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Article ; Online: At the intersection of race and immigration: a comprehensive review of depression and related symptoms within the US Black population.

Esie, Precious / Bates, Lisa M

2023 Volume 45, Issue 1, Page(s) 105–126

Abstract: Although the literature on the differences between Black people and White people in terms of differences in major depressive disorder and related self-reported symptoms is robust, less robust is the literature on how these outcomes are patterned within ... ...

Abstract	Although the literature on the differences between Black people and White people in terms of differences in major depressive disorder and related self-reported symptoms is robust, less robust is the literature on how these outcomes are patterned within the US Black population and why differences exist. Given increased ethnic diversity of Black Americans due to increases in immigration, continued aggregation may mask differences between Black ethnic-immigrant groups and Black Americans with more distant ancestral ties to Africa (African Americans). The purpose of this narrative review was to comprehensively synthesize the literature on depression and related symptoms within the US Black population across immigration- and ethnicity-related domains and provide a summary of mechanisms proposed to explain variation. Findings revealed substantial variation in the presence of these outcomes within the US Black population by nativity, region of birth, age at immigration, and Caribbean ethnic origin. Racial context and racial socialization were identified as important, promising mechanisms for better understanding variations by region of birth and among those born or socialized in the United States, respectively. Findings warrant data collection efforts and measurement innovation to better account for within-racial differences in outcomes under study. A greater appreciation of the growing ethnic-immigrant diversity within the US Black population may improve understanding of how racism differentially functions as a cause of depression and related symptoms within this group.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Black People ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology ; Emigration and Immigration ; Ethnicity ; United States/epidemiology ; Black or African American
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	445346-3
ISSN	1478-6729 ; 0193-936X
ISSN (online)	1478-6729
ISSN	0193-936X
DOI	10.1093/epirev/mxad006
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Article ; Online: Dismantling the monolith: ethnic origin, racial identity, and major depression among US-born Black Americans.

Esie, Precious / Bates, Lisa M

Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology

2023 Volume 58, Issue 9, Page(s) 1293–1304

Abstract: Purpose: Numerous investigations have sought to understand why Black Americans have a lower prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) than white Americans, yet fewer have explored within-racial group variation or its causes. Limited extant evidence ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Numerous investigations have sought to understand why Black Americans have a lower prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) than white Americans, yet fewer have explored within-racial group variation or its causes. Limited extant evidence indicates that US-born Caribbeans have higher levels of MDD relative to African Americans. Among African Americans, racial identity is considered protective against depression, yet it is unclear how it functions among Black Americans with recent immigrant origins. We examined the extent to which differential effects of racial identity on MDD by ethnic origin explain the elevated prevalence among US-born Caribbeans relative to all other US-born Black Americans. Methods: With data from the largest nationally representative study of Black mental health, log-binomial models assessed effect modification of ethnic origin (Caribbean, non-Caribbean) on the relationship between racial identity and MDD. Separate models evaluated four indicators of racial identity-"closeness to Black people," "importance of race to one's identity," "belief that one's fate is shared with other Black people," and "Black group evaluation." Results: Belief in "shared fate" was positively associated with MDD for US-born Caribbeans alone (PR = 3.43, 95% CI 1.87, 6.27). Models suggested that "importance of race" and "Black group evaluation" were detrimental for Caribbeans, yet protective for non-Caribbeans. "Closeness" appeared protective for both groups. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the protective effect of racial identity against MDD among US-born Black Americans may depend on both ethnic origin and the operationalization of racial identity. Results provide new insight into the role of racial identity on depression and suggest promising directions for future research.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; Black or African American ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Depression ; Ethnicity/psychology ; Black People
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-02
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	623071-4
ISSN	1433-9285 ; 0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
ISSN (online)	1433-9285
ISSN	0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
DOI	10.1007/s00127-022-02412-w
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Article ; Online: Evaluating hypothesized explanations for the Black-white depression paradox: A critical review of the extant evidence.

Pamplin, John R / Bates, Lisa M

Social science & medicine (1982)

2021 Volume 281, Page(s) 114085

Abstract: The Black-white Depression paradox, the lower prevalence of major depression among non-Hispanic Black (relative to non-Hispanic white) individuals despite their greater exposure to major life stressors, is a phenomenon that remains unexplained. Despite a ...

