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Article ; Online: Factors associated with dengue fever outbreak in Dire Dawa administration city, October, 2015, Ethiopia - case control study.

Degife, Luna Habtamu / Worku, Yoseph / Belay, Desalegn / Bekele, Abyot / Hailemariam, Zegeye

BMC public health

2019 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 650

Abstract: Background: Dengue Fever (DF) is underrecognized mosquito borne viral disease prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. In 2013, Ethiopia reported the first confirmed DF outbreak in Dire Dawa city which affected 11,409 people. During the outbreak ... ...

Abstract	Background: Dengue Fever (DF) is underrecognized mosquito borne viral disease prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. In 2013, Ethiopia reported the first confirmed DF outbreak in Dire Dawa city which affected 11,409 people. During the outbreak investigation, we determined factors associated with DF and implemented control measures. Methods: We conducted a 1:2 un-matched case control study from October 7-15/2015. Case was any person with fever of 2-7 days and more than two symptoms: headache, arthralgia, myalgia, rash, or bleeding from any part of the body. We recruited participants using purposive sampling from health facilities and used structured questionnaire to collect data. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to control confounders and to identify factors associated with DF. Sixty-nine serum-samples were tested by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: We enrolled 210 participants (70 cases and 140 controls) in the study. Females accounted for 51.4% of cases and 57.1% of controls. The mean age was 23.7 ± 9.5 standard deviation (SD) for cases and 31.2 ± 13 SD for controls. Close contact with DF patient (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =5.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.75-10.44), nonuse of bed-nets (AOR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.06-7.08) and stagnant water around the village (AOR = 3.61, 95% CI: 1.31-9.93) were independent risk factors. From the samples tested, 42 were confirmed positive. Conclusions: Individuals who live with DF patient, around stagnant water and do not use bed nets are at high risk of contracting the disease. Health education on DF prevention was given and mosquito breeding sites were drained. Strong vector prevention strategies are recommended by enhancing the existing malaria prevention and control program.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Cities ; Dengue/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Ethiopia/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-019-7015-7
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Visceral Leishmaniasis Treatment Outcome and Associated Factors in Northern Ethiopia.

Gidey, Kidu / Belay, Desalegn / Hailu, Berhane Yohannes / Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale / Niriayo, Yirga Legesse

BioMed research international

2019 Volume 2019, Page(s) 3513957

Abstract: Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), one of the most neglected tropical diseases, is placing a huge burden on Ethiopia. Despite the introduction of antileishmanial drugs, treatment outcomes across regions are variable due to drug resistance and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), one of the most neglected tropical diseases, is placing a huge burden on Ethiopia. Despite the introduction of antileishmanial drugs, treatment outcomes across regions are variable due to drug resistance and other factors. Thus, understanding of VL treatment outcomes and its contributing factors helps decisions on treatment. However, the magnitude and the risk factors of poor treatment outcome are not well studied in our setting. Therefore, our study was designed to assess treatment outcomes and associated factors in patients with VL. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in VL patients admitted between June 2016 and April 2018 to Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Data was collected through chart review of patient records. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with poor treatment outcome. Results: A total of 148 VL patients were included in the study. The mean age (SD) of the patients was 32.86 (11.9) years; most of them (94.6%) were male patients. The proportion of poor treatment outcome was 12.1%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that long duration of illness (> four weeks) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 6.1 [95% confidence interval (CI); 1.3-28.6], p=0.02) and concomitant tuberculosis (TB) infection (AOR 4.6 [95% CI; 1.1-19.1], p=0.04) were the independent predictors of poor treatment outcome. Conclusions: Poor treatment outcome was observed in a considerable proportion of VL patients. Long duration of illness and coinfection with TB were associated with poor VL treatment outcome. Hence, early diagnosis and effective prompt treatment are important to improve treatment outcomes among VL patients. Special attention should also be given in the treatment of VL/TB coinfected patients in our setting.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Antiprotozoal Agents/therapeutic use ; Coinfection/complications ; Coinfection/parasitology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Ethiopia ; Female ; Humans ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral/etiology ; Male ; Neglected Diseases/drug therapy ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Tuberculosis/complications
Chemical Substances	Antiprotozoal Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2698540-8
ISSN	2314-6141 ; 2314-6133
ISSN (online)	2314-6141
ISSN	2314-6133
DOI	10.1155/2019/3513957
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Article ; Online: Burden and seasonality of medically attended influenza like illness (ILI) in Ethiopia, 2012 to 2017.

Tadesse, Musse / Mengesha, Mesfin / Tayachew, Adamu / Belay, Desalegn / Hassen, Abdulhafiz / Woyessa, Abyot Bekele / Zemelak, Etsehiwot / Beyene, Berhan / Kassa, Wubayehu / Ayele, Workenesh / Teshome, Bethel / Mekonen, Mikias / Assefa, Zewdu / Moges, Beyene

BMC infectious diseases

2020 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 148

Abstract: Background: The influenza virus spreads rapidly around the world in seasonal epidemics, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Influenza-related incidence data are limited in many countries in Africa despite established sentinel surveillance. ...

