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  1. Article ; Online: Vaccination rates and COVID outcomes across U.S. states.

    Barro, Robert J

    Economics and human biology

    2022  Volume 47, Page(s) 101201

    Abstract: Rates of COVID deaths, hospitalizations, and cases differ markedly across U.S. states, as do rates of vaccination. This study uses cross-state regressions to assess impacts of vaccinations on COVID outcomes. A number of familiar issues arise concerning ... ...

    Abstract Rates of COVID deaths, hospitalizations, and cases differ markedly across U.S. states, as do rates of vaccination. This study uses cross-state regressions to assess impacts of vaccinations on COVID outcomes. A number of familiar issues arise concerning cross-sectional regressions, including omitted variables, behavioral responses to vaccination, and reverse causation. The benefits from a field context and from the broad range of observed variations suggest the value from dealing with these issues. Results reveal sizable negative effects of vaccination on deaths, hospitalizations, and cases up to early December 2021, although vaccine efficacy seems to wane over time. The findings for deaths apply to all-cause excess mortality as well as COVID-related mortality. The estimates imply that one expected life saved requires 248 additional doses, with a marginal cost around $55000, far below typical estimates of the value of a statistical life. Results since December 2021 suggest smaller effects of vaccinations on deaths and, especially, hospitalizations and cases, possibly because of diminished effectiveness of vaccines against new forms of the virus, notably the omicron variant. A further possibility is that confidence engendered by vaccinations motivated individuals and governments to lessen non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as masking and social distancing.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-21
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2099749-8
    ISSN 1873-6130 ; 1570-677X
    ISSN (online) 1873-6130
    ISSN 1570-677X
    DOI 10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101201
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Non-pharmaceutical interventions and mortality in U.S. cities during the great influenza pandemic, 1918-1919.

    Barro, Robert J

    Research in economics = Ricerche economiche

    2022  Volume 76, Issue 2, Page(s) 93–106

    Abstract: A key issue for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is whether non-pharmaceutical public-health interventions (NPIs) retard death rates. Good information about causal effects from NPIs comes from flu-related excess deaths in large U.S. cities during the second ...

    Abstract A key issue for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is whether non-pharmaceutical public-health interventions (NPIs) retard death rates. Good information about causal effects from NPIs comes from flu-related excess deaths in large U.S. cities during the second wave of the Great Influenza Pandemic, September 1918-February 1919. The measured NPIs are in three categories: school closings, prohibitions of public gatherings, and quarantine/isolation. Although an increase in NPIs flattened the curve in the sense of reducing the ratio of peak to overall flu-related excess death rates, the estimated effect on overall deaths is small and statistically insignificant. These findings differ from those associated with COVID-19 in the sense that facemask mandates and usage seem to reduce COVID-related cases.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-25
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1090-9451
    ISSN (online) 1090-9451
    DOI 10.1016/j.rie.2022.06.001
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Book ; Article ; Online: Vaccination rates and COVID-19 outcomes across US states

    Barro, Robert J.

    2022  

    Abstract: Rates of COVID deaths, hospitalizations, and cases differ markedly across U.S. states, as do rates of vaccination. This study uses cross-state regressions to assess impacts of vaccinations on COVID outcomes. A number of familiar issues arise concerning ... ...

    Abstract Rates of COVID deaths, hospitalizations, and cases differ markedly across U.S. states, as do rates of vaccination. This study uses cross-state regressions to assess impacts of vaccinations on COVID outcomes. A number of familiar issues arise concerning cross-sectional regressions, including omitted variables, behavioral responses to vaccination, and reverse causation. The benefits from a field context and from the broad range of observed variations suggest the value from dealing with these issues. Results along these lines reveal sizable negative effects of vaccination on deaths, hospitalizations, and cases up to early December 2021, although vaccine efficacy seems to wane over time. The estimates imply that 250 additional doses, with a marginal cost around $40000, leads to one expected life saved. This $40000 is far below typical estimates of the value of a statistical life. Results since December 2021 suggest smaller effects of vaccinations on deaths and, especially, hospitalizations and cases. These findings may reflect diminishing effectiveness of vaccines against new forms of the virus, notably the omicron variant. A further possibility is that confidence engendered by vaccinations may have motivated individuals and governments to lessen non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as masking and social distancing.
    Keywords ddc:330 ; A ; Coronavirus ; Health Care Policy ; Vaccines
    Subject code 333
    Language English
    Publisher Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute (AEI)
    Publishing country de
    Document type Book ; Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Macroeconomics of the Great Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1920.

    Barro, Robert J / Ursúa, José F

    Research in economics = Ricerche economiche

    2022  Volume 76, Issue 1, Page(s) 21–29

    Abstract: Data for 48 countries during the Great Influenza Pandemic imply flu-related deaths in 1918-1920 of 40 million, 2.1 percent of world population, implying 160 million deaths when applied to current population. Regressions with annual information on flu ... ...

