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  1. Article ; Online: Hydrogen-Induced Ultralow Optical Absorption and Mechanical Loss in Amorphous Silicon for Gravitational-Wave Detectors.

    Molina-Ruiz, M / Markosyan, A / Bassiri, R / Fejer, M M / Abernathy, M / Metcalf, T H / Liu, X / Vajente, G / Ananyeva, A / Hellman, F

    Physical review letters

    2024  Volume 131, Issue 25, Page(s) 256902

    Abstract: The sensitivity of gravitational-wave detectors is limited by the mechanical loss associated with the amorphous coatings of the detectors' mirrors. Amorphous silicon has higher refraction index and lower mechanical loss than current high-index coatings, ... ...

    Abstract The sensitivity of gravitational-wave detectors is limited by the mechanical loss associated with the amorphous coatings of the detectors' mirrors. Amorphous silicon has higher refraction index and lower mechanical loss than current high-index coatings, but its optical absorption at the wavelength used for the detectors is at present large. The addition of hydrogen to the amorphous silicon network reduces both optical absorption and mechanical loss for films prepared under a range of conditions at all measured wavelengths and temperatures, with a particularly large effect on films grown at room temperature. The uptake of hydrogen is greatest in the films grown at room temperature, but still below 1.5 at.% H, which show an ultralow optical absorption (below 10 ppm) measured at 2000 nm for 500-nm-thick films. These results show that hydrogenation is a promising strategy to reduce both optical absorption and mechanical loss in amorphous silicon, and may enable fabrication of mirror coatings for gravitational-wave detectors with improved sensitivity.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 208853-8
    ISSN 1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
    ISSN (online) 1079-7114
    ISSN 0031-9007
    DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.256902
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  2. Article ; Online: Growth and characterization of Sc

    Fazio, Mariana / Yang, Le / Markosyan, Ashot / Bassiri, Riccardo / Fejer, Martin M / Menoni, Carmen S

    Applied optics

    2020  Volume 59, Issue 5, Page(s) A106–A111

    Abstract: We present the optical and structural characterization of films ... ...

    Abstract We present the optical and structural characterization of films of
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1539-4522
    ISSN (online) 1539-4522
    DOI 10.1364/AO.59.00A106
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  3. Article ; Online: Analysis of two-level systems and mechanical loss in amorphous ZrO

    Jiang, Jun / Mishkin, Alec S / Prasai, Kiran / Zhang, Rui / Yazback, Maher / Bassiri, Riccardo / Fejer, Martin M / Cheng, Hai-Ping

    The Journal of chemical physics

    2021  Volume 154, Issue 17, Page(s) 174502

    Abstract: The energy landscape of ... ...

    Abstract The energy landscape of ZrO
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3113-6
    ISSN 1089-7690 ; 0021-9606
    ISSN (online) 1089-7690
    ISSN 0021-9606
    DOI 10.1063/5.0046332
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  4. Book ; Online: Argon bubble formation in tantalum oxide-based films for gravitational wave interferometer mirrors

    Cummings, Rebecca B. / Bassiri, Riccardo / Martin, Iain W. / MacLaren, Ian

    2020  

    Abstract: The argon content of titanium dioxide doped tantalum pentoxide thin films was quantified in a spatially resolved way using HAADF images and DualEELS. Films annealed at 300$^{\circ}$C, 400$^{\circ}$C and 600$^{\circ}$C were investigated to see if there ... ...

    Abstract The argon content of titanium dioxide doped tantalum pentoxide thin films was quantified in a spatially resolved way using HAADF images and DualEELS. Films annealed at 300$^{\circ}$C, 400$^{\circ}$C and 600$^{\circ}$C were investigated to see if there was a relationship between annealing temperature and bubble formation. It was shown using HAADF imaging that argon is present in most of these films and that bubbles of argon start to form after annealing at 400$^{\circ}$C and coarsen after annealing at 600$^{\circ}$C. A semi-empirical standard was created for the quantification using argon data from the EELS atlas and experimental data scaled using a Hartree Slater cross section. The density and pressure of argon within the bubbles was calculated for 35 bubbles in the 600$^{\circ}$C sample. The bubbles had a mean diameter, density and pressure of 22\r{A}, 870kg/m$^3$ and 400MPa, respectively. The pressure was calculated using the Van der Waals equation. The bubbles may affect the properties of the films, which are used as optical coatings for mirrors in gravitational wave detectors. This spatially resolved quantification technique can be readily applied to other small noble gas bubbles in a range of materials.

    Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, data avilable at Enlighten: Research Data at 10.5525/gla.researchdata.1074
    Keywords Condensed Matter - Materials Science
    Publishing date 2020-10-28
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
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  5. Article ; Online: Modifications of ion beam sputtered tantala thin films by secondary argon and oxygen bombardment.

    Yang, Le / Randel, Emmett / Vajente, Gabriele / Ananyeva, Alena / Gustafson, Eric / Markosyan, Ashot / Bassiri, Riccardo / Fejer, Martin / Menoni, Carmen

    Applied optics

    2020  Volume 59, Issue 5, Page(s) A150–A154

    Abstract: Amorphous tantala ( ...

    Abstract Amorphous tantala (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1539-4522
    ISSN (online) 1539-4522
    DOI 10.1364/AO.59.00A150
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Enhanced medium-range order in vapor-deposited germania glasses at elevated temperatures.

    Yang, Le / Vajente, Gabriele / Fazio, Mariana / Ananyeva, Alena / Billingsley, GariLynn / Markosyan, Ashot / Bassiri, Riccardo / Prasai, Kiran / Fejer, Martin M / Chicoine, Martin / Schiettekatte, François / Menoni, Carmen S

    Science advances

    2021  Volume 7, Issue 37, Page(s) eabh1117

    Abstract: Glasses are nonequilibrium solids with properties highly dependent on their method of preparation. In vapor-deposited molecular glasses, structural organization could be readily tuned with deposition rate and substrate temperature. Here, we show that the ...

    Abstract Glasses are nonequilibrium solids with properties highly dependent on their method of preparation. In vapor-deposited molecular glasses, structural organization could be readily tuned with deposition rate and substrate temperature. Here, we show that the atomic arrangement of strong network-forming GeO
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2810933-8
    ISSN 2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
    ISSN (online) 2375-2548
    ISSN 2375-2548
    DOI 10.1126/sciadv.abh1117
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  7. Article ; Online: Low Mechanical Loss TiO_{2}:GeO_{2} Coatings for Reduced Thermal Noise in Gravitational Wave Interferometers.

    Vajente, Gabriele / Yang, Le / Davenport, Aaron / Fazio, Mariana / Ananyeva, Alena / Zhang, Liyuan / Billingsley, Garilynn / Prasai, Kiran / Markosyan, Ashot / Bassiri, Riccardo / Fejer, Martin M / Chicoine, Martin / Schiettekatte, François / Menoni, Carmen S

    Physical review letters

    2021  Volume 127, Issue 7, Page(s) 71101

    Abstract: The sensitivity of current and planned gravitational wave interferometric detectors is limited, in the most critical frequency region around 100 Hz, by a combination of quantum noise and thermal noise. The latter is dominated by Brownian noise: thermal ... ...

    Abstract The sensitivity of current and planned gravitational wave interferometric detectors is limited, in the most critical frequency region around 100 Hz, by a combination of quantum noise and thermal noise. The latter is dominated by Brownian noise: thermal motion originating from the elastic energy dissipation in the dielectric coatings used in the interferometer mirrors. The energy dissipation is a material property characterized by the mechanical loss angle. We have identified mixtures of titanium dioxide (TiO_{2}) and germanium dioxide (GeO_{2}) that show internal dissipations at a level of 1×10^{-4}, low enough to provide improvement of almost a factor of 2 on the level of Brownian noise with respect to the state-of-the-art materials. We show that by using a mixture of 44% TiO_{2} and 56% GeO_{2} in the high refractive index layers of the interferometer mirrors, it would be possible to achieve a thermal noise level in line with the design requirements. These results are a crucial step forward to produce the mirrors needed to meet the thermal noise requirements for the planned upgrades of the Advanced LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) and Virgo detectors.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 208853-8
    ISSN 1079-7114 ; 0031-9007
    ISSN (online) 1079-7114
    ISSN 0031-9007
    DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.071101
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  8. Article ; Online: Measurement and Modeling of Short and Medium Range Order in Amorphous Ta2O5 Thin Films.

    Shyam, Badri / Stone, Kevin H / Bassiri, Riccardo / Fejer, Martin M / Toney, Michael F / Mehta, Apurva

    Scientific reports

    2016  Volume 6, Page(s) 32170

    Abstract: Amorphous films and coatings are rapidly growing in importance. Yet, there is a dearth of high-quality structural data on sub-micron films. Not understanding how these materials assemble at atomic scale limits fundamental insights needed to improve their ...

