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Article ; Online: The role of anticipatory and reflexive compensatory muscle activation in catching errors under load uncertainty.

Sinn, Sohben R / Berg, William P / Vachon, Gabrielle E / Hughes, Michael R

2023 Volume 241, Issue 5, Page(s) 1411–1419

Abstract: This experiment investigated the role of anticipatory and reflexive compensatory neuromotor control in catching errors occurring under load uncertainty. Participants performed 64 trials of a one-handed ball catching task using visually identical balls of ...

Abstract	This experiment investigated the role of anticipatory and reflexive compensatory neuromotor control in catching errors occurring under load uncertainty. Participants performed 64 trials of a one-handed ball catching task using visually identical balls of four different weights without knowing the weight of the ball on each trial. Anticipatory and reflexive compensatory muscle activation were recorded in five muscles (anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, wrist flexors group, triceps brachii, lumbar erector spinae) using the EMG integral. In each muscle, the anticipatory and reflexive compensatory muscle activation were compared between successful catches and catching errors for the lightest ball and the heaviest ball. Anticipatory muscle activation was not implicated in errors made with the lightest ball. However, reflexive compensatory muscle activation in the anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, and wrist flexors were implicated in errors made with the lightest ball. Specifically, catching errors with the lightest ball were characterized by elevated reflexive compensatory muscle activation. In the case of the heaviest ball, both anticipatory (anterior deltoid, wrist flexors) and reflexive compensatory muscle activation (anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, wrist flexors) were implicated in catching errors. That is, catching errors with the heaviest ball were characterized by lower anticipatory and reflexive compensatory muscle activation. Results are considered in the context of the likely influence of limb compliance in catching under load uncertainty.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Electromyography ; Uncertainty ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Arm/physiology ; Wrist
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-12
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1201-4
ISSN	1432-1106 ; 0014-4819
ISSN (online)	1432-1106
ISSN	0014-4819
DOI	10.1007/s00221-023-06614-9
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Article ; Online: Information for anticipatory neuromotor control in catching under load uncertainty.

Berg, William P / Hughes, Michael R

Experimental brain research

2020 Volume 238, Issue 5, Page(s) 1285–1292

Abstract: Humans employ anticipatory muscle activation when catching under conditions of load uncertainty. Questions addressed were (a) on what information referent do catchers base their anticipatory neuromotor control when catching balls of unknown weight?, and ( ...

Abstract	Humans employ anticipatory muscle activation when catching under conditions of load uncertainty. Questions addressed were (a) on what information referent do catchers base their anticipatory neuromotor control when catching balls of unknown weight?, and (b) how do catchers use this functional referent? Thirty-six participants caught visually identical balls dropped from 0.75 m. Participants performed 40 trials, half with knowledge of ball weight and half without. Group L caught balls with a large weight range, while group S caught balls with a smaller range of weights. EMG integrals were computed for the ball flight period in five muscles. Anticipatory EMG integrals in the unknown weight condition were normalized to anticipatory EMG integrals for the maximum, minimum and average ball weights in the known ball weight condition. We assumed participants would base anticipatory control in the unknown weight condition on similar information, regardless of group. Therefore, differences in normalized EMG integrals between groups L and S would suggest that the specific referent tested (e.g., minimum possible ball weight) was not used to scale anticipatory muscle activation under load uncertainty. Independent sample t tests ascertained differences in normalized EMG integrals between groups L and S. The results suggested that the information referent participants used to catch balls of an unknown weight was knowledge of the maximum ball weight. Participants used this referent to generate a submaximal level of anticipatory muscle activation, i.e., about 93.2% of that used to catch the heaviest ball when ball weight was known in advance.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Anticipation, Psychological/physiology ; Electromyography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Uncertainty ; Weight Perception/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-18
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1201-4
ISSN	1432-1106 ; 0014-4819
ISSN (online)	1432-1106
ISSN	0014-4819
DOI	10.1007/s00221-020-05809-8
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Article ; Online: Effect of non-contact boxing training on the frequency and timing of anticipatory postural adjustments in healthy adults.