    Abstract Data for 48 countries during the Great Influenza Pandemic imply flu-related deaths in 1918-1920 of 40 million, 2.1 percent of world population, implying 160 million deaths when applied to current population. Regressions with annual information on flu deaths 1918-1920 and war deaths during WWI imply flu-generated economic declines for GDP and consumption in the typical country of 6 and 8 percent, respectively. Higher flu death rates also decreased realized real returns on stocks and, especially, on short-term government bills.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-21
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1090-9451
    ISSN (online) 1090-9451
    DOI 10.1016/j.rie.2022.01.001
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Rare events and long-run risks.

    Barro, Robert J / Jin, Tao

    Review of economic dynamics

    2020  Volume 39, Page(s) 1–25

    Abstract: Rare events (RE) and long-run risks (LRR) are complementary approaches for characterizing macroeconomic variables and understanding asset pricing. We estimate a model with RE and LRR using long-term consumption data for 42 economies, identify these two ... ...

    Abstract Rare events (RE) and long-run risks (LRR) are complementary approaches for characterizing macroeconomic variables and understanding asset pricing. We estimate a model with RE and LRR using long-term consumption data for 42 economies, identify these two types of risks simultaneously from the data, and reveal their distinctions. RE typically associates with major historical episodes, such as world wars and depressions and analogous country-specific events. LRR reflects gradual processes that influence long-run growth rates and volatility. A match between the model and observed average rates of return on equity and short-term bonds requires a coefficient of relative risk aversion,
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1471730-X
    ISSN 1096-6099 ; 1094-2025
    ISSN (online) 1096-6099
    ISSN 1094-2025
    DOI 10.1016/j.red.2020.08.002
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Rare events and long-run risks

    Barro, Robert J / Jin, Tao

    Review of economic dynamics

    Abstract: Rare events (RE) and long-run risks (LRR) are complementary approaches for characterizing macroeconomic variables and understanding asset pricing. We estimate a model with RE and LRR using long-term consumption data for 42 economies, identify these two ... ...

    Abstract Rare events (RE) and long-run risks (LRR) are complementary approaches for characterizing macroeconomic variables and understanding asset pricing. We estimate a model with RE and LRR using long-term consumption data for 42 economies, identify these two types of risks simultaneously from the data, and reveal their distinctions. RE typically associates with major historical episodes, such as world wars and depressions and analogous country-specific events. LRR reflects gradual processes that influence long-run growth rates and volatility. A match between the model and observed average rates of return on equity and short-term bonds requires a coefficient of relative risk aversion, γ, around 6. Most of the explanation for the equity premium derives from RE, although LRR makes a moderate contribution. However, LRR helps in fitting the Sharpe ratio. Generating good matches to the equity premium and Sharpe ratio simultaneously is still challenging.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #723649
    Database COVID19

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  7. Book: Economic growth and convergence, applied especially to China

    Barro, Robert J

    (Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 21872)

    2016  

    Author's details Robert J. Barro
    Series title Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 21872
    Keywords Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftliche Konvergenz ; China
    Language English
    Size 23 Seiten, Illustrationen
    Publisher National Bureau of Economic Research
    Publishing place Cambridge, MA
    Document type Book
    Note Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  8. Article: Economic growth and convergence, applied to China

    Barro, Robert J

    China & world economy Vol. 24, No. 5 , p. 5-19

    2016  Volume 24, Issue 5, Page(s) 5–19

    Author's details Robert J. Barro
    Keywords China ; convergence ; dispersion ; economic growth
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-9999
    Publisher Wiley-Blackwell
    Publishing place Oxford
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2165827-4 ; 2223590-5
    ISSN 1749-124X ; 1671-2234
    ISSN (online) 1749-124X
    ISSN 1671-2234
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  9. Article: Environmental protection, rare disasters and discount rates

    Barro, Robert J

    Economica Vol. 82, No. 325 , p. 1-23

    2015  Volume 82, Issue 325, Page(s) 1–23

    Author's details Robert J. Barro
    Keywords Klimawandel ; Katastrophe ; Soziale Diskontrate ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Klimaschutz ; Theorie
    Language English
    Size graph. Darst.
    Publisher Wiley-Blackwell
    Publishing place Oxford
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1800-4 ; 1473760-7
    ISSN 1468-0335 ; 0013-0427
    ISSN (online) 1468-0335
    ISSN 0013-0427
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  10. Article: Convergence and modernisation

    Barro, Robert J

    The economic journal : the journal of the Royal Economic Society Vol. 125, No. 585 , p. 911-942

    2015  Volume 125, Issue 585, Page(s) 911–942

    Author's details Robert J. Barro
    Keywords Nationaleinkommen ; Wirtschaftliche Konvergenz ; Sozialer Wandel ; Panel ; Schätzung ; Welt
    Language English
    Publisher Blackwell ; Wiley-Blackwell
    Publishing place Oxford [u.a.] ; Oxford [u.a.]
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 3025-9 ; 1473822-3
    ISSN 1468-0297 ; 0013-0133
    ISSN (online) 1468-0297
    ISSN 0013-0133
    Database ECONomics Information System

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