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Article ; Online: Older and younger adults' hindsight bias after positive and negative outcomes.

Groß, Julia / Bayen, Ute J

2021 Volume 50, Issue 1, Page(s) 16–28

Abstract: After learning about facts or outcomes of events, people overestimate in hindsight what they knew in foresight. Prior research has shown that this hindsight bias is more pronounced in older than in younger adults. However, this robust finding is based ... ...

Abstract	After learning about facts or outcomes of events, people overestimate in hindsight what they knew in foresight. Prior research has shown that this hindsight bias is more pronounced in older than in younger adults. However, this robust finding is based primarily on a specific paradigm that requires generating and recalling numerical judgments to general knowledge questions that deal with emotionally neutral content. As older and younger adults tend to process positive and negative information differently, they might also show differences in hindsight bias after positive and negative outcomes. Furthermore, hindsight bias can manifest itself as a bias in memory for prior given judgments, but also as retrospective impressions of inevitability and foreseeability. Currently, there is no research on age differences in all three manifestations of hindsight bias. In this study, younger (N = 46, 18-30 years) and older adults (N = 45, 64-90 years) listened to everyday-life scenarios that ended positively or negatively, recalled the expectation they previously held about the outcome (to measure the memory component of hindsight bias), and rated each outcome's foreseeability and inevitability. Compared with younger adults, older adults recalled their prior expectations as closer to the actual outcomes (i.e., they showed a larger memory component of hindsight bias), and this age difference was more pronounced for negative than for positive outcomes. Inevitability and foreseeability impressions, however, did not differ between the age groups. Thus, there are age differences in hindsight bias after positive and negative outcomes, but only with regard to memory for prior judgments.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Bias ; Humans ; Judgment ; Learning ; Mental Recall ; Retrospective Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	185691-1
ISSN	1532-5946 ; 0090-502X
ISSN (online)	1532-5946
ISSN	0090-502X
DOI	10.3758/s13421-021-01195-w
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Article ; Online: Metacognitive differentiation of item memory and source memory in schema-based source monitoring.

Schaper, Marie Luisa / Kuhlmann, Beatrice G / Bayen, Ute J

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition

2022 Volume 49, Issue 5, Page(s) 743–765

Abstract: Item memory and source memory are different aspects of episodic remembering. To investigate metamemory differences between them, the authors assessed systematic differences between predictions of item memory via Judgments of Learning (JOLs) and source ... ...

Abstract	Item memory and source memory are different aspects of episodic remembering. To investigate metamemory differences between them, the authors assessed systematic differences between predictions of item memory via Judgments of Learning (JOLs) and source memory via Judgments of Source (JOSs). Schema-based expectations affect JOLs and JOSs differently: Judgments are higher for expected source-item pairs (e.g., "nightstand in the bedroom") than unexpected pairs (e.g., "bed in the bathroom"), but this expectancy effect is stronger on JOSs than JOLs (Schaper et al., 2019b). The current study tested theoretical underpinnings of this difference. Due to semantic priming, JOLs should be influenced by the consistency between an item and
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Metacognition ; Learning ; Mental Recall ; Judgment ; Databases, Factual
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	627313-0
ISSN	1939-1285 ; 0278-7393
ISSN (online)	1939-1285
ISSN	0278-7393
DOI	10.1037/xlm0001207
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Article: Remedying the Metamemory Expectancy Illusion in Source Monitoring: Are there Effects on Restudy Choices and Source Memory?

Schaper, Marie Luisa / Bayen, Ute J / Hey, Carolin V

Metacognition and learning

2022 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 55–80

Abstract: Metamemory monitoring, study behavior, and memory are presumably causally connected. When people misjudge their memory, their study behavior should be biased accordingly. ... ...

Abstract	Metamemory monitoring, study behavior, and memory are presumably causally connected. When people misjudge their memory, their study behavior should be biased accordingly. Remedying
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2234642-9
ISSN	1556-1631 ; 1556-1623
ISSN (online)	1556-1631
ISSN	1556-1623
DOI	10.1007/s11409-022-09312-z
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Article ; Online: The metamemory expectancy illusion in source monitoring affects metamemory control and memory.