Shin, Bryan W / Berg, William P / Stutz, Meredith M / Hughes, Michael R

The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness

2022 Volume 62, Issue 12, Page(s) 1646–1653

Abstract: Background: The experiment tested the effect of non-contact boxing training on the frequency and timing of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) resulting from self-induced postural perturbations in healthy adults.: Methods: The 8-week non-contact ...

Abstract	Background: The experiment tested the effect of non-contact boxing training on the frequency and timing of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) resulting from self-induced postural perturbations in healthy adults. Methods: The 8-week non-contact boxing intervention study involved 33 healthy adults between 18 and 27 years of age who had no boxing experience (control group = 17 participants, boxing group = 16 participants). Pretests and post-tests utilized rapid bilateral arm raising as a focal movement to elicit APAs. EMG in the anterior deltoid, thoracic and lumbar erector spinae, semitendinosus, and soleus muscles was recorded. The boxing group completed twenty 90-min non-contact boxing training sessions over 8 weeks, whereas the control group kept physical activity consistent during the intervention period. Results: Non-contact boxing training caused APAs to become more frequent during the focal movement, in comparison to the control group, in the soleus and in the semitendinosus after an outlier was removed. Non-contact boxing training caused earlier APA onset during the focal movement, in comparison to the control group, in the lumbar erector spinae after an outlier was removed. Conclusions: Non-contact boxing training had a modest positive effect on the frequency and timing of APAs resulting from self-induced postural perturbations in healthy adults.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Electromyography/methods ; Posture/physiology ; Movement/physiology ; Shoulder ; Paraspinal Muscles
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-03
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	410823-1
ISSN	1827-1928 ; 0022-4707
ISSN (online)	1827-1928
ISSN	0022-4707
DOI	10.23736/S0022-4707.22.13495-X
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Article ; Online: The Effect of Load Uncertainty on Neuromotor Control in Catching: Gender Differences and Short Foreperiods.

Berg, William P / Hughes, Michael R

Journal of motor behavior

2019 Volume 52, Issue 3, Page(s) 318–332

Abstract: To reveal how the CNS copes with load uncertainty in catching, electromyography (EMG) was recorded in 15 females and 14 males while catching visually identical balls of known and unknown weights under varied (1-10 s) and constant (1 s) foreperiods ( ... ...

Abstract	To reveal how the CNS copes with load uncertainty in catching, electromyography (EMG) was recorded in 15 females and 14 males while catching visually identical balls of known and unknown weights under varied (1-10 s) and constant (1 s) foreperiods (warning time). EMG integrals, which represented total muscle activity, were computed for three time intervals prior to the catch (anticipatory), and one interval after (compensatory). Load uncertainty caused the CNS to utilize an anticipatory strategy in several muscles, primarily during the ball-flight interval, characterized by preparation to catch balls of unknown weight by utilizing an average of 99.7% of the muscle activation used to catch the heaviest ball under the known weight condition. The constant 1 s foreperiod, which permitted precise temporal anticipation of ball release, did not influence the anticipatory strategy adopted by the CNS to cope with load uncertainty. There were no observed differences in the neuromotor control used by men and women to manage load uncertainty in catching, although there was an interesting difference in the way men and women employed the triceps to prepare to catch balls of a known weight.
MeSH term(s)	Anticipation, Psychological/physiology ; Electromyography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; Uncertainty ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2066611-1
ISSN	1940-1027 ; 0022-2895
ISSN (online)	1940-1027
ISSN	0022-2895
DOI	10.1080/00222895.2019.1622503
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Article: The Effect of Load Uncertainty and Foreperiod Regularity on Anticipatory and Compensatory Neuromotor Control in Catching.

Berg, William P / Hughes, Michael R

Motor control

2017 Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–25

Abstract: Muscle activation was measured using EMG in 28 males (n = 28) while participants caught visually identical balls of known and unknown weights (50, 1.32, 2.18, and 2.99 kg) under variable (1-10s) and constant (3s) foreperiods. EMG integrals were computed ... ...

