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  1. Article ; Online: Exploring within-ecodistrict lake organic matter variability and identifying possible environmental contaminant biomarkers using sedimentomics

    Gregory, B.R.B. / Bell, M.A. / Sproule, A. / Shields, S.W. / Overy, D.P. / Blais, J.M.

    Science of the Total Environment. 2023 May, v. 871 p.161981-

    2023  

    Abstract: Sedimentomics methods offer insight into the physiological parameters that influence freshwater sediment organic matter (sedOM). To date, most sedimentomics studies characterized variations across large spatial and environmental gradients; here we ... ...

    Abstract Sedimentomics methods offer insight into the physiological parameters that influence freshwater sediment organic matter (sedOM). To date, most sedimentomics studies characterized variations across large spatial and environmental gradients; here we examine whether sedimentomics methods capture subtle sedOM variations within a relatively homogeneous study area in southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada. Additionally, we explore the lake sedimentome for candidate biomarkers related to ongoing carnivorous animal farming in the region. Sediment cores were recovered from seven lakes across a trophic (oligo- to eu- trophic) and anthropogenic land use gradient (carnivorous animal farming in catchment, downstream of farming, no farming nearby). Subsamples that dated prior to 1910 (pre-carnivorous animal farming) and later than 2010 (during carnivorous animal farming) were analyzed using UHPLC-HRMS in both negative (ESI−) and positive (ESI+) electrospray ionization modes. Cluster analysis (k-means) showed replicate samples from a given lake clustered distinctly from one another in both ESI modes, indicating sedOM captured subtle variations between lake systems. PCA combined with multiple linear regression indicated carnivorous animal farming and OM source explained most of the observed variation in lake sedOM. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) of ESI− and ESI+ data sets identified 103 unique candidate biomarkers. Ten strong candidate biomarkers were identified using graphical methods; more research is required for biomarker verification and molecular characterization. Our results indicate sedimentomics could be used in environmentally homogeneous areas, offering insight into the controls of sedOM cycling. Additionally, we identified prospective biomarkers related to carnivorous animal farming that could be used to understand relative contributions of farming to ongoing eutrophication issues in southwestern Nova Scotia.
    Keywords animals ; biomarkers ; carnivores ; cluster analysis ; discriminant analysis ; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ; environment ; eutrophication ; freshwater ; lakes ; land use ; organic matter ; principal component analysis ; regression analysis ; sediments ; watersheds ; Nova Scotia ; Omics ; Paleolimnology ; Orbitrap ; sedOM ; Aquaculture ; fur farming
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-05
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161981
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  2. Article ; Online: Exploring within-ecodistrict lake organic matter variability and identifying possible environmental contaminant biomarkers using sedimentomics.

    Gregory, B R B / Bell, M A / Sproule, A / Shields, S W / Overy, D P / Blais, J M

    The Science of the total environment

    2023  Volume 871, Page(s) 161981

    Abstract: Sedimentomics methods offer insight into the physiological parameters that influence freshwater sediment organic matter (sedOM). To date, most sedimentomics studies characterized variations across large spatial and environmental gradients; here we ... ...

    Abstract Sedimentomics methods offer insight into the physiological parameters that influence freshwater sediment organic matter (sedOM). To date, most sedimentomics studies characterized variations across large spatial and environmental gradients; here we examine whether sedimentomics methods capture subtle sedOM variations within a relatively homogeneous study area in southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada. Additionally, we explore the lake sedimentome for candidate biomarkers related to ongoing carnivorous animal farming in the region. Sediment cores were recovered from seven lakes across a trophic (oligo- to eu- trophic) and anthropogenic land use gradient (carnivorous animal farming in catchment, downstream of farming, no farming nearby). Subsamples that dated prior to 1910 (pre-carnivorous animal farming) and later than 2010 (during carnivorous animal farming) were analyzed using UHPLC-HRMS in both negative (ESI-) and positive (ESI+) electrospray ionization modes. Cluster analysis (k-means) showed replicate samples from a given lake clustered distinctly from one another in both ESI modes, indicating sedOM captured subtle variations between lake systems. PCA combined with multiple linear regression indicated carnivorous animal farming and OM source explained most of the observed variation in lake sedOM. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) of ESI- and ESI+ data sets identified 103 unique candidate biomarkers. Ten strong candidate biomarkers were identified using graphical methods; more research is required for biomarker verification and molecular characterization. Our results indicate sedimentomics could be used in environmentally homogeneous areas, offering insight into the controls of sedOM cycling. Additionally, we identified prospective biomarkers related to carnivorous animal farming that could be used to understand relative contributions of farming to ongoing eutrophication issues in southwestern Nova Scotia.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental Biomarkers ; Lakes ; Agriculture ; Nova Scotia ; Geologic Sediments/analysis
    Chemical Substances Environmental Biomarkers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-03
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161981
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  3. Article: The ecology of resource polymorphism in vertebrates.

