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Article ; Online: Detecting Permafrost Active Layer Thickness Change From Nonlinear Baseflow Recession

Cooper, M. G. / Zhou, T. / Bennett, K. E. / Bolton, W. R. / Coon, E. T. / Fleming, S. W. / Rowland, J. C. / Schwenk, J.

Water Resources Research. 2023 Jan., v. 59, no. 1 p.e2022WR033154-

2023

Abstract: Permafrost underlies about one fifth of the global land area and affects ground stability, freshwater runoff, soil chemistry, and surface‐atmosphere gas exchange. The depth of thawed ground overlying permafrost (active layer thickness) has broadly ... ...

Abstract	Permafrost underlies about one fifth of the global land area and affects ground stability, freshwater runoff, soil chemistry, and surface‐atmosphere gas exchange. The depth of thawed ground overlying permafrost (active layer thickness) has broadly increased across the Arctic in recent decades, coincident with a period of increased streamflow, especially the lowest flows (baseflow). Mechanistic links between active layer thickness and baseflow have recently been explored using linear reservoir theory, but most watersheds behave as nonlinear reservoirs. We derive theoretical nonlinear relationships between long‐term average saturated soil thickness η‾ $\overline{\eta }$ (proxy for active layer thickness) and long‐term average baseflow. When applied to 38 years of daily streamflow data for the Kuparuk River basin on the North Slope of Alaska, the theory predicts η‾ $\overline{\eta }$ increased 0.17±0.22[2σ] $0.17\pm 0.22\,[2\sigma ]$ cm a⁻¹ between 1983 and 2020 (6.4±8.4 $6.4\pm 8.4$ cm total). The rate of increase nearly doubled to 0.29±0.31 $0.29\pm 0.31$ cm a⁻¹ between 1990 and 2020, during which time local field measurements from Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring sites indicate the active layer increased 0.31±0.22 $0.31\pm 0.22$ cm a⁻¹. The predicted rate of increase more than doubled again between 2002 and 2020, outpacing a near doubling of observed active layer thickening, consistent with trends in terrestrial water storage inferred from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite gravimetry and Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications climate reanalysis. Overall, hydrologic change is accelerating in the Kuparuk River basin, and we provide a theoretical framework for estimating basin‐scale changes in active layer water storage from streamflow measurements.
Keywords	base flow ; climate ; freshwater ; gas exchange ; gravimetry ; permafrost ; research ; retrospective studies ; runoff ; satellites ; soil chemistry ; soil depth ; topographic slope ; water storage ; watersheds ; Alaska ; Arctic region
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-01
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	5564-5
ISSN	1944-7973 ; 0043-1397
ISSN (online)	1944-7973
ISSN	0043-1397
DOI	10.1029/2022WR033154
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Historical trends and extremes in boreal Alaska river basins

Bennett, K.E / A.J. Cannon / L. Hinzman

Journal of hydrology. 2015 Aug., v. 527

2015

Abstract: Climate change will shift the frequency, intensity, duration and persistence of extreme hydroclimate events and have particularly disastrous consequences in vulnerable systems such as the warm permafrost-dominated Interior region of boreal Alaska. This ... ...

Abstract	Climate change will shift the frequency, intensity, duration and persistence of extreme hydroclimate events and have particularly disastrous consequences in vulnerable systems such as the warm permafrost-dominated Interior region of boreal Alaska. This work focuses on recent research results from nonparametric trends and nonstationary generalized extreme value (GEV) analyses at eight Interior Alaskan river basins for the past 50/60years (1954/64–2013). Trends analysis of maximum and minimum streamflow indicates a strong (>+50%) and statistically significant increase in 11-day flow events during the late fall/winter and during the snowmelt period (late April/mid-May), followed by a significant decrease in the 11-day flow events during the post-snowmelt period (late May and into the summer). The April–May–June seasonal trends show significant decreases in maximum streamflow for snowmelt dominated systems (<−50%) and glacially influenced basins (−24% to −33%). Annual maximum streamflow trends indicate that most systems are experiencing declines, while minimum flow trends are largely increasing. Nonstationary GEV analysis identifies time-dependent changes in the distribution of spring extremes for snowmelt dominated and glacially dominated systems. Temperature in spring influences the glacial and high elevation snowmelt systems and winter precipitation drives changes in the snowmelt dominated basins. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation was associated with changes occurring in snowmelt dominated systems, and the Arctic Oscillation was linked to one lake dominated basin, with half of the basins exhibiting no change in response to climate variability. The work indicates that broad scale studies examining trend and direction of change should employ multiple methods across various scales and consider regime dependent shifts to identify and understand changes in extreme streamflow within boreal forested watersheds of Alaska.
Keywords	altitude ; autumn ; basins ; climate ; climate change ; forested watersheds ; lakes ; snowmelt ; spring ; stream flow ; summer ; temperature ; winter ; Alaska ; Arctic region
Language	English
Dates of publication	2015-08
Size	p. 590-607.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1473173-3
ISSN	0022-1694
ISSN	0022-1694
DOI	10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.065
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Article: Role of continuous positive airway pressure to the non-ventilated lung during one-lung ventilation with low tidal volumes.

