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  1. Article ; Online: Erratum for Nahm et al., "A Common Food Glycan, Pectin, Shares an Antigen with Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsule".

    Nahm, Moon H / Yu, Jigui / Vlach, Jiri / Bar-Peled, Maor

    mSphere

    2020  Volume 5, Issue 2

    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Published Erratum
    ISSN 2379-5042
    ISSN (online) 2379-5042
    DOI 10.1128/mSphere.00363-20
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: A Common Food Glycan, Pectin, Shares an Antigen with Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsule.

    Nahm, Moon H / Yu, Jigui / Vlach, Jiri / Bar-Peled, Maor

    mSphere

    2020  Volume 5, Issue 2

    Abstract: We are exposed daily to many glycans from bacteria and food plants. Bacterial glycans are generally antigenic and elicit antibody responses. It is unclear if food glycans' sharing of antigens with bacterial glycans influences our immune responses to ... ...

    Abstract We are exposed daily to many glycans from bacteria and food plants. Bacterial glycans are generally antigenic and elicit antibody responses. It is unclear if food glycans' sharing of antigens with bacterial glycans influences our immune responses to bacteria. We studied 14 different plant foods for cross-reactivity with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against 24 pneumococcal serotypes which commonly cause infections and are included in pneumococcal vaccines. Serotype 15B-specific MAb cross-reacts with fruit peels, and serotype 10A MAb cross-reacts with many natural and processed plant foods. The serotype 10A cross-reactive epitope is terminal 1,6-linked β-galactose [βGal(1-6)], present in the rhamno-galacturonan I (RG-I) domain of pectin. Despite wide consumption of pectin, the immune response to 10A is comparable to the responses to other serotypes. An antipectin antibody can opsonize serotype 10A pneumococci, and the shared βGal(1-6) may be useful as a simple vaccine against 10A. Impact of food glycans should be considered in host-pathogen interactions and future vaccine designs.
    MeSH term(s) Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Antigens, Bacterial/immunology ; Bacterial Capsules/immunology ; Cross Reactions ; Epitopes/immunology ; Fruit ; Humans ; Pectins/immunology ; Phagocytosis ; Serogroup ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology ; Vegetables
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, Bacterial ; Epitopes ; Pectins (89NA02M4RX)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ISSN 2379-5042
    ISSN (online) 2379-5042
    DOI 10.1128/mSphere.00074-20
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Identification of an apiosyltransferase in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas pisi.

    Smith, James Amor / Bar-Peled, Maor

    PloS one

    2018  Volume 13, Issue 10, Page(s) e0206187

    Abstract: The rare branched-chain sugar apiose, once thought to only be present in the plant kingdom, was found in two bacterial species: Geminicoccus roseus and Xanthomonas pisi. Glycans with apiose residues were detected in aqueous methanol-soluble fractions as ... ...

    Abstract The rare branched-chain sugar apiose, once thought to only be present in the plant kingdom, was found in two bacterial species: Geminicoccus roseus and Xanthomonas pisi. Glycans with apiose residues were detected in aqueous methanol-soluble fractions as well as in the insoluble pellet fraction of X. pisi. Genes encoding bacterial uridine diphosphate apiose (UDP-apiose) synthases (bUASs) were characterized in these bacterial species, but the enzyme(s) involved in the incorporation of the apiose into glycans remained unknown. In the X. pisi genome two genes flanking the XpUAS were annotated as hypothetical glycosyltransferase (GT) proteins. The first GT (here on named XpApiT) belongs to GT family 90 and has a Leloir type B fold and a putative lipopolysaccharide-modifying (LPS) domain. The second GT (here on XpXylT) belongs to GT family 2 and has a type A fold. The XpXylT and XpApiT genes were cloned and heterologously expressed in E. coli. Analysis of nucleotide sugar extracts from E. coli expressing XpXylT or XpApiT with UAS showed that recombinant XpApiT utilized UDP-apiose and XpXylT utilized UDP-xylose as substrate. Indirect activity assay (UDP-Glo) revealed that XpApiT is an apiosyltransferase (ApiT) able to specifically use UDP-apiose. Further support for the apiosyltransferase activity was demonstrated by in microbe co-expression of UAS and XpApiT in E. coli showing the utilization of UDP-apiose to generate an apioside detectable in the pellet fraction. This work provides evidence that X. pisi developed the ability to synthesize an apioside of indeterminate function; however, the evolution of the bacterial ApiT remains to be determined. From genetic and evolutionary perspectives, the apiose operon may provide a unique opportunity to examine how genomic changes reflect ecological adaptation during the divergence of a bacterial group.
    MeSH term(s) Bacterial Proteins/chemistry ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Operon ; Pentoses/metabolism ; Pentosyltransferases/chemistry ; Pentosyltransferases/genetics ; Pentosyltransferases/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Plants/microbiology ; Protein Domains ; Xanthomonas/enzymology ; Xanthomonas/genetics
    Chemical Substances Bacterial Proteins ; Pentoses ; apiose (E59T26TCEC) ; Pentosyltransferases (EC 2.4.2.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-10-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0206187
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Synthesis of UDP-apiose in Bacteria: The marine phototroph Geminicoccus roseus and the plant pathogen Xanthomonas pisi.

