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Article ; Online: Firefighter undergarments: Assessing contamination and laundering efficacy.

Engelsman, Michelle / Toms, Leisa-Maree L / Wang, Xianyu / Banks, Andrew P W

2022 Volume 216, Issue Pt 1, Page(s) 114344

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Firefighters ; Laundering ; Air Pollutants, Occupational/analysis ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Occupational Exposure/analysis
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants, Occupational ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-15
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2022.114344
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Article ; Online: An Exploratory Analysis of Firefighter Reproduction through Survey Data and Biomonitoring.

Engelsman, Michelle / Banks, Andrew P W / He, Chang / Nilsson, Sandra / Blake, Debbie / Jayarthne, Ayomi / Ishaq, Zubaria / Toms, Leisa-Maree L / Wang, Xianyu

International journal of environmental research and public health

2023 Volume 20, Issue 8

Abstract: Firefighters are occupationally exposed to chemicals that may affect fertility. To investigate this effect, firefighters were recruited to contribute blood, urine, breast milk or semen samples to (1) evaluate chemical concentrations and semen parameters ... ...

Abstract	Firefighters are occupationally exposed to chemicals that may affect fertility. To investigate this effect, firefighters were recruited to contribute blood, urine, breast milk or semen samples to (1) evaluate chemical concentrations and semen parameters against fertility standards and the general population; (2) assess correlations between chemical concentrations and demographics, fire exposure and reproductive history; and (3) consider how occupational exposures may affect reproduction. A total of 774 firefighters completed the online survey, and 97 firefighters produced 125 urine samples, 113 plasma samples, 46 breast milk samples and 23 semen samples. Blood, urine and breast milk samples were analysed for chemical concentrations (semivolatile organic compounds, volatile organic compounds, metals). Semen samples were analysed for quality (volume, count, motility, morphology). Firefighter semen parameters were below WHO reference values across multiple parameters. Self-reported rates of miscarriage were higher than the general population (22% vs. 12-15%) and in line with prior firefighter studies. Estimated daily intake for infants was above reference values for multiple chemicals in breast milk. More frequent fire incident exposure (more than once per fortnight), longer duration of employment (≥15 years) or not always using a breathing apparatus demonstrated significantly higher concentrations across a range of investigated chemicals. Findings of this study warrant further research surrounding the risk occupational exposure has on reproduction.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Biological Monitoring ; Air Pollutants, Occupational/analysis ; Firefighters ; Occupational Exposure/analysis ; Reproduction
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants, Occupational
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-11
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph20085472
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Article ; Online: Effects of firefighting on semen parameters: an exploratory study.

Engelsman, Michelle / Toms, Leisa-Maree L / Wang, Xianyu / Banks, Andrew P W / Blake, Debbie

Reproduction & fertility

2021 Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) L13–L15

Abstract: Firefighters are occupationally exposed to heat intensities and chemical concentrations that may affect fertility. Twenty firefighters participated in an exploratory study assessing fertility of firefighters via an online survey and semen analysis. Data ... ...

Abstract	Firefighters are occupationally exposed to heat intensities and chemical concentrations that may affect fertility. Twenty firefighters participated in an exploratory study assessing fertility of firefighters via an online survey and semen analysis. Data analysis included consideration of demographic characteristics, reproductive history and occupational exposures. Overall, firefighter semen parameters were below World Health Organisation reference values designating fertility in men. Firefighters younger than 45 years had a higher incidence of abnormal semen parameters (42%) than those aged 45 years or greater (9%). Increased rank and higher levels of occupational and/or personal hygiene were associated with improved semen quality. Increased frequency of fire exposure was associated with a reduction in normal forms, volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count. Sperm clumping was greater than 10% in 26% of samples, suggesting reduced semen quality. This exploratory study provides novel data that support the hypothesis of an association between semen quality and firefighter's occupational exposure to toxic environments.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Fertility ; Humans ; Male ; Semen ; Semen Analysis ; Sperm Count ; Spermatozoa
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2633-8386
ISSN (online)	2633-8386
DOI	10.1530/RAF-20-0070
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Article ; Online: Off-Gassing of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds from Fire-Fighters' Uniforms in Private Vehicles-A Pilot Study.

Banks, Andrew P W / Wang, Xianyu / He, Chang / Gallen, Michael / Thomas, Kevin V / Mueller, Jochen F

International journal of environmental research and public health

2021 Volume 18, Issue 6

Abstract: Firefighters' uniforms become contaminated with a wide range of chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Laundering practices do not completely ... ...