Abstract	Muscle activation was measured using EMG in 28 males (n = 28) while participants caught visually identical balls of known and unknown weights (50, 1.32, 2.18, and 2.99 kg) under variable (1-10s) and constant (3s) foreperiods. EMG integrals were computed for three time intervals before the catch (anticipatory), and one after (compensatory). Load uncertainty caused the CNS to use an anticipatory strategy characterized by preparation to catch balls of an unknown weight by utilizing about 92% of the muscle activation used to catch the heaviest possible ball under the known weight condition. The CNS appeared to scale anticipatory muscle activation to afford an opportunity to catch a ball of an unknown weight between .50 and 2.99 kg. The constant 3s foreperiod, which permitted temporal anticipation, did not influence the anticipatory neuromotor strategy adopted by the CNS to cope with load uncertainty. Load uncertainty also altered compensatory neuromotor control in catching.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Time Perception ; Uncertainty
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1087-1640
ISSN	1087-1640
DOI	10.1123/mc.2015-0003
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Article ; Online: Age-related differences in locomotor targeting performance under structural interference.

Berg, William P / Murdock, Leslie A

Age and ageing

2011 Volume 40, Issue 3, Page(s) 324–329

Abstract: Objective: to determine if there are age-related differences in locomotor targeting (LT) performance and step length (SL) regulatory behaviour under structural interference.: Methods: forty older (n = 20, mean age = 77.9) and younger (n = 20, mean ... ...

Abstract	Objective: to determine if there are age-related differences in locomotor targeting (LT) performance and step length (SL) regulatory behaviour under structural interference. Methods: forty older (n = 20, mean age = 77.9) and younger (n = 20, mean age = 25.2) participants walked 11.6 m while stepping on a target positioned at the 9.5 m point. Participants completed seven trials under each of three conditions, including the control (C) (no structural interference), low structural interference (L) and high structural interference (H). The structural interference conditions required participants to engage in LT while simultaneously verbally identifying letters that were visually presented on one of two monitors. One monitor was located near the target (low interference), while the other monitor was elevated to require participants to direct their gaze further away from the target to identify a letter (high interference). Outcome measures included LT error, SL, SL variability and the distribution of SL adjustment. Results: structural interference had a detrimental effect on the LT accuracy of the older group (2.75 cm mean increase in absolute error) but not on the younger group (1.05 cm mean increase in absolute error), even though the interference caused the older group alone to adopt a more conservative gait pattern involving shorter SLs. The older participants exhibited shorter mean SL with each increase in structural interference (conditions C vs. L, P = 0.004; conditions L vs. H, P = 0.050), whereas the younger participants' mean SL did not differ across conditions. The manner in which older and younger participants distributed SL adjustment across the steps in advance of the target did not differ. Conclusions: the results confirmed that LT demands more attention from older adults than it does from younger adults, and revealed that a consequence of this age difference is a decline in LT accuracy among older adults. The study implicates age-related impaired visual attention switching as a potential source of impaired walking performance among older adults.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Attention ; Female ; Gait/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion/physiology ; Male ; Postural Balance/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Space Perception/physiology ; Walking/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	186788-x
ISSN	1468-2834 ; 0002-0729
ISSN (online)	1468-2834
ISSN	0002-0729
DOI	10.1093/ageing/afr029
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Zs.A 877: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MO 448: Show issues

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Article ; Online: The impact of object weight, reach distance, discomfort and muscle activation on the location of preferred critical boundary during a seated reaching task.

Petrovic, Milena / Berg, William P / Mark, Leonard S / Hughes, Michael R

Human movement science

2015 Volume 44, Page(s) 122–133

Abstract: Successful performance of a goal-directed action requires the prospective actor to perceive the environment relative to their action capabilities and tailor their movements accordingly. The current study examined the roles of reach distance, object ( ... ...