    Bell, M A

    Trends in ecology & evolution

    2011  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 25–26

    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-01-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 284965-3
    ISSN 1872-8383 ; 0169-5347
    ISSN (online) 1872-8383
    ISSN 0169-5347
    DOI 10.1016/0169-5347(96)81062-7
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  4. Article: Sticklebacks: a model for behavior evolution.

    Bell, M A

    Trends in ecology & evolution

    2011  Volume 10, Issue 3, Page(s) 101–103

    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-01-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 284965-3
    ISSN 1872-8383 ; 0169-5347
    ISSN (online) 1872-8383
    ISSN 0169-5347
    DOI 10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89002-3
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  5. Article: Origin of metazoan phyla: Cambrian explosion or proterozoic slow burn?

    Bell, M A

    Trends in ecology & evolution

    2011  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–2

    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-01-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 284965-3
    ISSN 1872-8383 ; 0169-5347
    ISSN (online) 1872-8383
    ISSN 0169-5347
    DOI 10.1016/s0169-5347(96)30048-7
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  6. Article ; Online: Implications of a fossil stickleback assemblage for Darwinian gradualism.

    Bell, M A

    Journal of fish biology

    2009  Volume 75, Issue 8, Page(s) 1977–1999

    Abstract: Darwin postulated that a complete fossil record would contain numerous gradual transitions between ancestral and descendant species, but 150 years after publication of The Origin of Species, few such transitions have materialized. The fossil stickleback ... ...

    Abstract Darwin postulated that a complete fossil record would contain numerous gradual transitions between ancestral and descendant species, but 150 years after publication of The Origin of Species, few such transitions have materialized. The fossil stickleback Gasterosteus doryssus and the deposit in which it occurs provide excellent conditions to detect such transitions. Abundant, well-preserved fossils occur in a stratigraphic setting with fine temporal resolution. The paleoecology of G. doryssus resembles the ecology of modern lakes that harbour the phenotypically similar three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus. Gasterosteus aculeatus are primitively highly armoured, but G. doryssus comprised two contemporaneous biological species with relatively weak armour, including a near-shore, benthic feeder (benthic) and an offshore planktivore (limnetic). The benthic species expanded its range into the limnetic zone of the lake, where it apparently switched to planktivory and evolved reduced armour within c. 5000 years in response to directional selection. Although gradual evolution of mean phenotypes occurred, a single major gene caused much of evolutionary change of the pelvic skeleton. Thus, Darwin's expectation that transitions between species in the fossil record would be gradual was met at a fine time scale, but for pelvic structure, a well-studied trait, his expectation that gradual change would depend entirely on numerous, small, heritable differences among individuals was incorrect.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Fossils ; Geology ; Selection, Genetic ; Smegmamorpha/anatomy & histology ; Smegmamorpha/classification ; Smegmamorpha/genetics ; Smegmamorpha/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 410564-3
    ISSN 1095-8649 ; 0022-1112
    ISSN (online) 1095-8649
    ISSN 0022-1112
    DOI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02416.x
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  7. Article: Subacute carbon monoxide poisoning.

    BELL, M A

    Archives of environmental health

    2003  Volume 3, Page(s) 594–596

    MeSH term(s) Carbon Monoxide/toxicity ; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ; Humans
    Chemical Substances Carbon Monoxide (7U1EE4V452)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-08-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 211701-0
    ISSN 0003-9896
    ISSN 0003-9896
    DOI 10.1080/00039896.1961.10663078
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  8. Article ; Online: Variation of telencephalon morphology of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in relation to inferred ecology.

    Park, Peter J / Bell, M A

    Journal of evolutionary biology

    2010  Volume 23, Issue 6, Page(s) 1261–1277

    Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that increased telencephalon size has evolved in threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from structurally complex habitats using field-caught samples from one sea-run (ancestral) and 18 ecologically diverse ... ...