    Abstract Amorphous films and coatings are rapidly growing in importance. Yet, there is a dearth of high-quality structural data on sub-micron films. Not understanding how these materials assemble at atomic scale limits fundamental insights needed to improve their performance. Here, we use grazing-incidence x-ray total scattering measurements to examine the atomic structure of the top 50-100 nm of Ta2O5 films; mirror coatings that show high promise to significantly improve the sensitivity of the next generation of gravitational-wave detectors. Our measurements show noticeable changes well into medium range, not only between crystalline and amorphous, but also between as-deposited, annealed and doped amorphous films. It is a further challenge to quickly translate the structural information into insights into mechanisms of packing and disorder. Here, we illustrate a modeling approach that allows translation of observed structural features to a physically intuitive packing of a primary structural unit based on a kinked Ta-O-Ta backbone. Our modeling illustrates how Ta-O-Ta units link to form longer 1D chains and even 2D ribbons, and how doping and annealing influences formation of 2D order. We also find that all the amorphousTa2O5 films studied in here are not just poorly crystalline but appear to lack true 3D order.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-08-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/srep32170
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  9. Book ; Online: Structure and morphology of low mechanical loss TiO$_2$-doped Ta$_2$O$_5$

    Fazio, Mariana / Vajente, Gabriele / Ananyeva, Alena / Markosyan, Ashot / Bassiri, Riccardo / Fejer, Martin / Menoni, Carmen S.

    2020  

    Abstract: Amorphous oxide thin films play a fundamental role in state-of-the art interferometry experiments, such as gravitational wave detectors where these films compose the high reflectance mirrors of end and input masses. The sensitivity of these detectors is ... ...

    Abstract Amorphous oxide thin films play a fundamental role in state-of-the art interferometry experiments, such as gravitational wave detectors where these films compose the high reflectance mirrors of end and input masses. The sensitivity of these detectors is affected by thermal noise in the mirrors with its main source being the mechanical loss of the high index layers. These thermally driven fluctuations are a fundamental limit to optical interferometry experiments and there is a pressing need to understand the underlying processes that lead to mechanical dissipation in materials at room temperature. Two strategies are known to lower the mechanical loss: employing a mixture of Ta$_2$O$_5$ with $\approx$ 20\% of TiO$_2$ and post-deposition annealing, but the reasons behind this are not completely understood. In this work, we present a systematic study of the structural and optical properties of ion beam sputtered TiO$_2$-doped Ta$_2$O$_5$ films as a function of the annealing temperature. We show for the first time that low mechanical loss is associated with a material morphology that consists of nanometer sized Ar-rich bubbles embedded into an atomically homogeneous mixed titanium-tantalum oxide. When the Ti cation ratio is high, however, phase separation occurs in the film which leads to increased mechanical loss. These results indicate that for designing low mechanical loss mixed oxide coatings for interferometry applications it would be beneficial to identify materials with the ability to form ternary compounds while the dopant ratio needs to be kept low to avoid phase separation.
    Keywords Physics - Applied Physics ; Condensed Matter - Materials Science
    Subject code 620
    Publishing date 2020-02-26
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
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  10. Book ; Online: Structural evolution of binary oxide nanolaminates with annealing and its impact on room-temperature internal friction

    Yang, Le / Fazio, Mariana / Vajente, Gabriele / Ananyeva, Alena / Billingsley, GariLynn / Markosyan, Ashot / Bassiri, Riccardo / Fejer, Martin M. / Menoni, Carmen S.

    2020  

    Abstract: Internal friction in oxide thin films imposes a critical limitation to the sensitivity and stability of ultra-high finesse optical cavities for gravitational wave detectors. Strategies like doping or creating nanolaminates are sought to introduce ... ...

    Abstract Internal friction in oxide thin films imposes a critical limitation to the sensitivity and stability of ultra-high finesse optical cavities for gravitational wave detectors. Strategies like doping or creating nanolaminates are sought to introduce structural modifications that reduce internal friction. This work describes an investigation of the morphological changes SiO2/Ta2O5 and TiO2/Ta2O5 nanolaminates undergo with annealing and their impact on room temperature internal friction. It is demonstrated that thermal treatment results in a reduction of internal friction in both nanolaminates, but through different pathways. In the SiO2/Ta2O5 nanolaminate, which layers remain intact after annealing, the total reduction in internal friction follows the reduction in the composing SiO2 and Ta2O5 layers. Instead, interdiffusion initiated by annealing at the interface of the TiO2/Ta2O5 nanolaminate and the formation of a mixed phase dictate a more significant reduction in internal friction to ~ 2.6 * 10-4, a value lower than any other Ta2O5 mixture coating with similar cation concentration.
    Keywords Condensed Matter - Materials Science
    Subject code 620
    Publishing date 2020-10-08
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
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