Abstract	Successful performance of a goal-directed action requires the prospective actor to perceive the environment relative to their action capabilities and tailor their movements accordingly. The current study examined the roles of reach distance, object (power drill) weight, gender, discomfort, and muscle activation (anterior deltoid, upper trapezius, biceps, ventral and dorsal forearm) in determining the location of the transition between an arm-only and an arm-and-torso reach (preferred critical boundary) during a seated reach task in which participants had to direct a power drill toward a target. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) used extrinsic (independent of the participant) and intrinsic measures (relative to the biodynamic properties of the participant) of reach distance and drill weight, discomfort judgments, and EMG integral recordings for the five muscles to identify factors that best predicted the type of reach used. GEE revealed that intrinsic measures of reach distance and drill weight were superior predictors compared to extrinsic measures. Discomfort judgment and upper trapezius activity were also significant predictors of the location of the preferred critical boundary.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Deltoid Muscle/physiology ; Distance Perception/physiology ; Electromyography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Contraction/physiology ; Orientation/physiology ; Posture/physiology ; Prospective Studies ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Statistics as Topic ; Superficial Back Muscles/physiology ; Weight-Bearing/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	601851-8
ISSN	1872-7646 ; 0167-9457
ISSN (online)	1872-7646
ISSN	0167-9457
DOI	10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.020
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Article: Effect of the Alexander Technique on Muscle Activation, Movement Kinematics, and Performance Quality in Collegiate Violinists and Violists: A Pilot Feasibility Study.

Wolf, Rachelle C / Thurmer, Harvey P / Berg, William P / Cook, Henry E / Smart, L James

Medical problems of performing artists

2017 Volume 32, Issue 2, Page(s) 78–84

Abstract: Musicians are trained to attend to aural and visual senses, to the detriment of kinesthetic awareness, which often results in unnecessary muscle tension and narrowed attentional focus. The Alexander technique (AT) addresses these concerns by approaching ... ...

Abstract	Musicians are trained to attend to aural and visual senses, to the detriment of kinesthetic awareness, which often results in unnecessary muscle tension and narrowed attentional focus. The Alexander technique (AT) addresses these concerns by approaching action using a process of whole-body consciousness. Incorporation of AT concepts into skill practice may reduce static tension in playing and result in both prevention of injury and improved quality of performance, but objective evidence of these effects is lacking. This pilot feasibility study was designed to determine if muscle activation, movement kinematics, musical performance, and qualitative self-assessment over the course of a 10- week AT intervention are viable means to assess the efficacy of AT in violinists/ violists. Two groups of collegiate violinists and violists participated: Group A (n=4) participated in weekly 1-hour group AT lessons and kept a personal journal of their progress. Group B (n=3) received no AT lessons. Pre- and post tests included muscle activation recorded using electromyography (EMG) and movement kinematics recorded via motion tracking as musicians played a scale and a Kreutzer étude. Performance was also video-recorded and evaluated by an expert for quality and kinesthetic awareness. The results suggest that the measures and intervention employed could, with some adaptation, be a viable means of determining the potential benefits of AT training.
MeSH term(s)	Biomechanical Phenomena ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Stretching Exercises/education ; Muscle Stretching Exercises/methods ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Music ; Neck Muscles/physiology ; Pilot Projects ; Posture ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Self Care/methods ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2017
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639194-1
ISSN	0885-1158
ISSN	0885-1158
DOI	10.21091/mppa.2017.2014
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Article ; Online: The effect of load uncertainty on anticipatory muscle activity in catching.

Eckerle, Jason J / Berg, William P / Ward, Rose Marie

Experimental brain research

2012 Volume 220, Issue 3-4, Page(s) 311–318

Abstract: To investigate how the CNS copes with load uncertainty in catching, anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in one-handed catching of balls of known and unknown weights were compared. Twenty-nine (n = 29) men (mean age = 21.1 years) participated, all of ...