Abstract	The Black-white Depression paradox, the lower prevalence of major depression among non-Hispanic Black (relative to non-Hispanic white) individuals despite their greater exposure to major life stressors, is a phenomenon that remains unexplained. Despite a decade plus of research, there is little clarity as to whether the paradoxical observations are an invalid finding, spuriously produced by selection bias, information bias, or confounding, or are a valid finding, representative of a true racial patterning of depression in the population. Though both artefactual and etiologic mechanisms have been tested, a lack of synthesis of the extant evidence has contributed towards an unclear picture of the validity of the paradox and produced challenges for researchers in determining which proposed mechanisms show promise, which have been debunked, and which require further study. The objective of this critical review is to assess the state of the literature regarding explanations for the Black-white depression paradox by examining some of the more prominent hypothesized explanatory mechanisms that have been proposed and assessing the state of the evidence in support of them. Included mechanisms were selected for their perceived dominance in the literature and the existence of at least one, direct empirical test using DSM major depression as the outcome. This review highlights the very limited evidence in support of any of the extant putative mechanisms, suggesting that investigators should redirect efforts towards identifying novel mechanisms, and/or empirically testing those which show promise but to date have been relatively understudied. We conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of the evidence for well-accepted social theories and raise questions regarding the use of DSM major depression to assess mental health burden in Black communities.
MeSH term(s)	Black or African American ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology ; Ethnicity ; Humans ; White People
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ZDB-ID	4766-1
ISSN	1873-5347 ; 0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
ISSN (online)	1873-5347
ISSN	0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
DOI	10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114085
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Article ; Online: Bringing home the benefits: Do pro-family employee benefits mitigate the risk of depression from competing workplace and domestic labor roles?

Platt, Jonathan M / Bates, Lisa / Jager, Justin / McLaughlin, Katie A / Keyes, Katherine M

American journal of epidemiology

2024

Abstract: Despite significant historical progress toward gender parity in employment status in the US, women remain more likely to provide domestic labor, creating role competition which may increase depression symptoms. Pro-family employee benefits may minimize ... ...

Abstract	Despite significant historical progress toward gender parity in employment status in the US, women remain more likely to provide domestic labor, creating role competition which may increase depression symptoms. Pro-family employee benefits may minimize the stress of competing roles. We tested whether depressive symptoms were higher among women with vs. without competing roles and whether this effect was greater among women without (vs. with) pro-family benefits. Data included employed women surveyed across 4 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey (2010-2019) (N=9884). Depression symptoms were measured with the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5). The interaction between competing roles and pro-family employee benefits on depressive symptoms was also compared with non-family-related benefits, using marginal structural models to estimate longitudinal effects in the presence of time-varying confounding. MHI-5 scores were 0.56 points higher (95% CI=0.15, 0.97) among women in competing roles (vs. not). Among women without pro-family benefits, competing roles increased MHI-5 scores by 6.1-points (95% CI=1.14, 11.1). In contrast, there was no association between competing roles and MHI-5 scores among women with access to these benefits (MHI-5 difference=0.44; 95% CI=-0.2, 1.0). Results were similar for non-family-related benefits. Dual workplace and domestic labor role competition increases women's depression symptoms, though broad availability of workplace benefits may attenuate that risk.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2937-3
ISSN	1476-6256 ; 0002-9262
ISSN (online)	1476-6256
ISSN	0002-9262
DOI	10.1093/aje/kwae055
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Article ; Online: Testing a somatization hypothesis to explain the Black-White depression paradox.

