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Article: Risk factors associated with horse fall severity whilst racing over Grand National fences pre- and post-changes to their structure

Mata, F. / Bannister-Bell, A.J. / Young, T.J.

Comparative exercise physiology. 2022 Sept. 2, v. 18, no. 4

2022

Abstract: This study investigated whether the modifications made to Grand National (GN) fences at Aintree, Liverpool, UK in 2012 following the Review of Safety and Welfare commissioned by the British Horseracing Authority (BHA), reduced the number and severity of ... ...

Abstract	This study investigated whether the modifications made to Grand National (GN) fences at Aintree, Liverpool, UK in 2012 following the Review of Safety and Welfare commissioned by the British Horseracing Authority (BHA), reduced the number and severity of ridden horse falls. The study also investigated whether the number of fences in a race and the total starters were positively linked to falls, and whether horse and jockey experience had any bearing. Videos of 36 races run between 2008 and 2016 recording all horse falls were retrospectively reviewed. Eighteen of the races were run prior to the 2012 changes made to the fences and 18 after the modifications. Falls were graded using a pre-determined severity scale, and previous experience of jumping GN fences. The severity scale was developed by the authors based on the literature and their perception of the degree of injury caused to the rider. The number of falls pre- and post-GN fence modification were adjusted to generalised linear models using the number of falls and severity of falls as dependent variables. A significant decrease in fallers was seen (P<0.001) after changes were made to the GN fences, together with a reduction in the probability of all levels of severity of fall. The severity scores decreased with increasing number of fences (P<0.001). When there were more starters in a race, a greater probability of horse falls was observed (P<0.001). No positive association between horse’s experience of jumping GN fences and horse falls, or jockey licence and horse falls was found (P>0.05). This study revealed that by implementing the changes recommended by the BHA, which included modifying the GN fences, the number and severity of ridden horse falls decreased. Horse and rider welfare was improved, contributing positively to the debate and public perception of the horseracing industry.
Keywords	exercise ; horses ; industry ; public opinion ; risk
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0902
Size	p. 319-327.
Publishing place	Wageningen Academic Publishers
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2433254-9
ISSN	1755-2559 ; 1755-2540
ISSN (online)	1755-2559
ISSN	1755-2540
DOI	10.3920/CEP210047
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Simulation, manufacture and experimental validation of a novel single-acting free-piston Stirling engine electric generator

de la Bat, B.J.G / Dobson, R.T / Harms, T.M / Bell, A.J

Applied energy. 2020 Apr. 01, v. 263

2020

Abstract: Owing to its high thermal efficiency, fuel flexibility, low vibration and noise, and low emissions, the free-piston Stirling engine has in recent years attracted renewed interest worldwide for uses specifically relating to micro-combined heat and power ... ...

Abstract	Owing to its high thermal efficiency, fuel flexibility, low vibration and noise, and low emissions, the free-piston Stirling engine has in recent years attracted renewed interest worldwide for uses specifically relating to micro-combined heat and power generation. To aid prospective engine designers with the modelling and analysis of such engines, this paper presents the numerical simulation, manufacture and experimental validation of a free-piston Stirling engine electric generator. The paper firstly presents a 100 W electrical free-piston Stirling engine developed at Stellenbosch University. Secondly, an overview of a fully-explicit, one-dimensional numerical model is given in which both the engine thermodynamic and kinematic behaviours are solved as an initial-value problem. Thirdly, an experiential case study of passive engine operation is presented in which a peak electrical output of between 60 and 70 W was delivered. The obtained experimental data clearly validates the numerical model, with the piston stroke deviating by 2.61%; the piston-displacer phase difference by 12.42%; the workspace indicated power by 15.15%; and the average electrical output power by 23.30%. For future work it is recommended that the validated model be used to develop a more optimised and task-suited engine. The use of an active feedback controller is also recommended so that piston-casing collision can be eliminated.
Keywords	case studies ; emissions ; fuels ; heat ; manufacturing ; mathematical models ; model validation ; power generation ; stroke ; vibration
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0401
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2000772-3
ISSN	0306-2619
ISSN	0306-2619
DOI	10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114585
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Article: Derivation and numerical case study of a one-dimensional, compressible-flow model of a novel free-piston Stirling engine

de la Bat, B.J.G / Harms, T.M / Dobson, R.T / Bell, A.J

Energy. 2020 May 15, v. 199

2020

Abstract: Free-piston Stirling engines have in recent years attracted renewed interest worldwide for uses specifically relating to micro-combined heat and power generation. To aid prospective engine researchers with the modelling and analysis of such engines, this ...