Abstract	To investigate how the CNS copes with load uncertainty in catching, anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in one-handed catching of balls of known and unknown weights were compared. Twenty-nine (n = 29) men (mean age = 21.1 years) participated, all of whom had engaged in a sport activity requiring hand-eye coordination. Participants' muscle activity in the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, wrist flexor group, and bilateral erector spinae at L4-5 was recorded using electromyography (EMG) while they caught visually identical balls of four different weights (0.5, 1.33, 2.17, and 3.0 kg). EMG integrals were computed for the 1 s prior to ball drop (pre-drop period), and the interval between ball drop and catch (drop period). Uncertainty about ball weight had no effect on APA activity during the pre-drop period. During the drop period, however, load uncertainty did influence APA activity in the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and the wrist flexor muscles (i.e., the effect of ball weight on APA magnitude depended on the presence or absence of load knowledge). In the known ball weight condition, participants exhibit greater APA magnitude with increases in ball weight. In contrast, under the unknown ball weight condition, APA magnitude was relatively consistent across ball weights and at a level similar to the APA magnitude for an intermediate weight (i.e., the second heaviest ball of four) in the known weight condition. In catching balls of unknown weights, the CNS appears to scale APA magnitude to afford the greatest chance of catching the ball, regardless of the weight.
MeSH term(s)	Electromyography ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Contraction/physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Posture/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Uncertainty ; Weight-Bearing/physiology ; Wrist/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-06-23
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1201-4
ISSN	1432-1106 ; 0014-4819
ISSN (online)	1432-1106
ISSN	0014-4819
DOI	10.1007/s00221-012-3139-z
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Article ; Online: Does load uncertainty affect adaptation to catch training?

Berg, William P / Richards, Brian J / Hannigan, Aaron M / Biller, Kelsey L / Hughes, Michael R

Experimental brain research

2016 Volume 234, Issue 9, Page(s) 2595–2607

Abstract: Catching relies on anticipatory and compensatory control processes. Load uncertainty increases anticipatory and compensatory neuromotor effort in catching. This experiment tested the effect of load uncertainty in plyometric catch/throw training on elbow ... ...

Abstract	Catching relies on anticipatory and compensatory control processes. Load uncertainty increases anticipatory and compensatory neuromotor effort in catching. This experiment tested the effect of load uncertainty in plyometric catch/throw training on elbow flexion reaction time (RT), movement time (MT) and peak torque, as well as the distribution of anticipatory and compensatory neuromotor effort in catching. We expected load uncertainty training to be superior to traditional training for improving elbow flexion MT and peak torque, as well as for reallocating neuromotor effort from compensatory to anticipatory control in catching. Three groups of men (mean age = 21), load knowledge training (K) (n = 14), load uncertainty training (U) (n = 13) and control (C) (n = 14), participated. Groups K and U trained three times/week for 6 weeks using single-arm catch/throw exercises with 0.45-4.08 kg balls. Sets involved 16 repetitions of four different ball masses presented randomly. Group K had knowledge of ball mass on every repetition, whereas group U never did. Change scores were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis tests and follow-up Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Group K improved both RT and MT (by 6.2 and 12 %, respectively), whereas group U did not. Both groups K and U improved peak eccentric elbow flexion torque. Group K reallocated neuromotor effort from compensatory to anticipatory processes in the biceps, triceps and the all muscle average, whereas group U did so in the triceps only. In sum, plyometric catch/throw training caused a reallocation of neuromotor effort from compensatory to anticipatory control in catching. However, load uncertainty training did not amplify this effect and in fact appeared to inhibit the reallocation of neuromotor effort from compensatory to anticipatory control.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological/physiology ; Adult ; Electromyography/methods ; Humans ; Male ; Movement ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Range of Motion, Articular/physiology ; Reaction Time ; Uncertainty
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-09
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1201-4
ISSN	1432-1106 ; 0014-4819
ISSN (online)	1432-1106
ISSN	0014-4819
DOI	10.1007/s00221-016-4664-y
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