Badner, N H / Goure, C / Bennett, K E / Nicolaou, G

HSR proceedings in intensive care & cardiovascular anesthesia

2013 Volume 3, Issue 3, Page(s) 189–194

Abstract: Introduction: In multiple study populations large tidal volumes (8 - 12 ml/kg) have deleterious effects on lung function in multiple study populations. The accepted approach to hypoxemia during one-lung ventilation is the application of continuous ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: In multiple study populations large tidal volumes (8 - 12 ml/kg) have deleterious effects on lung function in multiple study populations. The accepted approach to hypoxemia during one-lung ventilation is the application of continuous positive airway pressure to the non-ventilated lung first, followed by application of positive end-expiratory pressure to the ventilated lung. To our knowledge the effectiveness of positive end-expiratory pressure or continuous positive airway pressure on maintaining PaO(2) with one-lung ventilation was not studied with smaller tidal volume (6ml/kg) ventilation. Our objective was to compare continuous positive airway pressure of 5 cm H(2)O or positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cm H(2)O during small tidal volume one-lung ventilation. Methods: Thirty patients undergoing elective, open thoracotomy with one-lung ventilation were randomized to continuous positive airway pressure or positive end-expiratory pressure and then crossed over to the other modality. Results: There was a statistically significant higher PaO(2) (141±81.6 vs 112±48.7, p = 0.047) with continuous positive airway pressure than positive end-expiratory pressure while on one-lung ventilation. Two patients desaturated requiring 100% O(2) with both positive end-expiratory pressure and continuous positive airway pressure. On two occasions the surgeon requested the continuous positive airway pressure be discontinued due to lung inflation. Conclusion: The use of continuous positive airway pressure of 5 cm H(2)O to the non-ventilated lung while using small tidal volumes for one-lung ventilation improved PaO(2) when compared with positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cm H(2)O to the ventilated lung.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-02-15
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2553606-0
ISSN	2037-0504
ISSN	2037-0504
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Article: Northern Hemisphere geography of ice-covered rivers

Bennett, K.E / Prowse, T.D

Hydrological processes. 2010 Jan. 15, v. 24, no. 2

2010

Abstract: Although river ice is a major component of the cryosphere and is particularly important to many river processes, including extreme events, its full geographical coverage has never been documented. Recognizing that the freeze-up and break-up of river ice ... ...

Abstract	Although river ice is a major component of the cryosphere and is particularly important to many river processes, including extreme events, its full geographical coverage has never been documented. Recognizing that the freeze-up and break-up of river ice is closely linked to the timing of 0 °C air temperatures, this study analyses the spatial extent of river networks relative to the location of three 0 °C isotherm periods. These were defined to represent a suite of ice-affected conditions that would be experienced for 6, 3 or 0·5 month periods, the briefest interval possibly leading only to a very thin and transient ice cover or simply border/frazil ice formation. Four different GIS databases were used to represent the river networks. The percentages of the total Northern Hemisphere land mass (average river network) influenced by cold temperatures conducive to ice formation were 52, 45 and 25 (56, 47 and 28), respectively. The related southern position of the isotherms ranged from 33°N, 35°N and 50°N in central North America to a nearly consistent 27°N for Eurasia, reflecting the influence of the high-elevation central plateau region. Also identified are the lengths of major rivers that fall within the three 0 °C isotherm boundaries. Included are some of the world's largest rivers including the Lena, Mackenzie, Ob, Yellow, Yukon and Yenisey rivers, although their percentage of ice-affected coverage varied for the three isotherm periods from a consistent 100% for the Lena and Yukon rivers to as little as 23% at the 6-month interval for the Yellow River. Copyright © 2009 Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords	air temperature ; databases ; geographic information systems ; geography ; ice ; rivers ; Eurasia ; Yellow River ; Yukon Territory
Language	English
Dates of publication	2010-0115
Size	p. 235-240.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1479953-4
ISSN	1099-1085 ; 0885-6087
ISSN (online)	1099-1085
ISSN	0885-6087
DOI	10.1002/hyp.7561
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Article: Experimental optical fan beam tomography.