Barnes, David M / Bates, Lisa M

Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology

2019 Volume 54, Issue 10, Page(s) 1255–1263

Abstract: Purpose: Epidemiologic studies document a lower prevalence of major depression in Blacks than Whites in the United States. This is paradoxical from the perspective of social stress theory. A long-standing claim in the (clinical) literature is that ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Epidemiologic studies document a lower prevalence of major depression in Blacks than Whites in the United States. This is paradoxical from the perspective of social stress theory. A long-standing claim in the (clinical) literature is that Blacks express depression more somatically than Whites. If true, the diagnostic algorithm may undercount depression in Blacks, since the screening symptoms privilege the psychological rather than somatic dimensions of depression. We test hypotheses that (1) Blacks express depression more somatically than Whites which (2) reduces their likelihood of endorsing screening symptoms, thereby undercounting Blacks' depression and explaining the Black-White depression paradox. Methods: We use cross-sectional data collected in 1991-92 from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (n = 42,862) among Blacks and Whites endorsing at least one past-12-month depression symptom. We compare groups on depression somatization and test whether greater somatization in Blacks leads to lower endorsement of psychological screening symptoms, and therefore under-diagnosis. Results: Blacks have higher mean depression somatization scores than Whites (0.28, SE 0.04 vs. 0.15, SE 0.02), t(122) = - 2.15, p = 0.03. This difference is small and driven by Blacks' higher endorsement of 1 somatic symptom (weight/appetite change) and Whites' greater propensity to endorse psychological symptoms. However, Blacks have the same odds as Whites of endorsing screening symptoms, before and after adjusting for somatization. Conclusions: We find minimal evidence that Blacks express depression more somatically than Whites. Furthermore, this small difference does not appear to inhibit endorsement of diagnostic depression screening symptoms among Blacks, and therefore does not resolve the Black-White depression paradox.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; African Americans/psychology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/ethnology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology ; European Continental Ancestry Group/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Prevalence ; Somatoform Disorders/epidemiology ; Somatoform Disorders/ethnology ; Somatoform Disorders/psychology ; Stress, Psychological/epidemiology ; Stress, Psychological/ethnology ; Stress, Psychological/psychology ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-13
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	623071-4
ISSN	1433-9285 ; 0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
ISSN (online)	1433-9285
ISSN	0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
DOI	10.1007/s00127-019-01707-9
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Article ; Online: Race, criminalization and urban mental health in the United States.

Pamplin, John R / Kelsall, Nora Clancy / Keyes, Katherine M / Bates, Lisa M / Prins, Seth J

Current opinion in psychiatry

2023 Volume 36, Issue 3, Page(s) 219–236

Abstract: Purpose of review: As efforts to increase policing and roll back criminal legal system reforms in major U.S. cities rise, the collateral consequences of increased criminalization remain critical to document. Although the criminalization of mental ... ...

Abstract	Purpose of review: As efforts to increase policing and roll back criminal legal system reforms in major U.S. cities rise, the collateral consequences of increased criminalization remain critical to document. Although the criminalization of mental illness has been well studied in the U.S., the mental health effects of criminalization are comparatively under-researched. In addition, despite extreme racial disparities in U.S. policing, there is limited understanding of how criminalization may contribute to racial disparities in mental health. Recent findings: Literature included in this review covers various types of criminalization, including direct and indirect impacts of incarceration, criminalization of immigration, first-hand and witnessed encounters with police, and the effects of widely publicized police brutality incidents. All forms of criminalization were shown to negatively impact mental health (depression, anxiety and suicidality), with evidence suggestive of disproportionate impact on Black people. Summary: There is evidence of significant negative impact of criminalization on mental health; however, more robust research is needed to address the limitations of the current literature. These limitations include few analyses stratified by race, a lack of focus on nonincarceration forms of criminalization, few longitudinal studies limiting causal inference, highly selected samples limiting generalizability and few studies with validated mental health measures.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; Mental Health ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology ; Police ; Urban Health ; Cities
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Review ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	645162-7
ISSN	1473-6578 ; 0951-7367
ISSN (online)	1473-6578
ISSN	0951-7367
DOI	10.1097/YCO.0000000000000857
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Article ; Online: Investigating a Paradox: Toward a Better Understanding of the Relationships Between Racial Group Membership, Stress, and Major Depressive Disorder.

Pamplin Ii, John R / Rudolph, Kara E / Keyes, Katherine M / Susser, Ezra S / Bates, Lisa M

American journal of epidemiology

2023 Volume 192, Issue 11, Page(s) 1845–1853

Abstract: Epidemiologic studies in the United States routinely report a lower or equal prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) for Black people relative to White people. Within racial groups, individuals with greater life stressor exposure experience greater ...

