraj / Lai, Dakun / Chuturgoon, Anil A / Saravanan, Muthupandian

ACS omega

2020 Volume 5, Issue 29, Page(s) 17973–17982

Abstract: A new class of benzothiazole-appended quinoline derivatives ( ...

Abstract	A new class of benzothiazole-appended quinoline derivatives (
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2470-1343
ISSN (online)	2470-1343
DOI	10.1021/acsomega.0c01166
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Emerging Therapeutic Approaches to Combat COVID-19

Karthik Vivekanandhan / Poornima Shanmugam / Hamed Barabadi / Vigneshwaran Arumugam / Dharun Daniel Raj Daniel Paul Raj / Manikandan Sivasubramanian / Subbaiya Ramasamy / Krishnan Anand / Pandi Boomi / Balakumar Chandrasekaran / Selvaraj Arokiyaraj / Muthupandian Saravanan

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Vol

Present Status and Future Perspectives

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has emerged as a fast-paced epidemic in late 2019 which is disrupting life-saving immunization services. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly transmissible virus and an infectious disease that has caused fear among people across the ... ...

Abstract	Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has emerged as a fast-paced epidemic in late 2019 which is disrupting life-saving immunization services. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly transmissible virus and an infectious disease that has caused fear among people across the world. The worldwide emergence and rapid expansion of SARS-CoV-2 emphasizes the need for exploring innovative therapeutic approaches to combat SARS-CoV-2. The efficacy of some antiviral drugs such as remdesivir, favipiravir, umifenovir, etc., are still tested against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, there is a large global effort to develop vaccines for the protection against COVID-19. Because vaccines seem the best solution to control the pandemic but time is required for its development, pre-clinical/clinical trials, approval from FDA and scale-up. The nano-based approach is another promising approach to combat COVID-19 owing to unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials. Peptide based vaccines emerged as promising vaccine candidates for SARS-CoV-2. The study emphasizes the current therapeutic approaches against SARS-CoV-2 and some of the potential candidates for SARS-CoV-2 treatment which are still under clinical studies for their effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. Overall, it is of high importance to mention that clinical trials are necessary for confirming promising drug candidates and effective vaccines and the safety profile of the new components must be evaluated before translation of in vitro studies for implementation in clinical use.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; therapeutics ; antiviral drugs ; vaccines ; nano-based approaches ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Perspectives on RNA Vaccine Candidates for COVID-19

Pobitra Borah / Pran Kishore Deb / Nizar A. Al-Shar’i / Lina A. Dahabiyeh / Katharigatta N. Venugopala / Vinayak Singh / Pottathil Shinu / Snawar Hussain / Satyendra Deka / Balakumar Chandrasekaran / Da’san M. M. Jaradat

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Vol

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: With the current outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2, vaccination is acclaimed as a public health care priority. Rapid genetic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 has triggered the scientific community to search for effective vaccines. Collaborative approaches from ... ...

Abstract	With the current outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2, vaccination is acclaimed as a public health care priority. Rapid genetic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 has triggered the scientific community to search for effective vaccines. Collaborative approaches from research institutes and biotech companies have acknowledged the use of viral proteins as potential vaccine candidates against COVID-19. Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) vaccines are considered the next generation vaccines as they can be rapidly designed to encode any desirable viral sequence including the highly conserved antigen sequences. RNA vaccines being less prone to host genome integration (cons of DNA vaccines) and anti-vector immunity (a compromising factor of viral vectors) offer great potential as front-runners for universal COVID-19 vaccine. The proof of concept for RNA-based vaccines has already been proven in humans, and the prospects for commercialization are very encouraging as well. With the emergence of COVID-19, mRNA-1273, an mRNA vaccine developed by Moderna, Inc. was the first to enter human trials, with the first volunteer receiving the dose within 10 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequencing. The recent interest in mRNA vaccines has been fueled by the state of the art technologies that enhance mRNA stability and improve vaccine delivery. Interestingly, as per the “Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines” published by the World Health Organization (WHO) on December 29, 2020, seven potential RNA based COVID-19 vaccines are in different stages of clinical trials; of them, two candidates already received emergency use authorization, and another 22 potential candidates are undergoing pre-clinical investigations. This review will shed light on the rationality of RNA as a platform for vaccine development against COVID-19, highlighting the possible pros and cons, lessons learned from the past, and the future prospects.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; mRNA ; self-amplifying RNA ; vaccine ; conventional RNA ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Developmental Landscape of Potential Vaccine Candidates Based on Viral Vector for Prophylaxis of COVID-19

Rajashri Bezbaruah / Pobitra Borah / Bibhuti Bhushan Kakoti / Nizar A. Al-Shar’I / Balakumar Chandrasekaran / Da’san M. M. Jaradat / Munir A. Al-Zeer / Saeid Abu-Romman

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Vol

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, arose at the end of 2019 as a zoonotic virus, which is the causative agent of the novel coronavirus outbreak COVID-19. Without any clear indications of abatement, the disease has become a major ...