Schaper, Marie Luisa / Bayen, Ute J

Cognition

2020 Volume 206, Page(s) 104468

Abstract: In source monitoring, schematic expectations affect both memory and metamemory. In metamemory judgments, people predict better source memory for items that originated from an expected source (e.g., oven in the kitchen) than for items that originated from ...

Abstract	In source monitoring, schematic expectations affect both memory and metamemory. In metamemory judgments, people predict better source memory for items that originated from an expected source (e.g., oven in the kitchen) than for items that originated from an unexpected source (e.g., hairdryer in the kitchen; expectancy effect; Schaper et al., 2019a). By contrast, actual source memory is either unaffected by expectations or better for unexpected sources (inconsistency effect; Kuhlmann & Bayen, 2016). Thus, the metamemory expectancy effect is illusory. This research is the first to test the hypotheses that such metamemory monitoring of source memory affects metamemory control (i.e., measures taken to achieve a desired level of memory; Nelson & Narens, 1990) and memory. Due to their expectancy illusion, people should choose to restudy unexpected source-item pairs more often. Three participant groups (n = 36 each) studied expected and unexpected source-item pairs. One group rendered metamemory judgments and chose pairs for restudy. A second group made restudy choices only. These two groups then restudied the chosen pairs. A third group did not make restudy choices and restudied a random half of the pairs. All participants completed a source-monitoring test. As predicted, participants chose unexpected pairs more often for restudy based on their illusory conviction that they would remember unexpected sources more poorly. These restudy choices concurred with an inconsistency effect on source memory not shown in the group without restudy choices. Thus, the metamemory illusion related to control and memory in source monitoring.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Illusions ; Judgment ; Memory ; Mental Recall ; Metacognition
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1499940-7
ISSN	1873-7838 ; 0010-0277
ISSN (online)	1873-7838
ISSN	0010-0277
DOI	10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104468
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Article ; Online: Delaying metamemory judgments corrects the expectancy illusion in source monitoring: The role of fluency and belief.

Schaper, Marie Luisa / Bayen, Ute J / Hey, Carolin V

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition

2021 Volume 48, Issue 7, Page(s) 975–1000

Abstract: In schema-based source monitoring, people mistakenly predict better source memory for expected sources (e.g., oven in the kitchen; ...

Abstract	In schema-based source monitoring, people mistakenly predict better source memory for expected sources (e.g., oven in the kitchen;
MeSH term(s)	Databases, Factual ; Humans ; Illusions ; Judgment ; Mental Recall ; Metacognition
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	627313-0
ISSN	1939-1285 ; 0278-7393
ISSN (online)	1939-1285
ISSN	0278-7393
DOI	10.1037/xlm0001088
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Article ; Online: Nighttime sleep benefits the prospective component of prospective memory.

Böhm, Mateja F / Bayen, Ute J / Pietrowsky, Reinhard

Memory & cognition

2021 Volume 49, Issue 8, Page(s) 1690–1704

Abstract: Studies suggest that sleep benefits event-based prospective memory, which involves carrying out intentions when particular events occur. Prospective memory has a prospective component (remembering that one has an intention), and a retrospective component ...