    Smith, James Amor / Bar-Peled, Maor

    PloS one

    2017  Volume 12, Issue 9, Page(s) e0184953

    Abstract: The branched-chain sugar apiose was widely assumed to be synthesized only by plant species. In plants, apiose-containing polysaccharides are found in vascularized plant cell walls as the pectic polymers rhamnogalacturonan II and apiogalacturonan. ... ...

    Abstract The branched-chain sugar apiose was widely assumed to be synthesized only by plant species. In plants, apiose-containing polysaccharides are found in vascularized plant cell walls as the pectic polymers rhamnogalacturonan II and apiogalacturonan. Apiosylated secondary metabolites are also common in many plant species including ancestral avascular bryophytes and green algae. Apiosyl-residues have not been documented in bacteria. In a screen for new bacterial glycan structures, we detected small amounts of apiose in methanolic extracts of the aerobic phototroph Geminicoccus roseus and the pathogenic soil-dwelling bacteria Xanthomonas pisi. Apiose was also present in the cell pellet of X. pisi. Examination of these bacterial genomes uncovered genes with relatively low protein homology to plant UDP-apiose/UDP-xylose synthase (UAS). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these bacterial UAS-like homologs belong in a clade distinct to UAS and separated from other nucleotide sugar biosynthetic enzymes. Recombinant expression of three bacterial UAS-like proteins demonstrates that they actively convert UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-apiose and UDP-xylose. Both UDP-apiose and UDP-xylose were detectable in cell cultures of G. roseus and X. pisi. We could not, however, definitively identify the apiosides made by these bacteria, but the detection of apiosides coupled with the in vivo transcription of bUAS and production of UDP-apiose clearly demonstrate that these microbes have evolved the ability to incorporate apiose into glycans during their lifecycles. While this is the first report to describe enzymes for the formation of activated apiose in bacteria, the advantage of synthesizing apiose-containing glycans in bacteria remains unknown. The characteristics of bUAS and its products are discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Alphaproteobacteria/growth & development ; Alphaproteobacteria/metabolism ; Carboxy-Lyases/metabolism ; Pisum sativum/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Uridine Diphosphate Sugars/biosynthesis ; Xanthomonas/growth & development ; Xanthomonas/metabolism
    Chemical Substances UDP-apiose ; Uridine Diphosphate Sugars ; Carboxy-Lyases (EC 4.1.1.-) ; UDPglucuronate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.35)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-09-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0184953
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Discovery of a Unique Extracellular Polysaccharide in Members of the Pathogenic Bacillus That Can Co-form with Spores.

    Li, Zi / Hwang, Soyoun / Bar-Peled, Maor

    The Journal of biological chemistry

    2016  Volume 291, Issue 36, Page(s) 19051–19067

    Abstract: An exopolysaccharide, produced during the late stage of stationary growth phase, was discovered and purified from the culture medium of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, and Bacillus thuringiensis when strains were grown in a defined nutrient medium ... ...

