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  1. Article ; Online: Clarifying some fundamental errors in herries' "a chronological perspective on the acheulian and its transition to the middle stone age in southern Africa: the question of the fauresmith" (2011).

    Barham, Lawrence

    International journal of evolutionary biology

    2012  Volume 2012, Page(s) 230156

    Abstract: Herries provides a timely review of the archaeological and dating evidence of the transition from the Acheulean to the Middle Stone Age (MSA) in southern Africa, however, in relation to the site of Twin Rivers, Zambia he makes several fundamental errors ... ...

    Abstract Herries provides a timely review of the archaeological and dating evidence of the transition from the Acheulean to the Middle Stone Age (MSA) in southern Africa, however, in relation to the site of Twin Rivers, Zambia he makes several fundamental errors of interpretation that demand correction. The stratigraphic sequence of the site is admittedly complex, but it deserves a more careful analysis than that offered by Herries. This detailed response by the most recent excavator of the site addresses Herries critique by placing the site in its historical context and then dealing with the central issue of the association of dated speleothem with the surviving archaeological deposits. Herries is shown to have mistakenly combined the dates from two separate cave passages and to have misunderstood the published sections, plans, and taphonomic assessment of each excavation area. His reinterpretation of the site as being significantly younger than published is based on a conflation of unrelated data.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-05-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2587455-X
    ISSN 2090-052X ; 2090-052X
    ISSN (online) 2090-052X
    ISSN 2090-052X
    DOI 10.1155/2012/230156
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Book ; Online: From Hand to Handle

    Barham, Lawrence

    The First Industrial Revolution

    2013  

    Abstract: Mankind's utter dependency on technology extends back approximately three million years to the first stone tools, but it was only with the innovation of hafting, some 300,000 years ago, that technology took its first modern form and revolutionized our ... ...

    Abstract Mankind's utter dependency on technology extends back approximately three million years to the first stone tools, but it was only with the innovation of hafting, some 300,000 years ago, that technology took its first modern form and revolutionized our social and economic lives. The development of handles and shafts, which were added to some tools previously made of single materials and hand-held, made the tools not only more efficient but improved their makers' chances of survivalby making the quest for food more productive.This volume brings together evidence for the cognitive, social, and te
    Language English
    Size Online-Ressource (372 p)
    Publisher OUP Oxford
    Publishing place Oxford
    Document type Book ; Online
    Note Description based upon print version of record
    ISBN 9780199604715 ; 0199604711
    Database Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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  3. Article: Backed tools in Middle Pleistocene central Africa and their evolutionary significance.

    Barham, Lawrence

    Journal of human evolution

    2002  Volume 43, Issue 5, Page(s) 585–603

    Abstract: The fashioning of stone inserts for composite tools by blunting flakes and blades is a technique usually associated with Late Pleistocene modern humans. Recent reports from two sites in south central Africa (Twin Rivers and Kalambo Falls) suggest that ... ...

    Abstract The fashioning of stone inserts for composite tools by blunting flakes and blades is a technique usually associated with Late Pleistocene modern humans. Recent reports from two sites in south central Africa (Twin Rivers and Kalambo Falls) suggest that this backed tool technology originated in the later Middle Pleistocene with early or "archaic" Homo sapiens. This paper investigates these claims critically from the perspective of the potential mixing of Middle and Later Stone Age deposits at the two sites and the possible creation of misleading assemblages. The review shows that backed tools form a statistically minor, but technologically significant feature of the early Middle Stone Age of south central Africa. They first appear in the Lupemban industry at approximately 300 ka and remain an element of the Middle Stone Age technological repertoire of the region. Comparisons are made with early backed tool assemblages of east Africa and with the much younger Howiesons Poort industry of southern Africa. The paper concludes that Lupemban tools lack the standardization of the Howiesons Poort backed pieces, but form part of a regionally distinctive and diverse assemblage of heavy and light duty tools. Some modern-like behaviours appear to have emerged by the later Middle Pleistocene in south central Africa.
    MeSH term(s) Africa ; Animals ; Anthropology, Physical ; Biological Evolution ; Fossils ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Manufactured Materials ; Motor Skills
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-10-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 120141-4
    ISSN 1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
    ISSN (online) 1095-8606
    ISSN 0047-2484
    DOI 10.1006/jhev.2002.0597
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: New investigations at Kalambo Falls, Zambia: Luminescence chronology, site formation, and archaeological significance.

    Duller, Geoff A T / Tooth, Stephen / Barham, Lawrence / Tsukamoto, Sumiko

    Journal of human evolution

    2015  Volume 85, Page(s) 111–125

    Abstract: Fluvial deposits can provide excellent archives of early hominin activity but may be complex to interpret, especially without extensive geochronology. The Stone Age site of Kalambo Falls, northern Zambia, has yielded a rich artefact record from ... ...