Abstract	Epidemiologic studies in the United States routinely report a lower or equal prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) for Black people relative to White people. Within racial groups, individuals with greater life stressor exposure experience greater prevalence of MDD; however, between racial groups this pattern does not hold. Informed by theoretical and empirical literature seeking to explain this "Black-White depression paradox," we outline 2 proposed models for the relationships between racial group membership, life stressor exposure, and MDD: an effect modification model and an inconsistent mediator model. Either model could explain the paradoxical within- and between-racial group patterns of life stressor exposure and MDD. We empirically estimated associations under each of the proposed models using data from 26,960 self-identified Black and White participants in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III (United States, 2012-2013). Under the effect modification model, we estimated relative risk effect modification using parametric regression with a cross-product term, and under the inconsistent mediation model, we estimated interventional direct and indirect effects using targeted minimum loss-based estimation. We found evidence of inconsistent mediation (i.e., direct and indirect effects operating in opposite directions), suggesting a need for greater consideration of explanations for racial patterns in MDD that operate independent of life stressor exposure. This article is part of a Special Collection on Mental Health.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology ; Group Processes ; Prevalence ; Racial Groups ; United States/epidemiology ; Stress, Psychological/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2937-3
ISSN	1476-6256 ; 0002-9262
ISSN (online)	1476-6256
ISSN	0002-9262
DOI	10.1093/aje/kwad128
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Article ; Online: Punitive legal responses to prenatal drug use in the United States: A survey of state policies and systematic review of their public health impacts.

Bruzelius, Emilie / Underhill, Kristen / Askari, Melanie S / Kajeepeta, Sandhya / Bates, Lisa / Prins, Seth J / Jarlenski, Marian / Martins, Silvia S

The International journal on drug policy

2024 Volume 126, Page(s) 104380

Abstract: Background: Punitive legal responses to prenatal drug use may be associated with unintended adverse health consequences. However, in a rapidly shifting policy climate, current information has not been summarized. We conducted a survey of U.S. state ... ...

Abstract	Background: Punitive legal responses to prenatal drug use may be associated with unintended adverse health consequences. However, in a rapidly shifting policy climate, current information has not been summarized. We conducted a survey of U.S. state policies that utilize criminal or civil legal system penalties to address prenatal drug use. We then systematically identified empirical studies evaluating these policies and summarized their potential public health impacts. Methods: Using existing databases and original statutory research, we surveyed current U.S. state-level prenatal drug use policies authorizing explicit criminalization, involuntary commitment, civil child abuse substantiation, and parental rights termination. Next, we systematically identified quantitative associations between these policies and health outcomes, restricting to U.S.-based peer-reviewed research, published January 2000-December 2022. Results described study characteristics and synthesized the evidence on health-related harms and benefits associated with punitive policies. Validity threats were described narratively. Results: By 2022, two states had adopted policies explicitly authorizing criminal prosecution, and five states allowed pregnancy-specific and drug use-related involuntary civil commitment. Prenatal drug use was grounds for substantiating civil child abuse and terminating parental rights in 22 and five states, respectively. Of the 16 review-identified articles, most evaluated associations between punitive policies generally (k = 12), or civil child abuse policies specifically (k = 2), and multiple outcomes, including drug treatment utilization (k = 6), maltreatment reporting and foster care entry (k = 5), neonatal drug withdrawal syndrome (NDWS, k = 4) and other pregnancy and birth-related outcomes (k = 3). Most included studies reported null associations or suggested increases in adverse outcome following punitive policy adoption. Conclusions: Nearly half of U.S. states have adopted policies that respond to prenatal drug use with legal system penalties. While additional research is needed to clarify whether such approaches engender overt health harms, current evidence indicates that punitive policies are not associated with public health benefits, and therefore constitute ineffective policy.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology ; Public Health/legislation & jurisprudence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Criminal Law
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-14
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Systematic Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2010000-0
ISSN	1873-4758 ; 0955-3959
ISSN (online)	1873-4758
ISSN	0955-3959
DOI	10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104380
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Article ; Online: The politics of depression: Diverging trends in internalizing symptoms among US adolescents by political beliefs.