Bennett, K E / Faris, G W / Byer, R L

Applied optics

2007 Volume 23, Issue 16, Page(s) 2678

Language	English
Publishing date	2007-03-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1559-128X
ISSN	1559-128X
DOI	10.1364/ao.23.002678
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Article ; Online: Behaviour and cognitive outcomes from middle ear disease.

Bennett, K E / Haggard, M P

Archives of disease in childhood

1999 Volume 80, Issue 1, Page(s) 28–35

Abstract: Objectives: To resolve controversies over associations between a history of middle ear disease and psychosocial or cognitive/educational outcomes.: Design: Multipurpose longitudinal birth cohort study. Original cohort comprised all UK births between ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: To resolve controversies over associations between a history of middle ear disease and psychosocial or cognitive/educational outcomes. Design: Multipurpose longitudinal birth cohort study. Original cohort comprised all UK births between 5 and 11 April 1970; data were available for approximately 12,000 children at 5 years old and 9000 children at 10 years old. Methods: For 5 year old children, parent reported data were available on health, social, and behavioural factors, including data on two validated markers of middle ear disease. Cognitive tests were administered at 5 and 10 years of age, and behavioural problems rated at 10 years by the child's teacher. Results: After adjustment for social background and maternal malaise, the developmental sequelae of middle ear disease remained significant even at 10 years. The largest effects were observed in behaviour problems and language test data at age 5, but effect sizes were modest overall. Implications: These results provide an epidemiological basis for policies that aim to minimise the sequelae of middle ear disease by awareness in parents and preschool teachers, early referral, and intervention for more serious or persistent cases.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Child Behavior Disorders/etiology ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition Disorders/etiology ; Female ; Hearing Disorders/etiology ; Humans ; Language Development Disorders/etiology ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Otitis Media/complications ; Otitis Media/psychology ; Parents ; Psychological Tests ; Teaching
Language	English
Publishing date	1999-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	524-1
ISSN	1468-2044 ; 0003-9888 ; 1359-2998
ISSN (online)	1468-2044
ISSN	0003-9888 ; 1359-2998
DOI	10.1136/adc.80.1.28
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Article: Accumulation of factors influencing children's middle ear disease: risk factor modelling on a large population cohort.

Bennett, K E / Haggard, M P

Journal of epidemiology and community health

1998 Volume 52, Issue 12, Page(s) 786–793

Abstract: Study objectives: Data were analysed from a large national birth cohort to examine cumulative and interactive prediction from various risk factors for childhood middle ear disease, and to resolve conflicting evidence arising from small and incompletely ... ...