Abstract	Free-piston Stirling engines have in recent years attracted renewed interest worldwide for uses specifically relating to micro-combined heat and power generation. To aid prospective engine researchers with the modelling and analysis of such engines, this paper presents the derivation and numerical simulation of an exemplary, single-acting free-piston Stirling engine. A transient third-order theoretical model was derived from first principles, by discretising the working fluid and the regenerator metal-mesh into one-dimensional arrays of finite-sized control volumes. The working fluid transport equations and the non-linearised dynamic equations of the displacer and power piston were solved sequentially using a fully-explicit, transient numerical scheme with first-order upwind differencing. To demonstrate the usefulness of this model, sample simulation results are presented as a case study to the anticipated operation of a novel, 100 W engine prototype. Thereafter, a sensitivity study was conducted in which the power piston load, hot-end temperature and charge pressure was varied. From the sensitivity study, it is recommended that a control system be developed and implemented so as to ensure the steady oscillatory motion of both displacer and piston without collisions occurring.
Keywords	case studies ; equations ; heat ; mathematical models ; power generation ; prototypes ; temperature ; theoretical models
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0515
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2019804-8
ISSN	0360-5442 ; 0360-5442
ISSN (online)	0360-5442
ISSN	0360-5442
DOI	10.1016/j.energy.2020.117404
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Article ; Online: Choice of tip, signal stability, and practical aspects of piezoresponse-force-microscopy.

Henrichs, L F / Bennett, J / Bell, A J

The Review of scientific instruments

2015 Volume 86, Issue 8, Page(s) 83707

Abstract: Piezoresponse force-microscopy (PFM) has become the standard tool to investigate ferroelectrics on the micro- and nanoscale. However, reliability of PFM signals is often problematic and their quantification is challenging and thus not widely applied. ... ...

Abstract	Piezoresponse force-microscopy (PFM) has become the standard tool to investigate ferroelectrics on the micro- and nanoscale. However, reliability of PFM signals is often problematic and their quantification is challenging and thus not widely applied. Here, we present a study of the reproducibility of PFM signals and of the so-called PFM background signal which has been reported in the literature. We find that PFM signals are generally reproducible to certain extents. The PFM signal difference between 180° domains on periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) is taken as the reference signal in a large number of measurements, carried out in a low frequency regime (30-70 kHz). We show that in comparison to Pt coated tips, diamond coated tips exhibit improved signal stability, lower background signal, and less imaging artifacts related to PFM which is reflected in the spread of measurements. This is attributed to the improved mechanical stability of the conductive layer. The average deviation of the mean PFM signal is 38.3%, for a diamond coated tip. Although this deviation is relatively high, it is far better than values from the literature which showed a deviation of approx. 73.1%. Additionally, we find that the average deviation of the background signal from 0 is 11.6% of the PPLN domain contrast. Thus, the background signal needs to be taken into account when quantifying PFM signals and should be subtracted from PFM signals. Those results are important for quantification of PFM signals, since PPLN might be used for this purpose when PFM signals measured on PPLN are related to its macroscopic d33 coefficient. Finally, the crucial influence of sample polishing on PFM signals is shown and we recommend to use a multistep polishing route with a final step involving 200 nm sized colloidal silica particles.
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209865-9
ISSN	1089-7623 ; 0034-6748
ISSN (online)	1089-7623
ISSN	0034-6748
DOI	10.1063/1.4929572
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Article ; Online: Expected background rates of latent TB infection in London inner city schools: lessons from a TB contact investigation exercise in a secondary school.

Anaraki, S / Bell, A J / Perkins, S / Murphy, S / Dart, S / Anderson, C

Epidemiology and infection

2018 Volume 146, Issue 16, Page(s) 2102–2106

Abstract: Following an extensive contact tracing exercise at a school in a London borough with one of highest tuberculosis (TB) rates in England, we estimated the background prevalence of latent TB infection to be significantly less than the widely accepted 10%. ... ...

Abstract	Following an extensive contact tracing exercise at a school in a London borough with one of highest tuberculosis (TB) rates in England, we estimated the background prevalence of latent TB infection to be significantly less than the widely accepted 10%. We screened 271 pupils aged 14-15 years in two groups: 96 pupils in group 1 had significant exposure (>8 h/week in the same room) to a case of infectious TB and 175 in group 2 who had minimal exposure. In group 1, 26% were diagnosed with latent or active TB, compared to 6.3% in group 2. Risk factors for TB infection (e.g. previous exposure or link to high-prevalence communities) were analysed using a cohort study design. In the univariable analysis only being in contact group 1 was statistically significantly associated with being a case (OR 5.25, 95%, P < 0.001). In the multivariable model contact group 1 remained significantly associated with being a case (adjusted OR 4.40, P = 0.001). We concluded that the 6.3% yield of TB infection in contact group 2 is either similar to or higher than the background prevalence rate of latent TB infection (LTBI) in this high TB prevalence London borough. Other parts of England with lower TB prevalence are likely to have even lower LTBI rates.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Cohort Studies ; Contact Tracing ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Latent Tuberculosis/epidemiology ; London/epidemiology ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Schools ; Students
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632982-2
ISSN	1469-4409 ; 0950-2688
ISSN (online)	1469-4409
ISSN	0950-2688
DOI	10.1017/S0950268818002327
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Article: Molecular fingerprinting of complex grass allergoids: size assessments reveal new insights in epitope repertoires and functional capacities.