    Abstract An exopolysaccharide, produced during the late stage of stationary growth phase, was discovered and purified from the culture medium of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, and Bacillus thuringiensis when strains were grown in a defined nutrient medium that induces biofilm. Two-dimensional NMR structural characterization of the polysaccharide, named pzX, revealed that it is composed of an unusual three amino-sugar sequence repeat of [-3)XylNAc4OAc(α1-3)GlcNAcA4OAc(α1-3)XylNAc(α1-]n The sugar residue XylNAc had never been described previously in any glycan structure. The XNAC operon that contains the genes for the assembly of pzX is also unique and so far has been identified only in members of the Bacillus cereus sensu lato group. Microscopic and biochemical analyses indicate that pzX co-forms during sporulation, so that upon the release of the spore to the extracellular milieu it becomes surrounded by pzX. The relative amounts of pzX produced can be manipulated by specific nutrients in the medium, but rich medium appears to suppress pzX formation. pzX has the following unique characteristics: a surfactant property that lowers surface tension, a cell/spore antiaggregant, and an adherence property that increases spores binding to surfaces. pzX in Bacillus could represent a trait shared by many spore-producing microorganisms. It suggests pzX is an active player in spore physiology and may provide new insights to the successful survival of the B. cereus species in natural environments or in the hosts.
    MeSH term(s) Bacillus anthracis/chemistry ; Bacillus anthracis/metabolism ; Bacillus cereus/chemistry ; Bacillus cereus/metabolism ; Bacillus thuringiensis/chemistry ; Bacillus thuringiensis/metabolism ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/biosynthesis ; Spores, Bacterial/chemistry ; Spores, Bacterial/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Polysaccharides, Bacterial
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-07-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2997-x
    ISSN 1083-351X ; 0021-9258
    ISSN (online) 1083-351X
    ISSN 0021-9258
    DOI 10.1074/jbc.M116.724708
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: The Biosynthesis of UDP-D-QuiNAc in Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579.

    Hwang, Soyoun / Aronov, Avi / Bar-Peled, Maor

    PloS one

    2015  Volume 10, Issue 7, Page(s) e0133790

    Abstract: N-acetylquinovosamine (2-acetamido-2,6-di-deoxy-D-glucose, QuiNAc) is a relatively rare amino sugar residue found in glycans of few pathogenic gram-negative bacteria where it can play a role in infection. However, little is known about QuiNAc-related ... ...

    Abstract N-acetylquinovosamine (2-acetamido-2,6-di-deoxy-D-glucose, QuiNAc) is a relatively rare amino sugar residue found in glycans of few pathogenic gram-negative bacteria where it can play a role in infection. However, little is known about QuiNAc-related polysaccharides in gram-positive bacteria. In a routine screen for bacillus glycan grown at defined medium, it was surprising to identify a QuiNAc residue in polysaccharides isolated from this gram-positive bacterium. To gain insight into the biosynthesis of these glycans, we report the identification of an operon in Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 that contains two genes encoding activities not previously described in gram-positive bacteria. One gene encodes a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine C4,6-dehydratase, (abbreviated Pdeg) that converts UDP-GlcNAc to UDP-4-keto-4,6-D-deoxy-GlcNAc (UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-α-D-xylo-4-hexulose); and the second encodes a UDP-4-reductase (abbr. Preq) that converts UDP-4-keto-4,6-D-deoxy-GlcNAc to UDP-N-acetyl-quinovosamine in the presence of NADPH. Biochemical studies established that the sequential Pdeg and Preq reaction product is UDP-D-QuiNAc as determined by mass spectrometry and one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments. Also, unambiguous evidence for the conversions of the dehydratase product, UDP-α-D-4-keto-4,6-deoxy-GlcNAc, to UDP-α-D-QuiNAc was obtained using real-time 1H-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The two genes overlap by 4 nucleotides and similar operon organization and identical gene sequences were also identified in a few other Bacillus species suggesting they may have similar roles in the lifecycle of this class of bacteria important to human health. Our results provide new information about the ability of Bacilli to form UDP-QuiNAc and will provide insight to evaluate their role in the biology of Bacillus.
    MeSH term(s) Acetylglucosamine/analogs & derivatives ; Acetylglucosamine/biosynthesis ; Bacillus cereus/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Oxidoreductases/metabolism ; Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine/metabolism
    Chemical Substances 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-glucose (N-acetyl-quinovosamine) ; Bacterial Proteins ; Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine (528-04-1) ; Oxidoreductases (EC 1.-) ; Acetylglucosamine (V956696549)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0133790
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Book: A novel lectin controls wound-response in Arabidopsis

