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Article ; Online: An artificial intelligence language model improves readability of burns first aid information.

Baldwin, Alexander J

Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries

2024

Abstract: Aims: This study aimed to assess the potential of using an artificial intelligence (AI) large language model to improve the readability of burns first aid information.: Methods: An AI language model (ChatGPT-3) was used to rewrite content from the ... ...

Abstract	Aims: This study aimed to assess the potential of using an artificial intelligence (AI) large language model to improve the readability of burns first aid information. Methods: An AI language model (ChatGPT-3) was used to rewrite content from the top 50 English-language webpages containing burns first aid information to be understandable by an individual with the literacy level of an 11-year-old, as recommended by the American Medical Association and Health Education England. The assessment of readability was conducted using five validated tools. Results: In their original form, only 4% of the patient education materials (PEMs) met the target readability level across all tools. The median grade was 6.9 (SD=1.1). One-sample one-tailed t-test revealed that this was not significantly below the target (p = .31). After AI-modification, 18% of PEMs reached the target level using all tools, with a median grade of 6 (SD=0.9), which was significantly below the target level (p < .001). Once rewritten using AI, paired t-test demonstrated that all readability scores improved significantly (p < .001). Conclusion: Utilising an AI language model proved an effective and viable method for enhancing readability of burns first aid information.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	197308-3
ISSN	1879-1409 ; 0305-4179
ISSN (online)	1879-1409
ISSN	0305-4179
DOI	10.1016/j.burns.2024.03.005
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Article ; Online: Readability of Online Patient Education Materials for Congenital Hand Differences.

Baldwin, Alexander J

Hand (New York, N.Y.)

2023 , Page(s) 15589447231168907

Abstract: Background: The aim of the study is to assess the readability of online patient education materials (PEMs) for congenital hand differences.: Methods: The top 10 online, English-language PEMs for 10 conditions (polydactyly, syndactyly, trigger finger/ ... ...

Abstract	Background: The aim of the study is to assess the readability of online patient education materials (PEMs) for congenital hand differences. Methods: The top 10 online, English-language PEMs for 10 conditions (polydactyly, syndactyly, trigger finger/thumb, clinodactyly, camptodactyly, symbrachydactyly, thumb hypoplasia, radial dysplasia, reduction defect, and amniotic band syndrome) were compiled and categorized by source and country. Readability was assessed using 5 tools: Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Gunning Fog Index (GFI), Coleman-Liau Index (CLI), and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook Index (SMOG). To account for the potential effect of each condition's name in the aforementioned formulas, the analysis was repeated after replacing the name with a monosyllabic word/s. Results: The mean readability scores of the 100 PEMs were FRES 56.3, where the target was ≥80, FKGL 8.8, GFI 11.5, CLI 10.9, and SMOG 8.6, and the median grade score was 9.8, where the target grade was ≤6.9. Following adjustment, all readability scores improved significantly ( Conclusion: Most online PEMs for congenital hand differences are written above the recommended reading level of sixth grade, even when adjusted for the effect of the condition's name.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2277325-3
ISSN	1558-9455 ; 1558-9447
ISSN (online)	1558-9455
ISSN	1558-9447
DOI	10.1177/15589447231168907
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Article ; Online: Readability, accountability, and quality of burns first aid information available online.

Baldwin, Alexander J

Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries

2023 Volume 49, Issue 8, Page(s) 1823–1832

Abstract: Aim: To assess the readability, accountability, and quality of burns first aid information available online.: Methods: The top 50 English language webpages containing burns first aid information were compiled and categorised. Readability was measured ...

Abstract	Aim: To assess the readability, accountability, and quality of burns first aid information available online. Methods: The top 50 English language webpages containing burns first aid information were compiled and categorised. Readability was measured using five validated tools. Accountability was assessed using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks. Quality was evaluated using a scale based on previous literature. Results: Two (4%) webpages were judged to be at the target reading level using all tools. Median grade ranged from 4.6 to 9.6 (M = 6.9, SD = 1.1). One-sample one-tailed t-test determined that median grade was not significantly below the target grade of ≤ 6.9 (p = 0.314). Only seven (14%) webpages satisfied all the JAMA accountability benchmarks. No webpages fulfilled all 15 quality criteria. Mean quality score was 9.8 (SD = 2.4). Only 27 (54%) advised 20 min of cooling. One-way analysis of variance demonstrated that accountability was influenced by source (p = 0.01). Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed that accountability and quality had a positive correlation (r = 0.32, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Much of the burns first aid information available online is written above the recommended reading level and fails to meet standards of accountability or quality.
MeSH term(s)	United States ; Humans ; Comprehension ; First Aid ; Burns/therapy ; Language ; Internet
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	197308-3
ISSN	1879-1409 ; 0305-4179
ISSN (online)	1879-1409
ISSN	0305-4179
DOI	10.1016/j.burns.2023.03.002
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Article: The certificate of readiness to enter higher surgical training (CREHST) route: Proportion of applicants and likelihood of success.