Abstract	Background: The influenza virus spreads rapidly around the world in seasonal epidemics, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Influenza-related incidence data are limited in many countries in Africa despite established sentinel surveillance. This study aimed to address the information gap by estimating the burden and seasonality of medically attended influenza like illness in Ethiopia. Method: Influenza sentinel surveillance data collected from 3 influenza like illness (ILI) and 5 Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) sites from 2012 to 2017 was used for analysis. Descriptive statistics were applied for simple analysis. The proportion of medically attended influenza positive cases and incidence rate of ILI was determined using total admitted patients and catchment area population. Seasonality was estimated based on weekly trend of ILI and predicted threshold was done by applying the "Moving Epidemic Method (MEM)". Result: A total of 5715 medically attended influenza suspected patients who fulfills ILI and SARI case definition (77% ILI and 23% SARI) was enrolled. Laboratory confirmed influenza virus (influenza positive case) among ILI and SARI suspected case was 25% (1130/4426) and 3% (36/1289). Of which, 65% were influenza type A. The predominantly circulating influenza subtype were seasonal influenza A(H3N2) (n = 455, 60%) and Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (n = 293, 38.81%). The estimated mean annual influenza positive case proportion and ILI incidence rate was 160.04 and 52.48 per 100,000 population. The Incidence rate of ILI was higher in the age group of 15-44 years of age ['Incidence rate (R) = 254.6 per 100,000 population', 95% CI; 173.65, 335.55] and 5-14 years of age [R = 49.5, CI 95%; 31.47, 130.43]. The seasonality of influenza has two peak seasons; in a period from October-December and from April-June. Conclusion: Significant morbidity of influenza like illness was observed with two peak seasons of the year and seasonal influenza A (H3N2) remains the predominantly circulating influenza subtype. Further study need to be considered to identify potential risks and improving the surveillance system to continue early detection and monitoring of circulating influenza virus in the country has paramount importance.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Ethiopia/epidemiology ; Female ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; Influenza, Human/virology ; Laboratories ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/etiology ; Seasons ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Young Adult
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2041550-3
ISSN	1471-2334 ; 1471-2334
ISSN (online)	1471-2334
ISSN	1471-2334
DOI	10.1186/s12879-020-4827-0
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Article ; Online: Influenza A Virus Infections in Dromedary Camels, Nigeria and Ethiopia, 2015-2017.

Chu, Daniel K W / Perera, Ranawaka A P M / Ali, Abraham / Oladipo, Jamiu O / Mamo, Gezahegne / So, Ray T Y / Zhou, Ziqi / Chor, Yen Yeen / Chan, Chak Kai / Belay, Desalegn / Tayachew, Adamu / Mengesha, Mesfin / Regassa, Feyesa / Lam, Nga Ting / Poon, Leo L M / Peiris, Malik

Emerging infectious diseases

2019 Volume 26, Issue 1, Page(s) 173–176

Abstract: We examined nasal swabs and serum samples acquired from dromedary camels in Nigeria and Ethiopia during 2015-2017 for evidence of influenza virus infection. We detected antibodies against influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) viruses and isolated an influenza A( ... ...

Abstract	We examined nasal swabs and serum samples acquired from dromedary camels in Nigeria and Ethiopia during 2015-2017 for evidence of influenza virus infection. We detected antibodies against influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) viruses and isolated an influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-like virus from a camel in Nigeria. Influenza surveillance in dromedary camels is needed.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Camelus/virology ; Ethiopia/epidemiology ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; Influenza A virus ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1380686-5
ISSN	1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
ISSN (online)	1080-6059
ISSN	1080-6040
DOI	10.3201/eid2601.191165
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Article ; Online: Epidemiology of influenza in Ethiopia: findings from influenza sentinel surveillance and respiratory infection outbreak investigations, 2009-2015.

Woyessa, Abyot Bekele / Mengesha, Mesfin / Belay, Desalegn / Tayachew, Adamu / Ayele, Workenesh / Beyene, Berhane / Kassa, Woubayehu / Zemelak, Etsehiwot / Demissie, Gelila / Amare, Berhanu / Boulanger, Lucy / Granados, Carolina / Williams, Thelma / Tareke, Israel / Rajatonirina, Soatiana / Jima, Daddi

BMC infectious diseases

2018 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 449

Abstract: Background: Influenza is an acute viral disease of the respiratory tract which is characterized by fever, headache, myalgia, prostration, coryza, sore throat and cough. Globally, an estimated 3 to 5 million cases of severe influenza illness and 291 243- ... ...

