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Article ; Online: Minimum Wages around Birth and Child Health.

Majid, Muhammad Farhan / Behrman, Jere R

2023 Volume 37, Issue 3, Page(s) 351–365

Abstract: This paper studies the effects of minimum wages in Indonesia around the time of birth on child height-for-age Z scores (HAZ) up to five years of age. Using variations in annual fluctuations in real minimum wages in different Indonesian provinces, it ... ...

Abstract	This paper studies the effects of minimum wages in Indonesia around the time of birth on child height-for-age Z scores (HAZ) up to five years of age. Using variations in annual fluctuations in real minimum wages in different Indonesian provinces, it finds that children exposed to increases in minimum wages in their birth years have higher HAZ in the first five years of their lives. The estimated impacts are based on difference-in-differences models with biological-mother fixed effects and year-of-birth fixed effects and are robust to inclusion of multiple time-varying factors. The impacts are prominent particularly among male children.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2020807-8
ISSN	1564-698X ; 0258-6770
ISSN (online)	1564-698X
ISSN	0258-6770
DOI	10.1093/wber/lhad004
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Protecting young children from future pandemics: getting the basics right.

Lu, Chunling / Behrman, Jere R / Richter, Linda M

BMJ paediatrics open

2023 Volume 7, Issue 1

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Pandemics/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2399-9772
ISSN (online)	2399-9772
DOI	10.1136/bmjpo-2023-002008
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Article ; Online: Social Protection and Foundational Cognitive Skills during Adolescence: Evidence from a Large Public Works Program.

Freund, Richard / Favara, Marta / Porter, Catherine / Behrman, Jere

The World Bank economic review

2023 Volume 38, Issue 2, Page(s) 296–318

Abstract: Many low- and middle-income countries have introduced public works programs (PWPs) to fight poverty. This paper provides the first evidence that children from families who benefit from PWPs show increased foundational cognitive skills. The results, based ...

Abstract	Many low- and middle-income countries have introduced public works programs (PWPs) to fight poverty. This paper provides the first evidence that children from families who benefit from PWPs show increased foundational cognitive skills. The results, based on unique tablet-based data collected as part of a long-standing longitudinal survey, show positive associations between participation in the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) in Ethiopia during childhood with long-term memory and implicit learning, and suggestive evidence for working memory. These associations appear to be strongest for children whose households were still PSNP participants in the year of data collection. Evidence suggests that the association with implicit learning may be operating partially through children's time reallocation away from unpaid labor responsibilities, while the association with long-term memory may in part be due to the program's success in remediating nutritional deficits caused by early-life rainfall shocks.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2020807-8
ISSN	1564-698X ; 0258-6770
ISSN (online)	1564-698X
ISSN	0258-6770
DOI	10.1093/wber/lhad035
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Article: Does early nutrition predict cognitive skills during later childhood? Evidence from two developing countries.

Sánchez, Alan / Favara, Marta / Sheridan, Margaret / Behrman, Jere

World development

2023 Volume 176

Abstract: The existing evidence linking early undernutrition to educational outcomes in developing countries is largely focused on assessing its impacts on grade attainment and achievement test scores, with limited evidence on the foundational cognitive skills ... ...

Abstract	The existing evidence linking early undernutrition to educational outcomes in developing countries is largely focused on assessing its impacts on grade attainment and achievement test scores, with limited evidence on the foundational cognitive skills required to perform well at school. We use unique data collected in Ethiopia and Peru as part of the Young Lives Study to investigate the relationship between early undernutrition and four foundational cognitive skills measured later in childhood, the first two of which measure executive functioning: working memory, inhibitory control, long-term memory, and implicit learning. We exploit the rich longitudinal data available to control for potential confounders at the household and individual level and for time-invariant community characteristics. We also take advantage of the availability of data for paired-siblings to obtain household fixed-effects estimates. In the latter specification, we find robust evidence that stunting at ~ age 5 is negatively related with executive functions measured years later, predicting reductions in working memory and inhibitory control by 12.6% and 5.8% of a standard deviation. Although the main cohort of Young Lives was around 12 years old when executive functions were measured, complementary results and analysis of the data available for the younger siblings suggest that the impact of stunting on executive functions-specifically, on working memory-starts at an earlier age. Our results shed light on the mechanisms that explain the relationship between early nutrition and school achievement tests suggesting that good nutrition is an important determinant of children's learning capacities.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1500836-8
ISSN	0305-750X
ISSN	0305-750X
DOI	10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106480
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Article ; Online: Drivers of child marriages for girls: A prospective study in a low-income African setting.

Kidman, Rachel / Breton, Etienne / Mwera, James / Zulu, Andrew / Behrman, Jere / Kohler, Hans-Peter

Global public health

2024 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 2335356

Abstract: Child marriage has adverse consequences for young girls. Cross-sectional research has highlighted several potential drivers of early marriage. We analyse drivers of child marriage using longitudinal data from rural Malawi, where rates of child marriage ... ...