Baldwin, Alexander J

The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland

2023 Volume 21, Issue 6, Page(s) 331–336

Abstract: Objective: To compare the distribution of Higher Surgical Training (HST) applications received through the Certificate of Readiness for Higher Surgical (CREHST) route with the traditional Core Surgical Training (CST) route and to evaluate the likelihood ...

Abstract	Objective: To compare the distribution of Higher Surgical Training (HST) applications received through the Certificate of Readiness for Higher Surgical (CREHST) route with the traditional Core Surgical Training (CST) route and to evaluate the likelihood of success in obtaining an HST post for each route across all surgical specialities. Methods: A national, retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare the proportion of applications and likelihood of success in obtaining an HST post between the two routes during the 2021-22 application cycle in the United Kingdom. Univariate statistical analysis was performed for categorical variables using the chi-squared test, or Fisher exact test. Relative risk was calculated for each route and each surgical speciality. Results: The study included 1964 HST applicants, of which 46% (n = 904) were via the CREHST route. This proportion varied from 23% for otolaryngology to 66% for vascular surgery. The study found that 20% (n = 98) of the available HST posts were awarded to CREHST applicants, ranging from 0% for cardiothoracic surgery to 39% for vascular surgery. For most specialities, applicants from the CREHST route were significantly less likely to be awarded a training post, with relative risks ranging from 0.07 (95% CI 0.01-0.51, p < 0.0001) for otolaryngology to 0.4 (95% CI 0.25-0.79, p = 0.0032) for urology. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insight into the proportion and success of HST applications via the CREHST route. The findings demonstrate that the use of the CREHST route is commonplace across all surgical specialties, but the likelihood of a successful application is significantly lower when compared to the traditional CST route for most specialties.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Retrospective Studies ; Education, Medical, Graduate ; Vascular Surgical Procedures/education ; United Kingdom
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-11
Publishing country	Scotland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2102927-1
ISSN	1479-666X
ISSN	1479-666X
DOI	10.1016/j.surge.2023.06.002
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Article ; Online: Cold burn injuries in the United Kingdom: retain-->A 5-year cohort study of patients presenting to a regional burn unit.

Baldwin, Alexander J / Bhojwani, Deepika / Murray, Alexandra

Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS

2024 Volume 90, Page(s) 315–322

Abstract: Aims: To assess the aetiology, management and outcomes of cold burn injuries presenting to a regional burn unit in the United Kingdom.: Methods: Retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients over a 5-year period (2018-2022).: Results: Sixty- ... ...

Abstract	Aims: To assess the aetiology, management and outcomes of cold burn injuries presenting to a regional burn unit in the United Kingdom. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients over a 5-year period (2018-2022). Results: Sixty-two patients (M:F 34:38; median age 23.5 years) were identified. The most common aetiology was aerosol (n = 28, 45.2%). Seven (11.5%) injuries were sustained during a social media or peer 'challenge' and 19 (31.2%) were self-harm, of whom 5 (26.3%) were inpatients on a mental health ward at the time of injury. All 'challenge' and self-harm injuries were caused by aerosol. Patients with 'challenge' injury were younger than those with self-harm (p = .007) and non-intentional injuries (p < .001). A greater proportion of self-harm injuries were in female patients compared with non-intentional injuries (p < .001). Median total body surface area (TBSA) was 0.35% (IQR: 0.3). Most burns were superficial partial thickness (n = 35, 56.5%), followed by deep dermal (n = 18, 29.0%), full-thickness (n = 8, 12.9%), and superficial (n = 1, 1.6%). The upper limb was most frequently affected (n = 35, 56.5%). Aetiology and a non-intentional, 'challenge' or self-harm injury did not affect TBSA (p = 0.776 and p = 0.364) or depth (p = 0.353 and p = 0.381). Five (8.1%) patients underwent autografting. The median time to healing was 17 days (range: 7-45, IQR: 22.75). Follow-up ranged from 1 to 173 weeks. Conclusions: The incidence of cold burns has increased when compared with previous literature. A disproportionate number of cold burns are self-inflicted using aerosols, either as self-harm or because of social media or peer 'challenges'. Other emerging aetiologies include non-intentional skin contact with nitrous oxide containers during its recreational use.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Burn Units ; Cohort Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; Burns/epidemiology ; Burns/etiology ; Burns/therapy ; Aerosols
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2217750-4
ISSN	1878-0539 ; 1748-6815 ; 0007-1226
ISSN (online)	1878-0539
ISSN	1748-6815 ; 0007-1226
DOI	10.1016/j.bjps.2024.01.007
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Article ; Online: Readability of online monkeypox patient education materials: Improved recognition of health literacy is needed for dissemination of infectious disease information.

Frost, Jessica C / Baldwin, Alexander J

Infection, disease & health

2022 Volume 28, Issue 2, Page(s) 88–94

Abstract: Background: Health literacy is key to navigating the current global epidemic of misinformation and inaccuracy relating to healthcare. The American Medical Association (AMA) suggests health information should be written at the level of American sixth ... ...