Abstract	Firefighters' uniforms become contaminated with a wide range of chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Laundering practices do not completely remove PAHs, OPFRs, and PBDEs from firefighting uniforms. This residual contamination of firefighting ensembles may be an ongoing source of exposure to firefighters. Firefighters are known to occasionally store firefighting ensembles in private vehicles. This study aimed to assess whether a firefighting uniform in a vehicle could act as a source for PAHs, OPFRs, and PBDEs to vehicle users. The shell layers of four laundered firefighting uniforms were sampled non-destructively. Three of these uniforms were heated in a laboratory oven (40, 60, and 80 °C) while the fourth was placed in a private vehicle on a summer day and off-gassing samples were collected from the uniforms. The off-gassing results for PAHs and OPFRs were relatively consistent between laboratory oven and the in-vehicle sample with ∑
MeSH term(s)	Clothing ; Environmental Monitoring ; Firefighters ; Flame Retardants/analysis ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure/analysis ; Pilot Projects ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Volatile Organic Compounds
Chemical Substances	Flame Retardants ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ; Volatile Organic Compounds
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Case Reports ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1660-4601
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
DOI	10.3390/ijerph18063030
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Article: Assessing decontamination and laundering processes for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and flame retardants from firefighting uniforms

Banks, Andrew P.W / Wang, Xianyu / Engelsman, Michelle / He, Chang / Osorio, Andres F / Mueller, Jochen F

Environmental research. 2021 Mar., v. 194

2021

Abstract: Firefighter uniforms protect firefighters from exposure to potentially harmful chemicals including a range of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Contaminated uniforms can become a secondary source of firefighters' exposure to these chemicals. There ...

Abstract	Firefighter uniforms protect firefighters from exposure to potentially harmful chemicals including a range of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Contaminated uniforms can become a secondary source of firefighters' exposure to these chemicals. There is inconsistency on the removal efficiency of SVOCs during the cleaning, laundering and field decontamination of firefighting uniforms. Therefore, this study aims to assess how effective decontamination and laundering processes are in reducing firefighter uniforms as a vector for transport and exposure to SVOCs. Firefighters who had attended a controlled house fire and simulated container burns had their uniforms sampled pre- and post-laundering. Clean station wear was laundered with contaminated uniforms and after a load of contaminated uniforms to assess inter and intra load contamination. Surface wipes were collected from uniforms across 12 fire stations, after they had returned from a laundering provider. Concentrations of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), six organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in the collected samples. The concentrations of ∑₁₃ PAHs in firefighters uniforms ranged between 0.063 and 43 μg g⁻¹, while concentration of ∑₆ OPFRs were between 0.061 and 90 μg g⁻¹ with ∑₇ PBDEs concentrations being measured between 0.00054 and 0.97 μg g⁻¹.The highest concentrations of ∑₁₃ PAHs were measured on the outer layers of gloves at an average of 19 μg g⁻¹, with the highest ∑₆ OPFRs concentrations being measured in the middle layers of gloves at an average of 31 μg g⁻¹. The highest ∑₇ PBDEs concentrations were measured on the shell layers of turnout jackets at 0.42 μg g⁻¹. The significant reduction in ∑₁₃ PAHs after laundering or decontamination was only found in 3 of the 16 sampled areas from firefighting uniforms. No significant differences were found in the between pre- and post-laundering concentrations of ∑₆ OPFRs or ∑₇ PBDEs in firefighting uniforms. The current laundering techniques do not appear to effectively remove PAHs, OPFRs and PBDEs at the measured concentrations from firefighters’ uniforms. Further research is required to assess if chemical exposure though firefighting uniforms poses a health risk to firefighters and to develop methods for the removal of SVOCs from firefighting uniforms.
Keywords	biphenyl ; decontamination ; fire fighters ; fire fighting ; organophosphorus compounds ; research ; risk ; volatile organic compounds
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-03
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2020.110616
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Biomonitoring in firefighters for volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, persistent organic pollutants, and metals: A systematic review.

Engelsman, Michelle / Toms, Leisa-Maree L / Banks, Andrew P W / Wang, Xianyu / Mueller, Jochen F

Environmental research

2020 Volume 188, Page(s) 109562

Abstract: Firefighters are exposed to a wide range of toxic chemicals due to combustion, with numerous biomonitoring studies completed that have assessed exposure. Many of these studies focus on individual classes of chemicals, with a few considering a broad range ...