Abstract	Studies suggest that sleep benefits event-based prospective memory, which involves carrying out intentions when particular events occur. Prospective memory has a prospective component (remembering that one has an intention), and a retrospective component (remembering when to carry it out). As effects of sleep on retrospective memory are well established, the effect of sleep on prospective memory may thus be due exclusively to an effect of sleep on its retrospective component. Therefore, the authors investigated whether nighttime sleep improves the prospective component of prospective memory, or a retrospective component, or both. In a first session, participants performed an event-based prospective-memory task (that was embedded in an ongoing task) 3 minutes after forming an intention and, in a second session, 12 hours after forming an intention. The sessions were separated by either nighttime sleep or daytime wakefulness. The authors disentangled prospective-memory performance into its retrospective and prospective components via multinomial processing tree modeling. There was no effect of sleep on the retrospective component, which may have been due to a time-of-day effect. The prospective component, which is the component unique to prospective memory, declined less strongly after a retention interval filled with sleep as compared with a retention interval filled with wakefulness. A hybrid interaction suggested that refreshed attention after sleep may account for this effect, but did not support the consolidation of the association between the intention and its appropriate context as a mechanism driving the effect.
MeSH term(s)	Attention ; Humans ; Memory, Episodic ; Mental Recall ; Retrospective Studies ; Sleep
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	185691-1
ISSN	1532-5946 ; 0090-502X
ISSN (online)	1532-5946
ISSN	0090-502X
DOI	10.3758/s13421-021-01187-w
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Article ; Online: Attitudes toward aging and older adults in Arab culture : A literature review.

Ibrahim, Camellia N / Bayen, Ute J

Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie

2019 Volume 52, Issue Suppl 3, Page(s) 180–187

Abstract: Background: As population ageing takes place around the world, research on attitudes toward ageing and older people increases in relevance. With migration of people from the Arab world into countries with high percentages of older adults, attitudes ... ...

Title translation	Attitudes toward aging and older adults in Arab culture.
Abstract	Background: As population ageing takes place around the world, research on attitudes toward ageing and older people increases in relevance. With migration of people from the Arab world into countries with high percentages of older adults, attitudes toward ageing and older adults held in Arab culture are of particular interest. Objective: The article provides a review of the empirical literature on attitudes toward ageing and older adults held in the Arab world and discusses the findings on the basis of the general literature on age stereotypes, attitudes toward ageing, and ageism as well as their link to culture. Method: A literature search was performed to find empirical studies on attitudes toward ageing and older adults that include Arab samples. Studies published in Arabic or English were included. Results: Studies on attitudes toward ageing with Arab samples are scarce and do not show cohesive patterns of results. None of the hypotheses that have been brought forward to explain cross-cultural differences regarding attitudes toward ageing (i.e., the culture, modernization, and speed of population ageing hypotheses) can fully account for the results. Possible reasons for conflicting results include sociodemographic variables, regional differences, lack of differentiation between meta-perceptions and personal attitudes, heterogeneity of measurement instruments and definitions of "older people" and possible confounds due to the usage of subjective Likert scales in cross-cultural studies. Conclusion: Further research on attitudes toward ageing in Arab samples are needed and should consider heterogeneity within Arab culture as well as variables other than culture.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Ageism/ethnology ; Ageism/psychology ; Aging/ethnology ; Aging/psychology ; Arabs ; Attitude ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Stereotyping
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-30
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1227032-5
ISSN	1435-1269 ; 0044-281X ; 0948-6704
ISSN (online)	1435-1269
ISSN	0044-281X ; 0948-6704
DOI	10.1007/s00391-019-01554-y
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Article ; Online: Are subjective sleepiness and sleep quality related to prospective memory?

Böhm, Mateja F / Bayen, Ute J / Schaper, Marie Luisa

Cognitive research: principles and implications

2020 Volume 5, Issue 1, Page(s) 5

Abstract: Event-based prospective memory (PM) involves carrying out intentions when specific events occur and is ubiquitous in everyday life. It consists of a prospective component (remembering that something must be done) and a retrospective component ( ... ...

Abstract	Event-based prospective memory (PM) involves carrying out intentions when specific events occur and is ubiquitous in everyday life. It consists of a prospective component (remembering that something must be done) and a retrospective component (remembering what must be done and when). Subjective sleep-related variables may be related to PM performance and an attention-demanding prospective component. In two studies, the relationship of subjective sleepiness and subjective sleep quality with both PM components was investigated with a laboratory PM task and separation of its components via Bayesian multinomial processing tree modeling. In Study 1, neither component of PM was related to naturally occurring subjective sleepiness or sleep quality. In Study 2, sleepiness was experimentally increased by placing some participants in a supine body posture. Testing participants in upright vs. supine posture affected neither PM component. However, body posture moderated the relationship between subjective sleep quality and the prospective component: In supine posture, subjective sleep quality tended to be more positively related to the prospective component. Overall, neither subjective sleepiness nor subjective sleep quality alone was related to PM.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory, Episodic ; Posture/physiology ; Sleep/physiology ; Sleepiness ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2365-7464
ISSN (online)	2365-7464
DOI	10.1186/s41235-019-0199-7
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Article ; Online: The Development of Clustering in Episodic Memory: A Cognitive-Modeling Approach.