Abstract	Background: Health literacy is key to navigating the current global epidemic of misinformation and inaccuracy relating to healthcare. The American Medical Association (AMA) suggests health information should be written at the level of American sixth grade. With the monkeypox outbreak being declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) in July 2022, we sought to assess the readability of online patient education materials (PEMs) relating to monkeypox to see if they are at the target level of readability. Methods: A search was conducted on Google.com using the search term 'Monkeypox'. The top 50 English language webpages with patient education materials (PEMs) relating to monkeypox were compiled and categorised by country of publication and URL domain. Readability was assessed using five readability tools: Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Gunning Fog Index (GFI), Coleman-Liau Index (CLI), and, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook Index (SMOG). Unpaired t-test for URL domain, and one-way ANOVA for country were performed to determine influence on readability. Results: Three of the five tools (FRES, GFI, CLI) identified no webpages that met the target readability score. The FKGL and SMOG tools identified one (2%) and two (4%) webpages respectively that met the target level. County and URL domain demonstrated no influence on readability. Conclusion: Online PEMs relating to monkeypox are written above the recommended reading level. Based on the previously established effect of health literacy, this is likely exacerbating health inequalities. This study highlights the need for readability to be considered when publishing online PEMs.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States ; Health Literacy ; Comprehension ; Smog ; Patient Education as Topic ; Communicable Diseases
Chemical Substances	Smog
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-21
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2902143-1
ISSN	2468-0869 ; 2468-0451
ISSN (online)	2468-0869
ISSN	2468-0451
DOI	10.1016/j.idh.2022.11.002
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Article ; Online: Letter to the Editor: Predatory journals: Advice for plastic surgery trainees.

Mertz, Tamara / Baldwin, Alexander J

Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS

2022 Volume 76, Page(s) 54–55

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Surgery, Plastic ; Periodicals as Topic ; Publishing ; Plastic Surgery Procedures
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	2217750-4
ISSN	1878-0539 ; 1748-6815 ; 0007-1226
ISSN (online)	1878-0539
ISSN	1748-6815 ; 0007-1226
DOI	10.1016/j.bjps.2022.11.043
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Article ; Online: Assessing the effect of the cost-of-living crisis on hot water bottle-related burns in the United Kingdom, a single-centre retrospective observational study.

Sangha, Mahaveer S / Baker, Michelle / Baldwin, Alexander J / Murray, Alexandra

JPRAS open

2024 Volume 39, Page(s) 313–320

Abstract: Background: The cost-of-living crisis (CoLC) is an economic climate that the United Kingdom (UK) has been experiencing since late 2021, characterized by an increase in the price of essential goods faster than real-term incomes. Food and fuel poverty has ...

Abstract	Background: The cost-of-living crisis (CoLC) is an economic climate that the United Kingdom (UK) has been experiencing since late 2021, characterized by an increase in the price of essential goods faster than real-term incomes. Food and fuel poverty has ensued. This study aimed to assess whether the CoLC is associated with an increase in hot water bottle (HWB)-related burns as patients seek alternative heating sources to keep warm. Methods: Records of patients treated for HWB burns between December 2019 and March 2023 were reviewed for patient demographics, burn depth and surface area, patient comorbidities, and patient index of multiple deprivation (IMD). The incidence of admissions, IMD, and severity of injury were compared prior to and during the CoLC using either independent Results: Between December 2019 and March 2023, 177 patients were treated for HWB burns, 79 prior to the CoLC, and 98 during. Of the patients, 55 patients were male and 122 females. An independent Conclusion: The increase in HWB burns coincides with the increase in energy costs and general cost of living that has occurred in the UK since October 2021.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-24
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834721-3
ISSN	2352-5878 ; 2352-5878
ISSN (online)	2352-5878
ISSN	2352-5878
DOI	10.1016/j.jpra.2024.01.008
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Article ; Online: Volunteering for burns moulage as a medical student.

Baldwin, Alexander J

Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries

2019 Volume 45, Issue 6, Page(s) 1488–1489

MeSH term(s)	Burns/therapy ; Curriculum ; Education, Medical ; Humans ; Patient Simulation ; Students, Medical ; United Kingdom ; Volunteers
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-04
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	197308-3
ISSN	1879-1409 ; 0305-4179
ISSN (online)	1879-1409
ISSN	0305-4179
DOI	10.1016/j.burns.2019.03.023
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Article ; Online: The historical relationship between art and plastic surgery: Is this relationship still relevant to the modern plastic surgeon?

Baldwin, Alexander J

Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS

2019 Volume 72, Issue 8, Page(s) 1436–1447

MeSH term(s)	Art/history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Surgery, Plastic/education ; Surgery, Plastic/history
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-09
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Historical Article ; Letter
ZDB-ID	2217750-4
ISSN	1878-0539 ; 1748-6815 ; 0007-1226
ISSN (online)	1878-0539
ISSN	1748-6815 ; 0007-1226
DOI	10.1016/j.bjps.2019.03.026
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