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Article: Response to different measles vaccine strains given by aerosol and subcutaneous routes to schoolchildren: a randomised trial

Bennett, J. V.

2000 Volume 355, Issue 9206, Page(s) 798–803

Abstract: Background: More than one dose of measles vaccine is necessary for the sustained control of measles. The aerosol route is thought to be more immunogenic for booster doses than traditional subcutaneous injections, so the authors did a randomised ... ...

Institution	PO Box 17120, ZA-Congella 4013Medical Research Council
Abstract	Background: More than one dose of measles vaccine is necessary for the sustained control of measles. The aerosol route is thought to be more immunogenic for booster doses than traditional subcutaneous injections, so the authors did a randomised comparative trial of aerosol and subcutaneous measles vaccines in South African schoolchildren. Methods: 4327 schoolchildren (aged 5-14 years), assigned by block randomisation of classrooms, received standard titre doses of either Schwarz or Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccines subcutaneously or by aerosol. Blood samples for antibody assay were collected before vaccination, at 1 month, and 1 year after vaccination. The main endpoints (antibody titres at 1 month and 1 year) were compared between groups. Findings: 992 children had antibody titre data available for all timepoints. 14 (3.6%) of 385 children who received Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine by aeorsol were seronegative 1 year after vaccination, compared with 28 (8.6%) of 326 children who received Edmonston-Zagreb subcutaneous vaccine and 39 (13.9%) of 281 children who received Schwarz subcutaneous vaccine. At 1 month, 326 (84.7%) children who received aeorsol Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine had seroconverted, compared with 257 (78.8%) who received subcutaneous Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine and 176 (62.6%) who received subcutaneous Schwarz vaccine. At 1 month, only 116 (22.7%) of 511 children in the Schwarz aerosol group had seroconverted; this aeorsol vaccine had no detectable potency after 2min of nebulisation. There were no serious side-effects: about 5% of children in each group had a rash within 2 weeks of vaccination. Interpretation: An aerosol vaccination method that uses currently available devices and a suitably stable vaccine is effective and acceptable. This form of delivery is adaptable to mass campaigns, avoids the risks associated with injections, and could help measles eradication.
Keywords	Aerosol ; Impfung ; Kind ; Kontrolle ; Masern ; Methodik ; Schueler ; Suedafrika
Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	3306-6
ISSN	0099-5355 ; 1474-547X ; 0140-6736 ; 0023-7507
ISSN (online)	0099-5355 ; 1474-547X
ISSN	0140-6736 ; 0023-7507
Database	Social Medicine (SOMED)

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Article: Proposed standardized method for testing and interpreting susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis to tetracycline.

Overman, S / Lambe, D W / Bennett, J V

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

2004 Volume 5, Issue 4, Page(s) 357–361

Abstract: One hundred twenty-four strains of Bacteroides fragilis were examined for susceptibility to tetracycline disks and by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations. MIC values and zone sizes around 30-mug tetracycline disks were determined by ... ...

Abstract	One hundred twenty-four strains of Bacteroides fragilis were examined for susceptibility to tetracycline disks and by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations. MIC values and zone sizes around 30-mug tetracycline disks were determined by using selected test conditions which included Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with sheep blood, vitamin K, and hemin and an incubation temperature of 35 C in an atmosphere of 80% N(2), 10% H(2), and 10% CO(2). Strains were separated into two distinct populations by geometric mean MIC and dis tests. Of the 124 strains, 78 were resistant and 46 were susceptible. The resistant strains had geometric mean MIC's of 8 mug/ml or greater, whereas the geometric mean MIC's of sensitive strains were 5 mug/ml or less. The disk test proved to be more reproducible than the MIC test and completely separated the resistant and susceptible populations. An interpretive scheme for B. fragilis to tetracycline was statistically derived on the basis of the distribution of zone sizes of susceptible and resistant strains: resistant, 18 mm or less; indeterminant, 19 to 20 mm; and susceptible, 21 mm or greater. These zone sizes compared closely with the Kirby-Bauer criteria for aerobic bacteria.
MeSH term(s)	Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteroides Infections/microbiology ; Bacteroides fragilis/drug effects ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/standards ; Microbiology/standards ; Tetracycline/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Tetracycline (F8VB5M810T)
Language	English
Publishing date	2004-08-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	217602-6
ISSN	1098-6596 ; 0066-4804
ISSN (online)	1098-6596
ISSN	0066-4804
DOI	10.1128/AAC.5.4.357
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Article: Toxins and toxic-shock syndrome.