Starchenka, S / Bell, A J / Mwange, J / Skinner, M A / Heath, M D

The World Allergy Organization journal

2017 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 17

Abstract: Background: Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) is a well-documented treatment for allergic disease which involves injections of native allergen or modified (allergoid) extracts. The use of allergoid vaccines is a growing sector of the allergy ... ...

Abstract	Background: Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) is a well-documented treatment for allergic disease which involves injections of native allergen or modified (allergoid) extracts. The use of allergoid vaccines is a growing sector of the allergy immunotherapy market, associated with shorter-course therapy. The aim of this study was the structural and immunological characterisation of group 1 (Lol p 1) IgG-binding epitopes within a complex mix grass allergoid formulation containing rye grass. Methods: HP-SEC was used to resolve a mix grass allergoid preparation of high molecular weight into several distinct fractions with defined molecular weight and elution profiles. Allergen verification of the HP-SEC allergoid fractions was confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis. IgE and IgG immunoreactivity of the allergoid preparations was explored and Lol p 1 specific IgG-binding epitopes mapped by SPOT synthesis technology (PepSpot™) with structural analysis based on a Lol p 1 homology model. Results: Grass specific IgE reactivity of the mix grass modified extract (allergoid) was diminished in comparison with the mix grass native extract. A difference in IgG profiles was observed between an intact mix grass allergoid preparation and HP-SEC allergoid fractions, which indicated enhancement of accessible reactive IgG epitopes across size distribution profiles of the mix grass allergoid formulation. Detailed analysis of the epitope specificity showed retention of six Lol p 1 IgG-binding epitopes in the mix grass modified extract. Conclusion: The structural and immunological changes which take place following the grass allergen modification process was further unravelled revealing distinct IgG immunological profiles. All epitopes were mapped on the solvent exposed area of Lol p 1 homology model accessible for IgG binding. One of the epitopes was identified as an 'immunodominant' Lol p 1 IgG-binding epitope (62-IFKDGRGCGSCFEIK-76) and classified as a novel epitope. The results from this study support the concept that modification allows shorter-course therapy options as a result of providing an IgG epitope repertoire important for efficacy. Additionally, the work paves the way to help further develop methods for standardising allergoid platforms.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-04-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2581968-9
ISSN	1939-4551
ISSN	1939-4551
DOI	10.1186/s40413-017-0146-3
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Article: Baclofen overdose.

Bell, A J

Critical care and resuscitation : journal of the Australasian Academy of Critical Care Medicine

2001 Volume 3, Issue 1, Page(s) 58–9; author reply 58–9

Language	English
Publishing date	2001-03
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Comment ; Letter
ZDB-ID	2401976-8
ISSN	1441-2772
ISSN	1441-2772
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Article ; Online: The adsorption of allergoids and 3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®) to microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT) in formulations for use in allergy immunotherapy.

Bell, A J / Heath, M D / Hewings, S J / Skinner, M A

Journal of inorganic biochemistry

2015 Volume 152, Page(s) 147–153

Abstract: Infectious disease vaccine potency is affected by antigen adjuvant adsorption. WHO and EMA guidelines recommend limits and experimental monitoring of adsorption in vaccines and allergy immunotherapies. Adsorbed allergoids and MPL® in MATA-MPL allergy ... ...