Horn, Sebastian S / Bayen, Ute J / Michalkiewicz, Martha

Child development

2020 Volume 92, Issue 1, Page(s) 239–257

Abstract: Younger children's free recall from episodic memory is typically less organized than recall by older children. To investigate if and how repeated learning opportunities help children use organizational strategies that improve recall, the authors analyzed ...

Abstract	Younger children's free recall from episodic memory is typically less organized than recall by older children. To investigate if and how repeated learning opportunities help children use organizational strategies that improve recall, the authors analyzed category clustering across four study-test cycles. Seven-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and young adults (N = 150) studied categorically related words for a free-recall task. The cognitive processes underlying recall and clustering were measured with a multinomial model. The modeling revealed that developmental differences emerged particularly in the rate of learning to encode words as categorical clusters. The learning curves showed a common pattern across age groups, indicating developmental invariance. Memory for individual items also contributed to developmental differences and was the only factor driving 7-year-olds' moderate improvements in recall.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Cluster Analysis ; Cognition/physiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Learning/physiology ; Male ; Memory, Episodic ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Models, Psychological ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	215602-7
ISSN	1467-8624 ; 0009-3920
ISSN (online)	1467-8624
ISSN	0009-3920
DOI	10.1111/cdev.13407
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Article ; Online: Selective effects of acute alcohol intake on the prospective and retrospective components of a prospective-memory task with emotional targets.

Walter, Nora T / Bayen, Ute J

Psychopharmacology

2016 Volume 233, Issue 2, Page(s) 325–339

Abstract: Rationale: Prospective memory involves remembering to do something in the future and has a prospective component (remembering that something must be done) and a retrospective component (remembering what must be done and when it must be done). Initial ... ...

Abstract	Rationale: Prospective memory involves remembering to do something in the future and has a prospective component (remembering that something must be done) and a retrospective component (remembering what must be done and when it must be done). Initial studies reported an impairment in prospective-memory performance due to acute alcohol consumption. Retrospective-memory studies demonstrated that alcohol effects vary depending on the emotionality of the information that needs to be learned. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate possible differential effects of a mild acute alcohol dose (0.4 g/kg) on the prospective and retrospective components of prospective memory depending on cue valence. Method: Seventy-five participants were allocated to an alcohol or placebo group and performed a prospective-memory task in which prospective-memory cue valence was manipulated (negative, neutral, positive). The multinomial model of event-based prospective memory (Smith and Bayen 2004) was used to measure alcohol and valence effects on the two prospective-memory components separately. Results: Overall, no main effect of alcohol or valence on prospective-memory performance occurred. However, model-based analyses demonstrated a significantly higher retrospective component for positive compared with negative cues in the placebo group. In the alcohol group, the prospective component was weaker for negative than for neutral cues and the retrospective component was stronger for positive than for neutral cues. Group comparisons showed that the alcohol group had a significantly lower prospective component for negative cues and a lower retrospective component for neutral cues. Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate selective alcohol effects on prospective-memory components depending on prospective-memory cue valence.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Affect/drug effects ; Alcohol Drinking/psychology ; Central Nervous System Depressants/pharmacology ; Color Perception/drug effects ; Cues ; Double-Blind Method ; Emotions/drug effects ; Ethanol/pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory, Episodic ; Psychomotor Performance/drug effects ; Recognition (Psychology)/drug effects ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Central Nervous System Depressants ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	130601-7
ISSN	1432-2072 ; 0033-3158
ISSN (online)	1432-2072
ISSN	0033-3158
DOI	10.1007/s00213-015-4110-z
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