Abstract	Background: Influenza is an acute viral disease of the respiratory tract which is characterized by fever, headache, myalgia, prostration, coryza, sore throat and cough. Globally, an estimated 3 to 5 million cases of severe influenza illness and 291 243-645 832 seasonal influenza-associated respiratory deaths occur annually. Although recent efforts from some African countries to describe burden of influenza disease and seasonality, these data are missing for the vast majority, including Ethiopia. Ethiopia established influenza sentinel surveillance in 2008 aiming to determine influenza strains circulating in the country and know characteristics, trend and burden of influenza viruses. Methods: We used influenza data from sentinel surveillance sites and respiratory disease outbreak investigations from 2009 to 2015 for this analysis. We obtained the data by monitoring patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) at three health-centers, severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) at five hospitals and investigating patients during different respiratory infection outbreaks. Throat-swab specimens in viral transport media were transported to the national reference laboratory within 72 h of collection using a cold-chain system. We extracted viral RNA from throat-swabs and subjected to real-time PCR amplification. We further subtyped and characterized Influenza A-positive specimens using CDC real-time reverse transcription PCR protocol. Results: A total of 4962 throat-swab samples were collected and 4799 (96.7%) of them were tested. Among them 988 (20.6%) were influenza-positive and of which 349 (35.3%) were seasonal influenza A(H3N2), 321 (32.5%) influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 and 318 (32.0%) influenza B. Positivity rate was 29.5% in persons 5-14 years followed by 26.4% in 15-44 years, 21.2% in > 44 years and 6.4% in under five children. The highest positivity rate observed in November (37.5%) followed by March (27.6%), December (26.4%), October (24.4%) and January (24.3%) while the lowest positivity rate was in August (7.7%). Conclusion: In Ethiopia, seasonal Influenza A(H3N2), Influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 and Influenza B viruses were circulating during 2009-2015. Positivity rate and number of cases peaked in November and December. Influenza is one of public health problems in Ethiopia and the need to introduce influenza vaccine and antivirus is important to prevent and treat the disease in future.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data ; Ethiopia/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza B virus/genetics ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; Influenza, Human/virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology ; Seasons ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Influenza Vaccines ; RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2041550-3
ISSN	1471-2334 ; 1471-2334
ISSN (online)	1471-2334
ISSN	1471-2334
DOI	10.1186/s12879-018-3365-5
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Sero-prevalence of yellow fever and related Flavi viruses in Ethiopia: a public health perspective.

BMC public health

2018 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 1011

Abstract: Background: Yellow fever (YF) is a viral hemorrhagic fever, endemic in the tropical forests of Africa and Central and South America. The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes infected with the yellow fever virus (YFV). Ethiopia was affected by the ... ...

Abstract	Background: Yellow fever (YF) is a viral hemorrhagic fever, endemic in the tropical forests of Africa and Central and South America. The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes infected with the yellow fever virus (YFV). Ethiopia was affected by the largest YF outbreak since the vaccination era during 1960-1962. The recent YF outbreak occurred in 2013 in Southern part of the country. The current survey of was carried out to determine the YF seroprevalence so as to make recommendations from YF prevention and control in Ethiopia. Methodology: A multistage cluster design was utilized. Consequently, the country was divided into 5 ecological zones and two sampling towns were picked per zone randomly. A total of 1643 serum samples were collected from human participants. The serum samples were tested for IgG antibody against YFV using ELISA. Any serum sample testing positive by ELISA was confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). In addition, differential testing was performed for other flaviviruses, namely dengue, Zika and West Nile viruses. Result: Of the total samples tested, 10 (0.61%) were confirmed to be IgG positive against YFV and confirmed with PRNT. Nine (0.5%) samples were antibody positive for dengue virus, 15(0.9%) forWest Nile virus and 7 (0.4%) for Zika virus by PRNT. Three out of the five ecological zones namely zones 1, 3 and 5 showed low levels (< 2%) of IgG positivity against YFV. A total of 41(2.5%) cases were confirmed to be positive for one of flaviviruses tested. Conclusion: Based on the seroprevalence data, the level of YFV activity and the risk of a YF epidemic in Ethiopia are low. However additional factors that could impact the likelihood of such an epidemic occurring should be considered before making final recommendations for YF prevention and control in Ethiopia. Based on the results of the serosurvey and other YF epidemic risk factors considered, a preventive mass vaccination campaign is not recommended, however the introduction of YF vaccine in routine EPI is proposed nationwide, along with strong laboratory based YF surveillance.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dengue Virus/immunology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epidemics/prevention & control ; Ethiopia/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neutralization Tests ; Public Health ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; West Nile virus/immunology ; Yellow Fever/epidemiology ; Yellow Fever/prevention & control ; Yellow Fever Vaccine ; Yellow fever virus/immunology ; Young Adult ; Zika Virus/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Yellow Fever Vaccine
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2041338-5
ISSN	1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
ISSN	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-018-5726-9
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Factors associated with dengue fever outbreak in Dire Dawa administration city, October, 2015, Ethiopia - case control study.

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Article ; Online: Visceral Leishmaniasis Treatment Outcome and Associated Factors in Northern Ethiopia.

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Article ; Online: Burden and seasonality of medically attended influenza like illness (ILI) in Ethiopia, 2012 to 2017.

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Article ; Online: Influenza A Virus Infections in Dromedary Camels, Nigeria and Ethiopia, 2015-2017.

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Article ; Online: Epidemiology of influenza in Ethiopia: findings from influenza sentinel surveillance and respiratory infection outbreak investigations, 2009-2015.

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Article ; Online: Sero-prevalence of yellow fever and related Flavi viruses in Ethiopia: a public health perspective.

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