Abstract	Study objectives: Data were analysed from a large national birth cohort to examine cumulative and interactive prediction from various risk factors for childhood middle ear disease, and to resolve conflicting evidence arising from small and incompletely controlled studies. The large sample size permitted appropriate covariate adjustment to give generality, and permit demographic breakdown of the risk factors. Setting: A large multi-purpose longitudinal birth cohort study of all births in the UK in one week in 1970, with multiple questionnaire sweeps. Participants: Over 13,000 children were entered into the original cohort. Data on over 12,000 children were available at the five year follow up. Main outcome measures: For children at 5 years, parent reported data were available on health and social factors including data on two markers for middle ear disease: the occurrence of purulent (nonwax) ear discharge and suspected or confirmed hearing difficulty. Main results: In those children who had ever had reported hearing difficulty (suspected or confirmed), after control for socioeconomic status, three of the classic factors (male sex, mother's smoking habits since birth, and attending day care) were significantly more frequent. In those who had ever had ear discharge reported, only mother's smoking habit since birth was significantly more frequent. However, it showed an orderly dose response relation. In addition, a derived general child health score was found to be significantly associated with both the middle ear disease markers. Control for this variable in the analysis of those having reported hearing difficulty reduced the effect size of mother's smoking habit, but it remained statistically significant. For reported ear discharge, even after control for the general health score and social index, mother's smoking habits and day care attendance were both significant predictors. Mother's (but not father's) smoking habits and day care attendance were found to be significant risk factors for middle ear disease. Breast feeding effects were weak and did not generally survive statistical control. Conclusions: A child having all three risk factors (attends day care, a mother who smokes, and male sex) is 3.4 times more likely to have problems with hearing than a child who has none, based on cumulative risk. Further studies should focus on preventative risk modification and well specified intervention.
MeSH term(s)	Child Care ; Child, Preschool ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Health Status ; Hearing Disorders/epidemiology ; Hearing Disorders/etiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Logistic Models ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Otitis Media with Effusion/epidemiology ; Otitis Media with Effusion/etiology ; Risk Factors ; Social Class ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
Chemical Substances	Tobacco Smoke Pollution
Language	English
Publishing date	1998-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	391868-3
ISSN	1470-2738 ; 0143-005X ; 0142-467X ; 0141-7681
ISSN (online)	1470-2738
ISSN	0143-005X ; 0142-467X ; 0141-7681
DOI	10.1136/jech.52.12.786
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Article: Under-prescribing of cardiovascular therapies for diabetes in primary care.

Bennett, K E / Williams, D / Feely, J

European journal of clinical pharmacology

2003 Volume 58, Issue 12, Page(s) 835–841

Abstract: Objective: To determine the extent to which cardiovascular therapies are prescribed in primary care for those with diabetes, compared with those without diabetes.: Methods: Population study of patients with and without diabetes identified using a ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To determine the extent to which cardiovascular therapies are prescribed in primary care for those with diabetes, compared with those without diabetes. Methods: Population study of patients with and without diabetes identified using a national primary care prescribing database. All patients receiving a prescription for any diabetes therapy, including insulin and oral hypoglycaemic drugs, or diagnostic test kit for glucose ( n=8523) and those receiving no such therapies ( n=145,756) during a 1-year period (September 1999-August 2000) in the Eastern Regional Health Authority of Ireland were identified. In addition, a sub-set of patients receiving a nitrate prescription, a marker for ischaemic heart disease (IHD), were also identified ( n=14,826). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for prescribing of cardiovascular therapies between those with diabetes and those without, adjusted for age and gender, were calculated using logistic regression. Results: The proportion of those (and 95% CES) with diabetes and IHD prescribed secondary preventative therapies was 37.3% (35.0, 39.6) for statins, 55.3% (53.0, 57.6) for angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors, 34.7% (32.5, 36.9) for beta blockers, 73.3% (71.2, 75.4) for aspirin, 4.4% (3.4, 5.4) for angiotensin-II antagonists and 2.5% (1.8, 3.2) for fibrates. The adjusted odds ratios for prescribing in those with diabetes compared with those without are 1.44 (1.30, 1.61) for statins, 3.09 (2.79, 3.42) for angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors, 0.82 (0.74, 0.91) for beta blockers, 1.23 (1.09, 1.38) for aspirin, 1.47 (1.13, 1.87) for angiotensin-II receptor blockers and 4.23 (2.88, 6.14) for lipid-lowering fibrates. Conclusion: The greater rate of prescribing of cardiovascular therapies in those with diabetes relative to those without is not unexpected given the higher risk of coronary heart disease in those with diabetes. However, the proportion of patients with diabetes, particularly those with established IHD, prescribed cardiovascular therapies is considerably below that recommended in local and international guidelines.
MeSH term(s)	Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Aspirin/therapeutic use ; Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use ; Cardiovascular Diseases/complications ; Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy ; Databases, Factual ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications ; Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia/complications ; Myocardial Ischemia/drug therapy ; Nitrates/therapeutic use ; Pharmacoepidemiology/methods ; Pharmacoepidemiology/statistics & numerical data ; Primary Health Care/statistics & numerical data
Chemical Substances	Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; Cardiovascular Agents ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Nitrates ; Aspirin (R16CO5Y76E)
Language	English
Publishing date	2003-04
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121960-1
ISSN	1432-1041 ; 0031-6970
ISSN (online)	1432-1041
ISSN	0031-6970
DOI	10.1007/s00228-002-0542-6
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Article: Inequalities in prescribing of secondary preventative therapies for ischaemic heart disease in Ireland.