Bennett, J V

The Journal of infectious diseases

1981 Volume 143, Issue 4, Page(s) 631–632

MeSH term(s)	Antigens, Bacterial ; Exotoxins/pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Shock, Septic/etiology ; Skin Manifestations/etiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/immunology ; Syndrome ; Terminology as Topic ; Toxins, Biological/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Antigens, Bacterial ; Exotoxins ; Toxins, Biological ; migmatoxin (80448-83-5)
Language	English
Publishing date	1981-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1093/infdis/143.4.631
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Article: A reassessment of risk factors for neonatal tetanus

Bennett, J. V.

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

1991 Volume 69, Issue 5, Page(s) 573–579

Abstract: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to further examine the risk factors for neonatal tetanus (NNT) in the North-west Frontier Province of Pakistan. Three control infants were concurrently evaluated for each of 102 consecutively diagnosed ... ...

Institution	One Copenhill, USA-Atlanta, GA 30307 c/o J.V. Bennett, The Task Force for Child Survival, The Carter Center
Abstract	A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to further examine the risk factors for neonatal tetanus (NNT) in the North-west Frontier Province of Pakistan. Three control infants were concurrently evaluated for each of 102 consecutively diagnosed NNT cases hospitalized over an 8-week period. Application of clarified butter (ghee) during the first few days of life was shown to be a significant risk factor, confirming the previously reported finding. However, the risk appeared to be limited to ghee made in the home from cow's milk. The tool used to cut the umbilical cord was again refuted to be a risk factor; application of topical antibiotics conferred significant protection. Multivariate analysis of the matched data showed that delivery by persons with academic training (physicians, nurses, and lady health visitors) was also protective. Mothers with a past history of NNT babies were shown to have a significantly increased risk, and accounted for more than one-third of all cases in the present study. The findings suggest possible ways to augment the effectiveness of NNT elimination programmes.
Keywords	Tetanus ; Neugeborenes ; Risikofaktor ; Fallkontrollstudie ; Inzidenz ; Pakistan
Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	80213-x
ISSN	1564-0604 ; 0042-9686 ; 0366-4996 ; 0510-8659
ISSN (online)	1564-0604
ISSN	0042-9686 ; 0366-4996 ; 0510-8659
Database	Social Medicine (SOMED)

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Article: Antibiotic use in animals and human salmonellosis.

Bennett, J V

The Journal of infectious diseases

1980 Volume 142, Issue 4, Page(s) 631–633

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Humans ; Salmonella Infections/drug therapy ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/drug therapy
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	1980-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1093/infdis/142.4.631
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Article: Human infections: economic implications and prevention.

Bennett, J V

Annals of internal medicine

1978 Volume 89, Issue 5 Pt 2 Suppl, Page(s) 761–763

Abstract: Morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases clearly remain high. Economic assessments should not be based soley on the costs of existing disease but should incorporate costs saved by preventive efforts as well as savings likely to be attained within ...

Abstract	Morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases clearly remain high. Economic assessments should not be based soley on the costs of existing disease but should incorporate costs saved by preventive efforts as well as savings likely to be attained within several years by improved preventive measures. These factors can be used to assess the relative needs for research for specific infections and to compare the economic importance of infections with that of other health problems. Preventive activities for individuals and for larger groups are outlined, and the relation of research to prevention and control of infections is presented.
MeSH term(s)	Botulism/economics ; Botulism/prevention & control ; Cross Infection/economics ; Cross Infection/prevention & control ; Humans ; Infection/economics ; Infection Control ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	1978-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	336-0
ISSN	1539-3704 ; 0003-4819
ISSN (online)	1539-3704
ISSN	0003-4819
DOI	10.7326/0003-4819-89-5-761
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Article: Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine: A good vaccine with an image problem.

Bennett, J V / Cutts, F T / Katz, S L

Pediatrics

1999 Volume 104, Issue 5 Pt 1, Page(s) 1123–1124

MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Male ; Measles Vaccine/adverse effects
Chemical Substances	Measles Vaccine
Language	English
Publishing date	1999-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207677-9
ISSN	1098-4275 ; 0031-4005
ISSN (online)	1098-4275
ISSN	0031-4005
DOI	10.1542/peds.104.5.1123
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Article: Child survival and perinatal infections with human immunodeficiency virus.

Bennett, J V / Rogers, M F

American journal of diseases of children (1960)

1991 Volume 145, Issue 11, Page(s) 1242–1247

Abstract: A mathematical model was developed to assess the effect of various assumed prevalence rates of maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on perinatally acquired HIV infections and child survival. The model indicates that for children younger ... ...