    Fluhr, Robert / Bar-Peled, Maor

    2011  

    Institution United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund
    Author's details principal investigator: Robert Fluhr ; co-principal investigator: Maor Bar-Peled
    Keywords Arabidopsis/Wounds and injuries. ; Plant lectins.
    Language English
    Size 1 v. (various foliations) :, col. ill.
    Publisher BARD
    Publishing place Bet Dagan, Israel
    Document type Book
    Note Final report. ; Project no. IS-4141-08.
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  8. Article: Genetic alteration of UDP‐rhamnose metabolism in Botrytis cinerea leads to the accumulation of UDP‐KDG that adversely affects development and pathogenicity

    Ma, Liang / Salas, Omar / Bowler, Kyle / Oren‐Young, Liat / Bar‐Peled, Maor / Sharon, Amir

    Molecular plant pathology. 2017 Feb., v. 18, no. 2

    2017  

    Abstract: Botrytis cinerea is a model plant‐pathogenic fungus that causes grey mould and rot diseases in a wide range of agriculturally important crops. A previous study has identified two enzymes and corresponding genes (bcdh, bcer) that are involved in the ... ...

    Abstract Botrytis cinerea is a model plant‐pathogenic fungus that causes grey mould and rot diseases in a wide range of agriculturally important crops. A previous study has identified two enzymes and corresponding genes (bcdh, bcer) that are involved in the biochemical transformation of uridine diphosphate (UDP)‐glucose, the major fungal wall nucleotide sugar precursor, to UDP‐rhamnose. We report here that deletion of bcdh, the first biosynthetic gene in the metabolic pathway, or of bcer, the second gene in the pathway, abolishes the production of rhamnose‐containing glycans in these mutant strains. Deletion of bcdh or double deletion of both bcdh and bcer has no apparent effect on fungal development or pathogenicity. Interestingly, deletion of the bcer gene alone adversely affects fungal development, giving rise to altered hyphal growth and morphology, as well as reduced sporulation, sclerotia production and virulence. Treatments with wall stressors suggest the alteration of cell wall integrity. Analysis of nucleotide sugars reveals the accumulation of the UDP‐rhamnose pathway intermediate UDP‐4‐keto‐6‐deoxy‐glucose (UDP‐KDG) in hyphae of the Δbcer strain. UDP‐KDG could not be detected in hyphae of the wild‐type strain, indicating fast conversion to UDP‐rhamnose by the BcEr enzyme. The correlation between high UDP‐KDG and modified cell wall and developmental defects raises the possibility that high levels of UDP‐KDG result in deleterious effects on cell wall composition, and hence on virulence. This is the first report demonstrating that the accumulation of a minor nucleotide sugar intermediate has such a profound and adverse effect on a fungus. The ability to identify molecules that inhibit Er (also known as NRS/ER) enzymes or mimic UDP‐KDG may lead to the development of new antifungal drugs.
    Keywords Botrytis cinerea ; adverse effects ; antifungal agents ; biochemical pathways ; cell wall components ; cell walls ; crops ; enzymes ; genes ; gray mold ; hyphae ; metabolism ; models ; mutants ; plant pathogenic fungi ; polysaccharides ; sclerotia ; sporulation ; sugars ; uridine diphosphate ; virulence
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2017-02
    Size p. 263-275.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 2020755-4
    ISSN 1364-3703 ; 1464-6722
    ISSN (online) 1364-3703
    ISSN 1464-6722
    DOI 10.1111/mpp.12398
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  9. Article ; Online: Identification of a novel UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase with a broad substrate specificity in Trypanosoma cruzi.