Abstract	Firefighters are exposed to a wide range of toxic chemicals due to combustion, with numerous biomonitoring studies completed that have assessed exposure. Many of these studies focus on individual classes of chemicals, with a few considering a broad range of systemic exposures. As yet, no review process has been undertaken to comprehensively examine these studies. The aims of this review are to: (1) ascertain whether biomonitoring studies pertaining to firefighters demonstrate occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, and metals; (2) determine and present results of biomonitoring studies; (3) provide any recommendations presented from the literature that may support exposure mitigation; and (4) suggest future study parameters that may assist in providing a greater understanding surrounding the occupational exposure of firefighters. A systematic review was undertaken with regards to firefighters and biomonitoring studies utilising the matrices of blood, urine, semen and breast milk. This yielded 5690 results. Following duplicate removal, inclusion and exclusion criteria screening and full text screening, 34 studies remained for review. Results of over 80% of studies analysed determined firefighters to experience occupational exposure. Results also show firefighters to be exposed to a wide range of toxic chemicals due to fire smoke; potentially exceeding the range of exposure of other occupations. As firefighters may face increased risk of health effects due to the additive, synergistic, and/or antagonistic effects of chemical exposure, all care must be taken to reduce exposure. This may be achieved by considering tactical decisions, increased personal hygiene, and thorough decontamination procedures. Future biomonitoring studies recognising and assessing the range of chemical exposure firefighters face would be beneficial.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants, Occupational/analysis ; Air Pollutants, Occupational/toxicity ; Biological Monitoring ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Pollutants ; Female ; Firefighters ; Humans ; Metals ; Occupational Exposure/analysis ; Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis ; Volatile Organic Compounds/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants, Occupational ; Environmental Pollutants ; Metals ; Volatile Organic Compounds
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-28
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2020.109562
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Article ; Online: Assessing decontamination and laundering processes for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and flame retardants from firefighting uniforms.

Banks, Andrew P W / Wang, Xianyu / Engelsman, Michelle / He, Chang / Osorio, Andres F / Mueller, Jochen F

Environmental research

2020 Volume 194, Page(s) 110616

Abstract	Firefighter uniforms protect firefighters from exposure to potentially harmful chemicals including a range of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Contaminated uniforms can become a secondary source of firefighters' exposure to these chemicals. There is inconsistency on the removal efficiency of SVOCs during the cleaning, laundering and field decontamination of firefighting uniforms. Therefore, this study aims to assess how effective decontamination and laundering processes are in reducing firefighter uniforms as a vector for transport and exposure to SVOCs. Firefighters who had attended a controlled house fire and simulated container burns had their uniforms sampled pre- and post-laundering. Clean station wear was laundered with contaminated uniforms and after a load of contaminated uniforms to assess inter and intra load contamination. Surface wipes were collected from uniforms across 12 fire stations, after they had returned from a laundering provider. Concentrations of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), six organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in the collected samples. The concentrations of ∑
MeSH term(s)	Clothing ; Decontamination ; Firefighters ; Flame Retardants/analysis ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis ; Laundering ; Occupational Exposure/analysis ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis
Chemical Substances	Flame Retardants ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2020.110616
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Article ; Online: Characterising the exposure of Australian firefighters to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons generated in simulated compartment fires.

Banks, Andrew P W / Thai, Phong / Engelsman, Michelle / Wang, Xianyu / Osorio, Andres F / Mueller, Jochen F

International journal of hygiene and environmental health

2020 Volume 231, Page(s) 113637

Abstract: Firefighters are exposed to a wide variety of chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) while attending fire scenes. The objective of this study was to understand the exposure of firefighters to PAHs when attending simulated compartment ...