    Abstract We tested the hypothesis that increased telencephalon size has evolved in threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from structurally complex habitats using field-caught samples from one sea-run (ancestral) and 18 ecologically diverse freshwater (descendant) populations. Freshwater habitats ranged from shallow, structurally complex lakes with benthic-foraging stickleback (benthics), to deeper, structurally simple lakes in which stickleback depend more heavily on plankton for prey (generalists). Contrary to our expectations, benthics had smaller telencephala than generalists, but the shape of the telencephalon of the sea-run and benthic populations were more convex laterally. Convex telencephalon shape may indicate enlargement of the dorsolateral region, which is homologous with the tetrapod hippocampus. Telencephalon morphology is also sexually dimorphic, with larger, less convex telencephala in males. Freshwater stickleback from structurally complex habitats have retained the ancestral telencephalon morphology, but populations that feed more in open habitats on plankton have evolved larger, laterally concave telencephala.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Ecology ; Multivariate Analysis ; Smegmamorpha/anatomy & histology ; Telencephalon/anatomy & histology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-06-01
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1465318-7
    ISSN 1420-9101 ; 1010-061X
    ISSN (online) 1420-9101
    ISSN 1010-061X
    DOI 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01987.x
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  9. Article: The "ASK ME" framework as an innovation for teaching agricultural extension

    Bell, M. A / E. E. Peach-Fine / M. P. Santibanez

    Acta horticulturae. 2016 Nov. 30, , no. 1126

    2016  

    Abstract: For nearly four decades the University of California, Davis, International Programs Office has worked with global partners to build the agricultural capacity of countries in terms of research, extension, and education. With a focus on extension in lesser ...

    Abstract For nearly four decades the University of California, Davis, International Programs Office has worked with global partners to build the agricultural capacity of countries in terms of research, extension, and education. With a focus on extension in lesser developed countries, we have developed an innovative framework for teaching extension professionals how to effectively encourage adoption of much-needed knowledge by smallholder farmers. The "ASK ME" framework uses 5 key steps; each of which is represented by one letter in the title of the framework, namely: 1. Audience and Needs: Who are they? What do they need and want? 2. Solutions: What is practical and relevant to meet their needs? 3. Key Message: What do people need to know to make a change? 4. Message Form and Delivery: How can the message best be packaged and delivered? 5. Evaluation: How can each step be improved? This training model has already been adopted in a variety of contexts ranging from US civil servants in Afghanistan to Peace Corps agricultural volunteers. While the teaching of this model is made up of a variety of tools and techniques, the success of the model relies on following its own tenants, including effective communication via a "Key Message". By boiling the potentially complex and interdisciplinary topic of Agricultural Extension into five key components, this model is memorable and easily learned by a wide variety of audiences.
    Keywords agricultural education ; boiling ; developed countries ; extension education ; farmers ; models ; professionals ; volunteers ; Afghanistan ; California
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-1130
    Size p. 81-88.
    Publishing place International Society for Horticultural Science.
    Document type Article
    Note Paper presented at the XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014): Plenary Sessions of IHC2014 and VII International Symposium on Education, Research Training and Consultancy held August 17-22, 2014, Brisbane, Australia
    ISSN 0567-7572
    DOI 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1126.10
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  10. Article: Lateral plate evolution in the threespine stickleback: getting nowhere fast.

    Bell, M A

    Genetica

    2001  Volume 112-113, Page(s) 445–461

    Abstract: Gasterosteus aculeatus is a small Holarctic fish with marine, anadromous, and freshwater populations. Marine and anadromous populations apparently have changed little in the past 10 million years and exhibit limited geographical variation. In contrast, ... ...

    Abstract Gasterosteus aculeatus is a small Holarctic fish with marine, anadromous, and freshwater populations. Marine and anadromous populations apparently have changed little in the past 10 million years and exhibit limited geographical variation. In contrast, freshwater isolates have been founded repeatedly by marine and anadromous populations, and post-glacial isolates have undergone extraordinary adaptive radiation. Stickleback traits that have diversified during post-glacial radiation, including the 'lateral plates' (LP), can evolve substantially within decades after colonization of fresh water or when the environment (particularly predation regime) changes. Although highly divergent freshwater isolates of G. aculeatus have existed for at least 10 million years, they have rarely experienced sustained evolutionary divergence leading to formation of widespread, phenotypically distinct species. The paradox of rapid LP evolution without sustained divergence has resulted from selective extinction of highly divergent populations, because they are specialized for conditions in small, isolated habitats that tend to dry up within limited periods. Biological species of G. aculeatus may also evolve within decades, and are also prone to extinction because they are endemic to and specialized for small, ephemeral habitats. The high rate of evolution observed in contemporary threespine stickleback populations may not be unique to this species complex and has important implications for use of post-glacial populations in comparative studies, speciation rate, and discrimination of sympatric and allopatric speciation.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Skin/anatomy & histology ; Smegmamorpha/anatomy & histology ; Smegmamorpha/classification ; Smegmamorpha/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2001
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2165-9
    ISSN 0016-6707
    ISSN 0016-6707
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