Abstract	A mathematical model was developed to assess the effect of various assumed prevalence rates of maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on perinatally acquired HIV infections and child survival. The model indicates that for children younger than 5 years, countries with low baseline mortality rates will experience greater relative increases in child mortality rates and larger proportions of HIV-caused deaths in children than countries with high mortality rates. It also suggests that perinatal HIV infection could become the most common cause of deaths in children in the developed world if maternal infection rates reach 2% to 3%. Rates of 25% to 30% would be needed to produce a similar effect in the developing world. Child survival gains in the last three decades in the developed world could be quickly erased at low levels of maternal HIV infection, but gains would not be completely offset in the developing world until more than 40% of mothers became infected with HIV. When basic demographic information and the maternal HIV infection rate are known, the model permits a direct assessment of infant and child mortality caused by HIV. It can also be used to estimate the prevalence of maternal HIV infection when values for all other variables are known.
MeSH term(s)	Africa, Southern/epidemiology ; Cause of Death ; Child, Preschool ; Classification ; Developing Countries ; Europe/epidemiology ; Female ; Forecasting ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/mortality ; HIV Infections/transmission ; HIV Seroprevalence ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Infant, Newborn ; Models, Statistical ; North America/epidemiology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology ; Survival Rate/trends ; United Nations
Language	English
Publishing date	1991-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219380-2
ISSN	0002-922X ; 0096-8994
ISSN	0002-922X ; 0096-8994
DOI	10.1001/archpedi.1991.02160110034016
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Article: Nosocomial infections due to Pseudomonas.

Bennett, J V

The Journal of infectious diseases

1974 Volume 130 Suppl, Page(s) S4–7

MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Burns/complications ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross Infection ; Hospitals, Community ; Humans ; Infant ; Middle Aged ; Pseudomonas Infections/etiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification ; Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology ; Surgical Wound Infection/microbiology ; Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology ; Urine/microbiology
Language	English
Publishing date	1974-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1093/infdis/130.supplement.s4
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Article: Alternative routes of measles immunization: a review.

Cutts, F T / Clements, C J / Bennett, J V

Biologicals : journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization

1997 Volume 25, Issue 3, Page(s) 323–338

Abstract: Measles is one of the major causes of childhood mortality in developing countries, despite current prevention of over 2 million child deaths each year by measles vaccination programmes. New strategies, such as mass campaigns, and possibly new ... ...

Abstract	Measles is one of the major causes of childhood mortality in developing countries, despite current prevention of over 2 million child deaths each year by measles vaccination programmes. New strategies, such as mass campaigns, and possibly new preparations of measles vaccines, may facilitate further progress in controlling the disease and improving the prospects for its ultimate eradication. To evaluate the potential for non-percutaneous routes of vaccine administration to improve control, we reviewed studies of serological responses to measles vaccine after intradermal, conjunctival, oral, aerosol and intranasal administration. The response to intradermal vaccination exceeded percutaneous results in only one of eight instances in five studies where such comparisons could be made, often producing substantially lower seroresponses. Further, intradermal administration using a needle and syringe is more difficult than subcutaneous vaccination. After oral administration of vaccine, less than 50% of children seroconverted in three small studies. Intranasal administration has not yet been studied extensively, but it may be susceptible to interference by upper respiratory infections. Seroconversion after conjunctival administration was very variable, and this route was difficult practically in young children. In infants below 9 months of age, aerosol administration of vaccine resulted in 80% or better seroresponse in seven of nine trials, with the Edmonston-Zagreb strain in standard titre doses consistently producing better results than the Schwarz strain. However, seroresponses after subcutaneous administration clearly exceeded those from aerosols of the same vaccine in four of six comparisons. Several trials noted practical difficulties in aerosol administration in young infants. In contrast, older seronegative children generally responded well to aerosol administration of vaccine (above 90% and often 100% seroresponse), regardless of vaccine strain and often with surprisingly low estimated retained doses. In each of three studies where it was possible to compare the same vaccines given percutaneously and by aerosol to seropositive children, better seroresponses followed aerosols. In older children, aerosols of the Edmonston-Zagreb strain also rather consistently provided better seroresponses than aerosols of the Schwarz strain, with the most notable differences in seropositive children. Thus, with the possible exception of very young infants, the aerosol route is promising and offers several theoretical and practical advantages as well. Further randomized trials should be conducted to evaluate comparative responses to aerosolized, intranasal, and subcutaneous vaccine, especially in those age ranges targeted for mass campaigns (most commonly 9 months to 15 years). The development of improved technology for aerosol delivery of measles vaccine would greatly advance the potential for wide scale use of this route, especially in mass campaigns in low income countries.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Administration Routes ; Humans ; Infant ; Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage
Chemical Substances	Measles Vaccine
Language	English
Publishing date	1997-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1017370-5
ISSN	1095-8320 ; 1045-1056
ISSN (online)	1095-8320
ISSN	1045-1056
DOI	10.1006/biol.1997.0103
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