Abstract	Infectious disease vaccine potency is affected by antigen adjuvant adsorption. WHO and EMA guidelines recommend limits and experimental monitoring of adsorption in vaccines and allergy immunotherapies. Adsorbed allergoids and MPL® in MATA-MPL allergy immunotherapy formulations effectively treat IgE mitigated allergy. Understanding vaccine antigen adjuvant adsorption allows optimisation of potency and should be seen as good practice; however current understanding is seldom applied to allergy immunotherapies. The allergoid and MPL® adsorption to MCT in MATA-MPL allergy immunotherapy formulations was experimental determination using specific allergen IgE allerginicity and MPL® content methods. Binding forces between MPL® and MCT were investigated by competition binding experiments. MATA-MPL samples with different allergoids gave results within 100-104% of the theoretical 50μg/mL MPL® content. Unmodified drug substance samples showed significant desirable IgE antigenicity, 1040-170 QAU/mL. MATA-MPL supernatant samples with different allergoids gave results of ≤2 μg/mL MPL® and ≤0.1-1.4 QAU/mL IgE antigenicity, demonstrating approximately ≥96 & 99% adsorption respectively. Allergoid and MPL® adsorption in different MATA-MPL allergy immunotherapy formulations is consistent and meets guideline recommendations. MCT formulations treated to disrupt electrostatic, hydrophobic and ligand exchange interactions, gave an MPL® content of ≤2 μg/mL in supernatant samples. MCT formulations treated to disrupt aromatic interactions, gave an MPL® content of 73-92 μg/mL in supernatant samples. MPL® adsorption to l-tyrosine in MCT formulations is based on interactions between the 2-deoxy-2-aminoglucose backbone on MPL® and aromatic ring of l-tyrosine in MCT, such as C-H⋯π interaction. MCT could be an alternative adjuvant depot for some infectious disease antigens.
MeSH term(s)	Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry ; Adsorption ; Anti-Allergic Agents/chemistry ; Lipid A/analogs & derivatives ; Lipid A/chemistry ; Plant Extracts/chemistry ; Tyrosine/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Allergoid ; Anti-Allergic Agents ; Lipid A ; Plant Extracts ; ragweed MATA MPL ; Tyrosine (42HK56048U)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	162843-4
ISSN	1873-3344 ; 0162-0134
ISSN (online)	1873-3344
ISSN	0162-0134
DOI	10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.007
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Book ; Online: Choice of tip, signal stability and practical aspects of Piezoresponse-Force-Microscopy

Henrichs, L. F. / Bennett, J. / Bell, A. J.

2016

Abstract	Piezoresponse force-microscopy (PFM) has become the standard tool to investigate ferroelectrics on the micro- and nanoscale. However, reliability of PFM signals is often problematic and their quantification is challenging and thus not widely applied. Here, we present a study of the reproducibility of PFM signals and of the so-called PFM background signal which has been reported in literature. We find that PFM signals are generally reproducible to certain extents. The PFM signal difference between 180{\deg} domains on periodically-poled lithium niobate (PPLN) is taken as the reference signal in a large number of measurements, carried out in a low frequency regime (30-70 kHz). We show that in comparison to Pt coated tips, diamond coated tips exhibit improved signal stability, lower background signal and less imaging artifacts related to PFM which is reflected in the spread of measurements. This is attributed to the improved mechanical stability of the conductive layer. The average deviation of the mean PFM signal is 38.3%, for a diamond coated tip. Although this deviation is relatively high, it is far better than values from literature which showed a deviation of approx. 73.1%. Additionally, we find that the average deviation of the background signal from 0 is 11.6% of the PPLN domain contrast. Thus, the background signal needs to be taken into account when quantifying PFM signals and should be subtracted from PFM signals. Those results are important for quantification of PFM signals, since PPLN might be used for this purpose when PFM signals measured on PPLN are related to its macroscopic d33 coefficient. Finally, the crucial influence of sample polishing on PFM signals is shown and we recommend to use a multistep polishing route with a final step involving 200 nm sized colloidal silica particles.
Keywords	Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ; Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Subject code	621
Publishing date	2016-01-14
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Levels and loops: the future of artificial intelligence and neuroscience.

Bell, A J

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

1999 Volume 354, Issue 1392, Page(s) 2013–2020

Abstract: In discussing artificial intelligence and neuroscience, I will focus on two themes. The first is the universality of cycles (or loops): sets of variables that affect each other in such a way that any feed-forward account of causality and control, while ... ...

Abstract	In discussing artificial intelligence and neuroscience, I will focus on two themes. The first is the universality of cycles (or loops): sets of variables that affect each other in such a way that any feed-forward account of causality and control, while informative, is misleading. The second theme is based around the observation that a computer is an intrinsically dualistic entity, with its physical set-up designed so as not to interfere with its logical set-up, which executes the computation. The brain is different. When analysed empirically at several different levels (cellular, molecular), it appears that there is no satisfactory way to separate a physical brain model (or algorithm, or representation), from a physical implementational substrate. When program and implementation are inseparable and thus interfere with each other, a dualistic point-of-view is impossible. Forced by empiricism into a monistic perspective, the brain-mind appears as neither embodied by or embedded in physical reality, but rather as identical to physical reality. This perspective has implications for the future of science and society. I will approach these from a negative point-of-view, by critiquing some of our millennial culture's popular projected futures.
MeSH term(s)	Artificial Intelligence ; Computational Biology ; Neurosciences/trends
Language	English
Publishing date	1999-12-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0962-8436 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0962-8436 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839
DOI	10.1098/rstb.1999.0540
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