Abstract	Child marriage has adverse consequences for young girls. Cross-sectional research has highlighted several potential drivers of early marriage. We analyse drivers of child marriage using longitudinal data from rural Malawi, where rates of child marriage are among the highest in the world despite being illegal. Estimates from survival models show that 26% of girls in our sample marry before age 18. Importantly, girls report high decision-making autonomy vis-à-vis the decision to marry. We use multivariate Cox proportional hazard models to explore the role of 1) poverty and economic factors, 2) opportunity or alternatives to marriage, 3) social norms and attitudes, 4) knowledge of the law and 5) girls' agency. Only three factors are consistently associated with child marriage. First, related to opportunities outside marriage, girls lagging in school at survey baseline have significantly higher rates of child marriage than their counterparts who were at or near grade level. Second, related to social norms, child marriage rates are significantly lower among respondents whose caregivers perceive that members of their community disapprove of child marriage. Third, knowledge of the law has a positive coefficient, a surprising result. These findings are aligned with the growing qualitative literature describing contexts where adolescent girls are more active agents in child marriages.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Child ; Adolescent ; Humans ; Marriage ; Prospective Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Age Factors ; Poverty
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2234129-8
ISSN	1744-1706 ; 1744-1706
ISSN (online)	1744-1706
ISSN	1744-1706
DOI	10.1080/17441692.2024.2335356
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Article ; Online: Teacher depressive symptoms and children's school readiness in Ghana.

Peele, Morgan / Wolf, Sharon / Behrman, Jere R / Aber, J Lawrence

Child development

2023 Volume 94, Issue 3, Page(s) 706–720

Abstract: This study investigated associations between kindergarten teachers' (N = 208) depressive symptoms and students' (Ghanaian nationals, N = 1490, ... ...

Abstract	This study investigated associations between kindergarten teachers' (N = 208) depressive symptoms and students' (Ghanaian nationals, N = 1490, M
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Ghana/epidemiology ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depression/psychology ; Students/psychology ; Schools ; Social Skills ; School Teachers
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	215602-7
ISSN	1467-8624 ; 0009-3920
ISSN (online)	1467-8624
ISSN	0009-3920
DOI	10.1111/cdev.13909
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Book ; Article ; Online: Human capital and social mobility in low- and middle-income countries

Behrman, Jere R.

2019

Abstract: Parental human capital and endowments may affect children's human capital, which in turn may affect children's earning and occupations and thus affect social mobility. This paper focuses on what we know about these possible links in low- and middle- ... ...

Abstract	Parental human capital and endowments may affect children's human capital, which in turn may affect children's earning and occupations and thus affect social mobility. This paper focuses on what we know about these possible links in low- and middle-income countries. It starts with definitions of human capital and endowments and simple frameworks for guiding the summary of what we know and do not know about these links in low- and middle-income countries. It discusses determinants of children's human capital in the form of cognitive skills, socioemotional skills and health, which pertain directly to some indicators of social mobility; reviews estimates of the impacts of these forms of human capital, which pertain to some other indicators of social mobility, such as incomes and earnings; and concludes with a summary suggesting some positive impacts of parental human capital and endowments on social mobility in low- and middle-income countries and a discussion of gaps in the literature pertaining to both data and methodology.
Keywords	ddc:330 ; I0 ; O1 ; social mobility ; human capital ; cognitive skills ; socioemotional skills ; health
Subject code	120
Language	English
Publisher	Helsinki: The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Impact of laws prohibiting domestic violence on wasting in early childhood.

Bhuwania, Pragya / Raub, Amy / Sprague, Aleta / Martin, Alfredo / Bose, Bijetri / Kidman, Rachel / Nandi, Arijit / Behrman, Jere R / Heymann, Jody

PloS one

2024 Volume 19, Issue 3, Page(s) e0301224

Abstract: Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects an estimated 641 million women and girls globally with far-reaching consequences for the health of women and children. Yet, laws that prohibit domestic violence (DV) are not universal. Countries actively debate the ...

Abstract	Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects an estimated 641 million women and girls globally with far-reaching consequences for the health of women and children. Yet, laws that prohibit domestic violence (DV) are not universal. Countries actively debate the effectiveness of DV laws in improving conditions given the inconclusive evidence on deterrent effects within households particularly in low- and middle-income countries that have limited infrastructure, and fewer resources to implement and enforce policy changes. This is the first study to rigorously examine the impact of DV laws on women's health decision-making and the intergenerational impact on children's wasting, a key predictor of mortality. We used the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data collected between 2000-2020 across 23 African countries. Exploiting the staggered adoption of laws, we used a difference-in-differences study design to estimate the impact of DV laws in the treated countries compared to countries without such laws. We find that DV laws increased women's decision-making autonomy in healthcare by 16.7% as well as other measures of women's autonomy that matter for health such as financial autonomy by 6.3% and social mobility by 11.0%. The improvements in women's autonomy translated into reductions in the probability of wasting among children aged 0-23 months by 5.4% points, a 30.9% reduction from the mean. DV laws also reduced wasting among older children aged 24-59 months by 3.6% points, a 38.7% reduction from the mean. The laws were effective in all 6 countries analyzed individually that criminalized DV. A civil prohibition in the seventh country was not found to be effective. The effect was positive and significant for all wealth and geographical categories. Our findings demonstrate the value of enacting criminal laws that prohibit domestic violence as one important tool to reducing the profound health impacts of IPV, a critical health and human rights issue.
MeSH term(s)	Child, Preschool ; Child ; Humans ; Female ; Adolescent ; Domestic Violence ; Women's Health ; Intimate Partner Violence ; Africa ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0301224
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Article ; Online: A prospective study on adverse childhood experiences and HIV-related risk among adolescents in Malawi.