    Abstract Fluvial deposits can provide excellent archives of early hominin activity but may be complex to interpret, especially without extensive geochronology. The Stone Age site of Kalambo Falls, northern Zambia, has yielded a rich artefact record from dominantly fluvial deposits, but its significance has been restricted by uncertainties over site formation processes and a limited chronology. Our new investigations in the centre of the Kalambo Basin have used luminescence to provide a chronology and have provided key insights into the geomorphological and sedimentological processes involved in site formation. Excavations reveal a complex assemblage of channel and floodplain deposits. Single grain quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) measurements provide the most accurate age estimates for the youngest sediments, but in older deposits the OSL signal from some grains is saturated. A different luminescence signal from quartz, thermally transferred OSL (TT-OSL), can date these older deposits. OSL and TT-OSL results are combined to provide a chronology for the site. Ages indicate four phases of punctuated deposition by the dominantly laterally migrating and vertically aggrading Kalambo River (∼500-300 ka, ∼300-50 ka, ∼50-30 ka, ∼1.5-0.49 ka), followed by deep incision and renewed lateral migration at a lower topographic level. A conceptual model for site formation provides the basis for improved interpretation of the generation, preservation, and visibility of the Kalambo archaeological record. This model highlights the important role of intrinsic meander dynamics in site formation and does not necessarily require complex interpretations that invoke periodic blocking of the Kalambo River, as has previously been suggested. The oldest luminescence ages place the Mode 2/3 transition between ∼500 and 300 ka, consistent with other African and Asian sites where a similar transition can be found. The study approach adopted here can potentially be applied to other fluvial Stone Age sites throughout Africa and beyond.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Archaeology/methods ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Hominidae/physiology ; Luminescent Measurements ; Radiometric Dating ; Rivers ; Zambia
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 120141-4
    ISSN 1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
    ISSN (online) 1095-8606
    ISSN 0047-2484
    DOI 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.05.003
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  5. Book: The first Africans

    Barham, Lawrence / Mitchell, Peter

    African archaeology from the earliest tool makers to most recent foragers

    (Cambridge world archaeology)

    2008  

    Author's details Lawrence Barham, Peter Mitchell
    Series title Cambridge world archaeology
    MeSH term(s) African Continental Ancestry Group/history ; Archaeology/methods ; Diet/history ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans/anatomy & histology
    Keywords Africa
    Language English
    Size xvii, 601 p. :, ill., maps ;, 23 cm.
    Publisher Cambridge University Press
    Publishing place Cambridge ; New York
    Document type Book
    ISBN 9780521847964 ; 0521847966 ; 9780521612654 ; 0521612659
    Database Catalogue of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM)

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  6. Book ; Online: The first Africans

    Barham, Lawrence / Mitchell, Peter

    African archaeology from the earliest tool makers to most recent foragers

    (Cambridge world archaeology)

    2008  

    Abstract: A synthesis of the record left by Africa's earliest inhabitants combining archaeology, genetics and palaeo-environmental ... ...

    Institution ebrary, Inc
    Author's details Lawrence Barham, Peter Mitchell
    Series title Cambridge world archaeology
    Abstract A synthesis of the record left by Africa's earliest inhabitants combining archaeology, genetics and palaeo-environmental science
    Keywords Antiquities, Prehistoric ; Hunting and gathering societies ; Prehistoric peoples ; Tools, Prehistoric ; Africa
    Language English
    Size Online-Ressource (xvii, 601 p), ill., maps
    Publisher Cambridge University Press
    Publishing place Cambridge ;New York
    Document type Book ; Online
    Note Includes bibliographical references (p. 479-585) and index
    ISBN 0521612659 ; 0521847966 ; 9780521612654 ; 9780521847964
    Database Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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  7. Article ; Online: A Dynamical Analysis of the Suitability of Prehistoric Spheroids from the Cave of Hearths as Thrown Projectiles.

    Wilson, Andrew D / Zhu, Qin / Barham, Lawrence / Stanistreet, Ian / Bingham, Geoffrey P

    Scientific reports

    2016  Volume 6, Page(s) 30614

    Abstract: Spheroids are ball-shaped stone objects found in African archaeological sites dating from 1.8 million years ago (Early Stone Age) to at least 70,000 years ago (Middle Stone Age). Spheroids are either fabricated or naturally shaped stones selected and ... ...

    Abstract Spheroids are ball-shaped stone objects found in African archaeological sites dating from 1.8 million years ago (Early Stone Age) to at least 70,000 years ago (Middle Stone Age). Spheroids are either fabricated or naturally shaped stones selected and transported to places of use making them one of the longest-used technologies on record. Most hypotheses about their use suggest they were percussive tools for shaping or grinding other materials. However, their size and spherical shape make them potentially useful as projectile weapons, a property that, uniquely, humans have been specialised to exploit for millions of years. Here we show (using simulations of projectile motions resulting from human throwing) that 81% of a sample of spheroids from the late Acheulean (Bed 3) at the Cave of Hearths, South Africa afford being thrown so as to inflict worthwhile damage to a medium-sized animal over distances up to 25 m. Most of the objects have weights that produce optimal levels of damage from throwing, rather than simply being as heavy as possible (as would suit other functions). Our results show that these objects were eminently suitable for throwing, and demonstrate how empirical research on behavioural tasks can inform and constrain our theories about prehistoric artefacts.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-08-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/srep30614
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  8. Article ; Online: The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa.