Abstract	Firefighters are exposed to a wide variety of chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) while attending fire scenes. The objective of this study was to understand the exposure of firefighters to PAHs when attending simulated compartment fires that consisted of either a diesel pan or particleboard fire. Firefighters remained in the compartment fires for 15 min while using standard gear including self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Firefighters were able to remove firefighting clothing and shower within 10 min of leaving the burn. Air samples were collected from inside the compartment during the fire. Twenty-six (26) firefighters participated in the study providing urine and skin wipe samples collected from the wrist and neck before and after either one of the burn types. The concentrations of PAHs were measured in skin wipes and air samples, while concentrations of monohydroxy metabolites of PAHs (OH-PAHs) were measured in urine. The concentrations of all PAHs were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the smoke layer of particleboard fires than in diesel pan fires. Correspondingly, the level of PAHs deposited on the wrists and necks of participants attending the particleboard fires was higher than those attending diesel pan fires. Urine samples from participants who attended diesel pan fires showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the concentration of all OH-PAHs between pre-burn and post-burn. Samples from participants who attended particleboard fires, showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-PYR) concentrations in urine pre- and post-burn. However, median concentrations of hydroxynaphthalenes (OH-NAPs), hydroxyfluorenes (OH-FLUs) and hydroxyphenanthrenes (OH-PHEs) increased significantly from 5.2, 0.44 and 0.88 μg g
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants, Occupational/analysis ; Australia ; Firefighters ; Fires ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure/analysis ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants, Occupational ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-17
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2009176-X
ISSN	1618-131X ; 1438-4639
ISSN (online)	1618-131X
ISSN	1438-4639
DOI	10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113637
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Article ; Online: The occurrence of PAHs and flame-retardants in air and dust from Australian fire stations.

Banks, Andrew P W / Engelsman, Michelle / He, Chang / Wang, Xianyu / Mueller, Jochen F

Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene

2020 Volume 17, Issue 2-3, Page(s) 73–84

Abstract: Firefighters are exposed to a wide range of chemicals whilst on duty, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphate flame-retardants (OPFRs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These groups of chemicals are related to ... ...

Abstract	Firefighters are exposed to a wide range of chemicals whilst on duty, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphate flame-retardants (OPFRs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These groups of chemicals are related to combustion emissions. PAHs are formed during combustion. OPFRs and PBDEs are flame-retardants and are inadvertently released during combustion. Exposure to these chemicals occurs when attending fire scenes, and firefighters can track these chemicals back into fire stations leading to further exposure. The objective of this study was to understand the concentrations of PAHs, OPFRs, and PBDEs in fire stations, to evaluate factors that affect chemical concentration, and to assess how air and dust could contribute to firefighters' relevant exposure risk. Concentrations of 13 PAHs, 9 OPFRs, and 8 PBDEs were quantified in fire station dust (n = 49) and air (n = 15) samples collected between November 2017 and February 2018. The median ∑
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis ; Australia ; Dust/analysis ; Firefighters ; Flame Retardants/analysis ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis ; Inhalation Exposure/statistics & numerical data ; Occupational Exposure/analysis ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis
Chemical Substances	Dust ; Flame Retardants ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2131820-7
ISSN	1545-9632 ; 1545-9624
ISSN (online)	1545-9632
ISSN	1545-9624
DOI	10.1080/15459624.2019.1699246
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Article: Biomonitoring in firefighters for volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, persistent organic pollutants, and metals: A systematic review

Engelsman, Michelle / Toms, Leisa-Maree L / Banks, Andrew P.W / Wang, Xianyu / Mueller, Jochen F

Elsevier Inc. Environmental research. 2020 Sept., v. 188

2020

Abstract	Firefighters are exposed to a wide range of toxic chemicals due to combustion, with numerous biomonitoring studies completed that have assessed exposure. Many of these studies focus on individual classes of chemicals, with a few considering a broad range of systemic exposures. As yet, no review process has been undertaken to comprehensively examine these studies. The aims of this review are to: (1) ascertain whether biomonitoring studies pertaining to firefighters demonstrate occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, and metals; (2) determine and present results of biomonitoring studies; (3) provide any recommendations presented from the literature that may support exposure mitigation; and (4) suggest future study parameters that may assist in providing a greater understanding surrounding the occupational exposure of firefighters. A systematic review was undertaken with regards to firefighters and biomonitoring studies utilising the matrices of blood, urine, semen and breast milk. This yielded 5690 results. Following duplicate removal, inclusion and exclusion criteria screening and full text screening, 34 studies remained for review. Results of over 80% of studies analysed determined firefighters to experience occupational exposure. Results also show firefighters to be exposed to a wide range of toxic chemicals due to fire smoke; potentially exceeding the range of exposure of other occupations. As firefighters may face increased risk of health effects due to the additive, synergistic, and/or antagonistic effects of chemical exposure, all care must be taken to reduce exposure. This may be achieved by considering tactical decisions, increased personal hygiene, and thorough decontamination procedures. Future biomonitoring studies recognising and assessing the range of chemical exposure firefighters face would be beneficial.
Keywords	blood ; breast milk ; combustion ; decontamination ; environmental monitoring ; face ; good hygiene practices ; occupational exposure ; research ; risk ; semen ; smoke ; systematic review ; toxicity ; urine ; volatile organic compounds
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-09
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2020.109562
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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