    Yang, Ting / Bar-Peled, Maor

    The Biochemical journal

    2010  Volume 429, Issue 3, Page(s) 533–543

    Abstract: The diverse types of glycoconjugates synthesized by trypanosomatid parasites are unique compared with the host cells. These glycans are required for the parasite survival, invasion or evasion of the host immune system. Synthesis of those glycoconjugates ... ...

    Abstract The diverse types of glycoconjugates synthesized by trypanosomatid parasites are unique compared with the host cells. These glycans are required for the parasite survival, invasion or evasion of the host immune system. Synthesis of those glycoconjugates requires a constant supply of nucleotide-sugars (NDP-sugars), yet little is known about how these NDP-sugars are made and supplied. In the present paper, we report a functional gene from Trypanosoma cruzi that encodes a nucleotidyltransferase, which is capable of transforming different types of sugar 1-phosphates and NTP into NDP-sugars. In the forward reaction, the enzyme catalyses the formation of UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UDP-xylose and UDP-glucuronic acid, from their respective monosaccharide 1-phosphates in the presence of UTP. The enzyme could also convert glucose 1-phosphate and TTP into TDP-glucose, albeit at lower efficiency. The enzyme requires bivalent ions (Mg2+ or Mn2+) for its activity and is highly active between pH 6.5 and pH 8.0, and at 30-42 degrees C. The apparent Km values for the forward reaction were 177 microM (glucose 1-phosphate) and 28.4 microM (UTP) respectively. The identification of this unusual parasite enzyme with such broad substrate specificities suggests an alternative pathway that might play an essential role for nucleotide-sugar biosynthesis and for the regulation of the NDP-sugar pool in the parasite.
    MeSH term(s) Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics ; Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; Glucosephosphates/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleotidyltransferases/chemistry ; Nucleotidyltransferases/genetics ; Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Substrate Specificity ; Trypanosoma cruzi/enzymology
    Chemical Substances Arabidopsis Proteins ; DNA, Complementary ; Glucosephosphates ; glucose-1-phosphate (CIX3U01VAU) ; Nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.-) ; UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase, Arabidopsis (EC 2.7.7.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-08-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2969-5
    ISSN 1470-8728 ; 0006-2936 ; 0306-3275 ; 0264-6021
    ISSN (online) 1470-8728
    ISSN 0006-2936 ; 0306-3275 ; 0264-6021
    DOI 10.1042/BJ20100238
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: UDP-4-Keto-6-Deoxyglucose, a Transient Antifungal Metabolite, Weakens the Fungal Cell Wall Partly by Inhibition of UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase.

    Ma, Liang / Salas, Omar / Bowler, Kyle / Bar-Peled, Maor / Sharon, Amir

    mBio

    2017  Volume 8, Issue 6

    Abstract: Can accumulation of a normally transient metabolite affect fungal biology? UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose (UDP-KDG) represents an intermediate stage in conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-rhamnose. Normally, UDP-KDG is not detected in living cells, because it is ...

    Abstract Can accumulation of a normally transient metabolite affect fungal biology? UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose (UDP-KDG) represents an intermediate stage in conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-rhamnose. Normally, UDP-KDG is not detected in living cells, because it is quickly converted to UDP-rhamnose by the enzyme UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose-3,5-epimerase/-4-reductase (ER). We previously found that deletion of the
    MeSH term(s) Antifungal Agents/metabolism ; Botrytis/metabolism ; Cell Wall/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Glucose/analogs & derivatives ; Glucose/metabolism ; Intramolecular Transferases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Kinetics ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Phaseolus/microbiology ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; Uridine Diphosphate/analogs & derivatives ; Uridine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Uridine Diphosphate Sugars/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Antifungal Agents ; UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose ; Uridine Diphosphate Sugars ; UDP-rhamnose (1955-26-6) ; Uridine Diphosphate (58-98-0) ; Intramolecular Transferases (EC 5.4.-) ; UDP-galactopyranose mutase (EC 5.4.99.9) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-11-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2557172-2
    ISSN 2150-7511 ; 2161-2129
    ISSN (online) 2150-7511
    ISSN 2161-2129
    DOI 10.1128/mBio.01559-17
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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