Abstract	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, arose at the end of 2019 as a zoonotic virus, which is the causative agent of the novel coronavirus outbreak COVID-19. Without any clear indications of abatement, the disease has become a major healthcare threat across the globe, owing to prolonged incubation period, high prevalence, and absence of existing drugs or vaccines. Development of COVID-19 vaccine is being considered as the most efficient strategy to curtail the ongoing pandemic. Following publication of genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2, globally extensive research and development work has been in progress to develop a vaccine against the disease. The use of genetic engineering, recombinant technologies, and other computational tools has led to the expansion of several promising vaccine candidates. The range of technology platforms being evaluated, including virus-like particles, peptides, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), recombinant proteins, inactivated virus, live attenuated viruses, and viral vectors (replicating and non-replicating) approaches, are striking features of the vaccine development strategies. Viral vectors, the next-generation vaccine platforms, provide a convenient method for delivering vaccine antigens into the host cell to induce antigenic proteins which can be tailored to arouse an assortment of immune responses, as evident from the success of smallpox vaccine and Ervebo vaccine against Ebola virus. As per the World Health Organization, till January 22, 2021, 14 viral vector vaccine candidates are under clinical development including 10 nonreplicating and four replicating types. Moreover, another 39 candidates based on viral vector platform are under preclinical evaluation. This review will outline the current developmental landscape and discuss issues that remain critical to the success or failure of viral vector vaccine candidates against COVID-19.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; vaccines ; viral vector ; ChAdOx1-S ; Ad5-nCoV ; MERS-CoV ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: In silico Screening of Natural Phytocompounds Towards Identification of Potential Lead Compounds to Treat COVID-19

Muthumanickam Sankar / Balajee Ramachandran / Boomi Pandi / Nachiappan Mutharasappan / Vidhyavathi Ramasamy / Poorani Gurumallesh Prabu / Gowrishankar Shanmugaraj / Yao Wang / Brintha Muniyandai / Subaskumar Rathinasamy / Balakumar Chandrasekaran / Mohammad F. Bayan / Jeyakanthan Jeyaraman / Gurumallesh Prabu Halliah / Solomon King Ebenezer

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Vol

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: COVID-19 is one of the members of the coronavirus family that can easily assail humans. As of now, 10 million people are infected and above two million people have died from COVID-19 globally. Over the past year, several researchers have made essential ... ...

Abstract	COVID-19 is one of the members of the coronavirus family that can easily assail humans. As of now, 10 million people are infected and above two million people have died from COVID-19 globally. Over the past year, several researchers have made essential advances in discovering potential drugs. Up to now, no efficient drugs are available on the market. The present study aims to identify the potent phytocompounds from different medicinal plants (Zingiber officinale, Cuminum cyminum, Piper nigrum, Curcuma longa, and Allium sativum). In total, 227 phytocompounds were identified and screened against the proteins S-ACE2 and Mpro through structure-based virtual screening approaches. Based on the binding affinity score, 30 active phytocompounds were selected. Amongst, the binding affinity for beta-sitosterol and beta-elemene against S-ACE2 showed −12.0 and −10.9 kcal/mol, respectively. Meanwhile, the binding affinity for beta-sitosterol and beta-chlorogenin against Mpro was found to be −9.7 and −8.4 kcal/mol, respectively. Further, the selected compounds proceeded with molecular dynamics simulation, prime MM-GBSA analysis, and ADME/T property checks to understand the stability, interaction, conformational changes, binding free energy, and pharmaceutical relevant parameters. Moreover, the hotspot residues such as Lys31 and Lys353 for S-ACE2 and catalytic dyad His41 and Cys145 for Mpro were actively involved in the inhibition of viral entry. From the in silico analyses, we anticipate that this work could be valuable to ongoing novel drug discovery with potential treatment for COVID-19.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; main protease ; molecular dynamics simulation ; natural medicinal plants ; S-ACE2 ; structure-based virtual screening ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	540
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Prospective Role of Peptide-Based Antiviral Therapy Against the Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2

Shafi Mahmud / Gobindo Kumar Paul / Suvro Biswas / Shamima Afrose / Mohasana Akter Mita / Md. Robiul Hasan / Mst. Sharmin Sultana Shimu / Alomgir Hossain / Maria Meha Promi / Fahmida Khan Ema / Kumarappan Chidambaram / Balakumar Chandrasekaran / Ali M. Alqahtani / Talha Bin Emran / Md. Abu Saleh

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Vol

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: The recently emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has created a crisis in world health, and economic sectors as an effective treatment or vaccine candidates are still developing. Besides, negative results in clinical trials and effective cheap solution ... ...

Abstract	The recently emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has created a crisis in world health, and economic sectors as an effective treatment or vaccine candidates are still developing. Besides, negative results in clinical trials and effective cheap solution against this deadly virus have brought new challenges. The viral protein, the main protease from SARS-CoV-2, can be effectively targeted due to its viral replication and pathogenesis role. In this study, we have enlisted 88 peptides from the AVPdb database. The peptide molecules were modeled to carry out the docking interactions. The four peptides molecules, P14, P39, P41, and P74, had more binding energy than the rest of the peptides in multiple docking programs. Interestingly, the active points of the main protease from SARS-CoV-2, Cys145, Leu141, Ser139, Phe140, Leu167, and Gln189, showed nonbonded interaction with the peptide molecules. The molecular dynamics simulation study was carried out for 200 ns to find out the docked complex’s stability where their stability index was proved to be positive compared to the apo and control complex. Our computational works based on peptide molecules may aid the future development of therapeutic options against SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords	SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; M Pro ; peptides ; molecular dynamics ; in silico ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	540
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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