Gimbrone, Catherine / Bates, Lisa M / Prins, Seth J / Keyes, Katherine M

SSM. Mental health

2021 Volume 2

Abstract: Adolescent internalizing symptoms (e.g. depressive affect) have increased over the past decade in the US, particularly among girls. The reasons for these increases are unclear. We hypothesize that increasing exposure to politicized events has contributed ...

Abstract	Adolescent internalizing symptoms (e.g. depressive affect) have increased over the past decade in the US, particularly among girls. The reasons for these increases are unclear. We hypothesize that increasing exposure to politicized events has contributed to these trends in adolescent internalizing symptoms, and that effects may be differential by political beliefs and sociodemographic characteristics. We analyzed nationally-representative data from 2005 to 2018 Monitoring the Future annual cross-sectional samples of 12th-grade students (N = 86,138). We examined self-reported political beliefs, sex, and parental education as predictors of four internalizing symptom scales over time, including depressive affect. From 2005 to 2018, 19.8% of students identified as liberal and 18.1% identified as conservative, with little change over time. Depressive affect (DA) scores increased for all adolescents after 2010, but increases were most pronounced for female liberal adolescents (b for interaction = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.32), and scores were highest overall for female liberal adolescents with low parental education (Mean DA 2010: 2.02, SD 0.81/2018: 2.75, SD 0.92). Findings were consistent across multiple internalizing symptoms outcomes. Trends in adolescent internalizing symptoms diverged by political beliefs, sex, and parental education over time, with female liberal adolescents experiencing the largest increases in depressive symptoms, especially in the context of demographic risk factors including parental education. These findings indicate a growing mental health disparity between adolescents who identify with certain political beliefs. It is therefore possible that the ideological lenses through which adolescents view the political climate differentially affect their mental wellbeing.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2666-5603
ISSN (online)	2666-5603
DOI	10.1016/j.ssmmh.2021.100043
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Article ; Online: Social norms and the association between intimate partner violence and depression in rural Bangladesh-a multilevel analysis.

Esie, Precious / Osypuk, Theresa L / Schuler, Sidney R / Bates, Lisa M

Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology

2021 Volume 56, Issue 12, Page(s) 2217–2226

Abstract: Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is highly prevalent globally and associated with adverse mental health outcomes among women. In IPV-endemic contexts like Bangladesh, previous research has found no association between low levels of IPV and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is highly prevalent globally and associated with adverse mental health outcomes among women. In IPV-endemic contexts like Bangladesh, previous research has found no association between low levels of IPV and depression. Although IPV and attitudes justifying IPV against women are highly prevalent in this context, nothing is known about how related contextual norms affect associations between individual-level IPV exposure and depression. The present study examines if village-level IPV norms, characterized using village-level (Level 2) prevalence of a) IPV-justifying attitudes (injunctive norms) and b) physical IPV (descriptive norms), modifies the individual-level (Level 1) associations between the severity of recent IPV and major depressive episode (MDE) among women in rural Bangladesh. Methods: Data were drawn from a nationally-representative sample consisting of 3290 women from 77 villages. Multilevel models tested cross-level interactions between village-level IPV norms and recently experienced individual-level IPV on the association with past 30-day MDE. Results: The prevalence of IPV was 44.4% (range: 9.6-76.2% across villages) and attitudes justifying IPV ranged from 1.6% to 49.8% across villages. The prevalence of MDE was 16.8%. The risk of MDE at low levels of IPV severity (versus none) was greater in villages with the least tolerant attitudes toward IPV compared to villages where IPV was more normative, e.g., interaction RR = 1.42 (95% CI: 0.64, 3.15) for low physical IPV frequency and injunctive norms. Conclusions: The association between IPV and depression may be modified by contextual-level IPV norms, whereby it is exacerbated in low-normative contexts.
MeSH term(s)	Bangladesh/epidemiology ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Intimate Partner Violence ; Multilevel Analysis ; Social Norms
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-09
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	623071-4
ISSN	1433-9285 ; 0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
ISSN (online)	1433-9285
ISSN	0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
DOI	10.1007/s00127-021-02044-6
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