Kidman, Rachel / Breton, Etienne / Behrman, Jere / Kohler, Hans-Peter

AIDS (London, England)

2022 Volume 36, Issue 15, Page(s) 2181–2189

Abstract: Objective: Adverse childhood experiences have been robustly associated with poor sexual health in later life. In low-income countries, there is growing evidence that children experience greater adversity than those in higher income countries. Research ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Adverse childhood experiences have been robustly associated with poor sexual health in later life. In low-income countries, there is growing evidence that children experience greater adversity than those in higher income countries. Research suggests this may contribute to later sexual risk taking and HIV infection, though most studies to date have been cross-sectional. Design: We use longitudinal data on adolescents to examine the temporal relationship between adversity and HIV-related behavioral and biological outcomes. Methods: We interviewed 1878 adolescents living in Malawi in 2017-2018 (age 10-16) and again in 2021 (age 13-20). Adolescents completed the Adverse Childhood Experience - International Questionnaire. HIV-risk was assessed through both behavioral (e.g. condom use) and biological (HIV and herpes simplex virus 2 [HSV2] infection) outcomes. ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic multivariate regression models are used to explore associations between adversity and HIV risk. Results: In longitudinal analyses, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were significantly associated with intimate partner violence and girls' behavioral risk scores only. HIV incidence was too low to model; there were no significant associations with HSV2. In cross-sectional analyses, ACEs were additionally associated with an early sexual debut, lack of condom use, a greater number of sexual partnerships, and sexually transmitted infection symptoms. Conclusions: Our findings emphasize the importance of collecting prospective data: results from longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses drew qualitatively different conclusions. Cross-sectional analyses may not be accurate representations of longitudinal processes. However, they suggest that recent adversity and distress drives HIV-related behavior, perhaps more than early adversity. Interventions that combat emotional abuse or peer violence during adolescence could potentially reduce HIV risk.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Female ; Adolescent ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Adverse Childhood Experiences ; Prospective Studies ; HIV Infections/complications ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/psychology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Malawi/epidemiology ; Herpesvirus 2, Human
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639076-6
ISSN	1473-5571 ; 0269-9370 ; 1350-2840
ISSN (online)	1473-5571
ISSN	0269-9370 ; 1350-2840
DOI	10.1097/QAD.0000000000003377
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Article ; Online: Cohort profile: the Adverse Childhood Experiences cohort of the Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health.

Kidman, Rachel / Mwera, James / Rui, Yang Tingting / Breton, Etienne / Zulu, Andrew / Behrman, Jere / Kohler, Hans-Peter

BMJ open

2024 Volume 14, Issue 5, Page(s) e079631

Abstract: Purpose: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) cohort of the Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health (MLSFH-ACE) is a study of adolescents surveyed during 2017-2021. It provides an important opportunity to examine the longitudinal impact of ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) cohort of the Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health (MLSFH-ACE) is a study of adolescents surveyed during 2017-2021. It provides an important opportunity to examine the longitudinal impact of ACEs on health and development across the early life course. The MLSFH-ACE cohort provides rich data on adolescents, their children and adult caregivers in a low-income, high-HIV-prevalence context in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Participants: The MLSFH-ACE cohort is a population-based study of adolescents living in three districts in rural Malawi. Wave 1 enrolment took place in 2017-2018 and included 2061 adolescents aged 10-16 years and 1438 caregivers. Wave 2 took place in 2021 and included data on 1878 adolescents and 208 offspring. Survey instruments captured ACEs during childhood and adolescence, HIV-related behavioural risk, mental and physical health, cognitive development and education, intimate partner violence (IPV), marriage and aspirations, early transitions to adulthood and protective factors. Biological indicators included HIV, herpes simplex virus and anthropometric measurements. Findings to date: Key findings include a high prevalence of ACEs among adolescents in Malawi, a low incidence of HIV and positive associations between ACE scores and composite HIV risk scores. There were also strong associations between ACEs and both IPV victimisation and perpetration. Future plans: MLSFH-ACE data will be publicly released and will provide a wealth of information on ACEs and adolescent outcomes in low-income, HIV-endemic SSA contexts. Future expansions of the cohort are planned to capture data during early adulthood.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Malawi/epidemiology ; Adolescent ; Longitudinal Studies ; Adverse Childhood Experiences/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Female ; Child ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Adult ; Caregivers/statistics & numerical data ; Prevalence ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data ; Intimate Partner Violence/statistics & numerical data ; Poverty ; Health Status
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2599832-8
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079631
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