    Fortes-Lima, Cesar A / Burgarella, Concetta / Hammarén, Rickard / Eriksson, Anders / Vicente, Mário / Jolly, Cecile / Semo, Armando / Gunnink, Hilde / Pacchiarotti, Sara / Mundeke, Leon / Matonda, Igor / Muluwa, Joseph Koni / Coutros, Peter / Nyambe, Terry S / Cikomola, Justin Cirhuza / Coetzee, Vinet / de Castro, Minique / Ebbesen, Peter / Delanghe, Joris /
    Stoneking, Mark / Barham, Lawrence / Lombard, Marlize / Meyer, Anja / Steyn, Maryna / Malmström, Helena / Rocha, Jorge / Soodyall, Himla / Pakendorf, Brigitte / Bostoen, Koen / Schlebusch, Carina M

    Nature

    2023  Volume 625, Issue 7995, Page(s) 540–547

    Abstract: The expansion of people speaking Bantu languages is the most dramatic demographic event in Late Holocene Africa and fundamentally reshaped the linguistic, cultural and biological landscape of the ... ...

    Abstract The expansion of people speaking Bantu languages is the most dramatic demographic event in Late Holocene Africa and fundamentally reshaped the linguistic, cultural and biological landscape of the continent
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Africa, Western ; Datasets as Topic ; Democratic Republic of the Congo ; DNA, Ancient/analysis ; Emigration and Immigration/history ; Founder Effect ; Gene Flow/genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; History, Ancient ; Language/history ; Linguistics/history ; Zambia ; Geographic Mapping
    Chemical Substances DNA, Ancient
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120714-3
    ISSN 1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
    ISSN (online) 1476-4687
    ISSN 0028-0836
    DOI 10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    Zs.MO 244: Show issues

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  9. Book: Human roots

    Barham, Lawrence / Robson-Brown, Kate

    Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene

    2001  

    Institution University of Bristol. / Centre for Human Evolutionary Research
    Author's details edited by Lawrence Barham and Kate Robson-Brown
    MeSH term(s) Hominidae ; Biological Evolution ; Paleontology
    Keywords Africa ; Asia
    Language English
    Size xxi, 263 p. :, ill., port. ;, 29 cm.
    Publisher Published for the Centre for Human Evolutionary Research at the University of Bristol, CHERUB, by the Western Academic & Specialist Press
    Publishing place Bristol, England
    Document type Book
    Note Papers from a meeting held in Bristol in Apr. 2000.
    ISBN 9780953541843 ; 0953541843
    Database Catalogue of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM)

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  10. Article ; Online: Genetic perspectives on forager-farmer interaction in the Luangwa valley of Zambia.

    de Filippo, Cesare / Heyn, Patricia / Barham, Lawrence / Stoneking, Mark / Pakendorf, Brigitte

    American journal of physical anthropology

    2010  Volume 141, Issue 3, Page(s) 382–394

    Abstract: The transformation from a foraging way of life to a reliance on domesticated plants and animals often led to the expansion of agropastoralist populations at the expense of hunter-gatherers (HGs). In Africa, one of these expansions involved the Niger- ... ...

    Abstract The transformation from a foraging way of life to a reliance on domesticated plants and animals often led to the expansion of agropastoralist populations at the expense of hunter-gatherers (HGs). In Africa, one of these expansions involved the Niger-Congo Bantu-speaking populations that started to spread southwards from Cameroon/Nigeria approximately 4,000 years ago, bringing agricultural technologies. Genetic studies have shown different degrees of gene flow (sometimes involving sex-biased migrations) between Bantu agriculturalists and HGs. Although these studies have covered many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, the central part (e.g. Zambia) was not yet studied, and the interactions between immigrating food-producers and local HGs are still unclear. Archeological evidence from the Luangwa Valley of Zambia suggests a long period of coexistence ( approximately 1,700 years) of early food-producers and HGs. To investigate if this apparent coexistence was accompanied by genetic admixture, we analyzed the mtDNA control region, Y chromosomal unique event polymorphisms, and 12 associated Y- short tandem repeats in two food-producing groups (Bisa and Kunda) that live today in the Luangwa Valley, and compared these data with available published data on African HGs. Our results suggest that both the Bisa and Kunda experienced at most low levels of admixture with HGs, and these levels do not differ between the maternal and paternal lineages. Coalescent simulations indicate that the genetic data best fit a demographic scenario with a long divergence (62,500 years) and little or no gene flow between the ancestors of the Bisa/Kunda and existing HGs. This scenario contrasts with the archaeological evidence for a long period of coexistence between the two different communities in the Luangwa Valley, and suggests a process of sociocultural boundary maintenance may have characterized their interaction.
    MeSH term(s) African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Y/genetics ; Complementarity Determining Regions ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Male ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Zambia
    Chemical Substances Complementarity Determining Regions ; DNA, Mitochondrial
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 219376-0
    ISSN 1096-8644 ; 0002-9483
    ISSN (online) 1096-8644
    ISSN 0002-9483
    DOI 10.1002/ajpa.21155
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