Bennett, K E / Williams, D / Feely, J

Irish medical journal

2002 Volume 95, Issue 6, Page(s) 169–172

Abstract: The study aim is to quantify the variation in prescribing rates of secondary preventative therapies for Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) across regions, age and gender. Patients receiving any prescriptions for a nitrate during a one year period (September ... ...

Abstract	The study aim is to quantify the variation in prescribing rates of secondary preventative therapies for Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) across regions, age and gender. Patients receiving any prescriptions for a nitrate during a one year period (September 1999-August 2000) were considered using a national primary care prescribing database. Age-sex standardised prescribing rates of four secondary preventative therapies for IHD (Ace inhibitors, beta-blockers, aspirin, statins) were calculated for each region. Wide variations between regions were observed with significantly higher variability for Ace inhibitors compared with aspirin (F-ratio=22.8, p<0.001). Men were more likely to prescribed these therapies and the elderly were less likely (except Ace inhibitors). The study suggests that access to secondary preventative therapy is not equitable across regions, gender and age in Ireland. The wide variability may be due to uncertainty in prescribing secondary preventative therapies and/or variability in clinical need between regions.
MeSH term(s)	Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/administration & dosage ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage ; Anticholesteremic Agents/administration & dosage ; Aspirin/administration & dosage ; Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data ; Drug Utilization ; Female ; Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Ireland/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Ischemia/prevention & control ; Practice Patterns, Physicians' ; Sex Factors
Chemical Substances	Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; Anticholesteremic Agents ; Aspirin (R16CO5Y76E)
Language	English
Publishing date	2002-06
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	193134-9
ISSN	0332-3102 ; 0021-129X
ISSN	0332-3102 ; 0021-129X
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Article: An Analysis of the Parasites of a Mid-winter Population of the Snowshoe Hare, Lepus americanus, on Insular Newfoundland During a Cyclical Peak

Bennett, K. E / E. M. Baggs / J. R. Finney-Crawley / M. McGrath

Canadian field-naturalist. 2005 , v. 119, no. 3

2005

Abstract: A mid-winter sample of 78 Snowshoe Hares (Lepus americanus) was collected during their cyclical peak in population from three eco-regions (Western Newfoundland, North Shore and Avalon Forest) on insular Newfoundland and was examined for the presence of ...

Abstract	A mid-winter sample of 78 Snowshoe Hares (Lepus americanus) was collected during their cyclical peak in population from three eco-regions (Western Newfoundland, North Shore and Avalon Forest) on insular Newfoundland and was examined for the presence of enteric parasites. The length of the hares was significantly shorter in the Avalon Forest Region (n = 27) than those of the Western Newfoundland Region (n = 25) and North Shore Region (n = 26) samples (PÂ² 0.001 and P Â² 0.003 respectively); however, no significant differences occurred for other morphological measurements. Four species of parasites, two cestodes (Mosgovoyia pectinata and Taenia pisiformis) and two nematodes (Obeliscoides cuniculi and Rauschia triangularis), were recovered. Taenia pisiformis was recovered from the North Shore eco-region only. No other significant differences with respect to their prevalence, intensity, mean intensity, relative density and dispersion between eco-regions were found. Within eco-regions, only R. triangularis showed a significantly higher value (PÂ² 0.027) for males and the prevalence of this species was lower than that previously reported. The occurrence of O. cuniculi was significantly different between the higher weight classes of hares and the prevalence of this species was higher than that previously reported. No trends for multiple infections were noted. The expansion of a new animal species, the Coyote, Canis latrans, to Newfoundland appeared to have had no effect on the diversity of parasites found in the hare.
Keywords	Canis latrans ; ecoregions ; forests ; hares ; Lepus americanus ; males ; Nematoda ; parasites ; Taenia pisiformis ; winter ; Newfoundland and Labrador
Language	English
Dates of publication	2005-07
Size	p. 323-329.
Publishing place	Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2658336-7
ISSN	0008-3550
ISSN	0008-3550
DOI	10.22621/cfn.v119i3.141
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