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Article ; Online: Selecting among land sparing, sharing and Triad in a temperate rainforest depends on biodiversity and timber production targets

Harris, Scott H. / Betts, Matthew G.

Journal of Applied Ecology. 2023 Apr., v. 60, no. 4 p.737-750

2023

Abstract: As demand for wood products increases in step with global population growth, balancing the potentially competing values of biodiversity conservation, carbon storage and timber production is a major challenge. Land sparing involves conserving forest while ...

Abstract	As demand for wood products increases in step with global population growth, balancing the potentially competing values of biodiversity conservation, carbon storage and timber production is a major challenge. Land sparing involves conserving forest while growing timber in intensively managed areas. On the other hand, land sharing utilizes ecological forestry approaches, but with a larger management footprint due to lower yields. While the sparing‐sharing framework has been widely tested and debated in agricultural settings to balance competing values, such land‐allocation strategies have been rarely studied in forestry. We examined whether a sparing, sharing or Triad strategy best achieves multiple forest objectives simultaneously. In Triad, management units (stands) in forest landscapes are allocated to one of three treatments: reserve (where conservation is the sole objective), intensive (timber production is the sole objective) and ecological (both objectives are combined). To our knowledge, ours is the first Triad study from the temperate zone to quantify direct measures of biodiversity (e.g. species' abundance). Using a commonly utilized forest planning tool parameterized with empirical data, we modelled the capacity of a temperate rainforest to provide multiple ecosystem services (biodiversity, carbon storage, timber production and old‐growth forest structure) over 125 years based on 43 different allocation scenarios. We then quantified trade‐offs between scenarios, taking into account the landscape structure, and determined which strategies most consistently balanced ecosystem services. Sparing strategies were best when the services provided by both old‐growth and early seral (young) forests were prioritized, but at a cost to species associated with mid‐seral stages, which benefitted most from Triad and sharing strategies. Therefore, sparing provides the greatest net benefit, particularly given that old‐growth‐associated species and ecosystem services are currently of the greatest conservation concern. Synthesis and applications. We found that maximizing multiple elements of biodiversity and ecosystem services simultaneously with a single management strategy was elusive. The strategy that maximized each service and species varied greatly by both the service and the level of timber production. Fortunately, a diversity of management options can produce the same wood supply, providing ample decision space for establishing priorities and evaluating trade‐offs.
Keywords	applied ecology ; biodiversity ; biodiversity conservation ; carbon sequestration ; ecosystems ; landscapes ; old-growth forests ; population growth ; rain forests ; temperate zones ; timber production ; wood
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-04
Size	p. 737-750.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	410405-5
ISSN	1365-2664 ; 0021-8901
ISSN (online)	1365-2664
ISSN	0021-8901
DOI	10.1111/1365-2664.14385
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Plant-hummingbird pollination networks exhibit limited rewiring after experimental removal of a locally abundant plant species.

Leimberger, Kara G / Hadley, Adam S / Betts, Matthew G

The Journal of animal ecology

2023 Volume 92, Issue 9, Page(s) 1680–1694

Abstract: Mutualistic relationships, such as those between plants and pollinators, may be vulnerable to the local extinctions predicted under global environmental change. However, network theory predicts that plant-pollinator networks can withstand species loss if ...

Abstract	Mutualistic relationships, such as those between plants and pollinators, may be vulnerable to the local extinctions predicted under global environmental change. However, network theory predicts that plant-pollinator networks can withstand species loss if pollinators switch to alternative floral resources (rewiring). Whether rewiring occurs following species loss in natural communities is poorly known because replicated species exclusions are difficult to implement at appropriate spatial scales. We experimentally removed a hummingbird-pollinated plant, Heliconia tortuosa, from within tropical forest fragments to investigate how hummingbirds respond to temporary loss of an abundant resource. Under the rewiring hypothesis, we expected that behavioural flexibility would allow hummingbirds to use alternative resources, leading to decreased ecological specialization and reorganization of the network structure (i.e. pairwise interactions). Alternatively, morphological or behavioural constraints-such as trait-matching or interspecific competition-might limit the extent to which hummingbirds alter their foraging behaviour. We employed a replicated Before-After-Control-Impact experimental design and quantified plant-hummingbird interactions using two parallel sampling methods: pollen collected from individual hummingbirds ('pollen networks', created from >300 pollen samples) and observations of hummingbirds visiting focal plants ('camera networks', created from >19,000 observation hours). To assess the extent of rewiring, we quantified ecological specialization at the individual, species and network levels and examined interaction turnover (i.e. gain/loss of pairwise interactions). H. tortuosa removal caused some reorganization of pairwise interactions but did not prompt large changes in specialization, despite the large magnitude of our manipulation (on average, >100 inflorescences removed in exclusion areas of >1 ha). Although some individual hummingbirds sampled through time showed modest increases in niche breadth following Heliconia removal (relative to birds that did not experience resource loss), these changes were not reflected in species- and network-level specialization metrics. Our results suggest that, at least over short time-scales, animals may not necessarily shift to alternative resources after losing an abundant food resource-even in species thought to be highly opportunistic foragers, such as hummingbirds. Given that rewiring contributes to theoretical predictions of network stability, future studies should investigate why pollinators might not expand their diets after a local resource extinction.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Pollination ; Flowers ; Plants ; Pollen ; Birds/anatomy & histology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3024-7
ISSN	1365-2656 ; 0021-8790
ISSN (online)	1365-2656
ISSN	0021-8790
DOI	10.1111/1365-2656.13935
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Article: Factors influencing transferability in species distribution models

Rousseau, Josée S. / Betts, Matthew G.

Ecography. 2022 July, v. 2022, no. 7

2022

Abstract: Species distribution models (SDMs) provide insights into species' ecology and distributions and are frequently used to guide conservation priorities. However, many uses of SDMs require model transferability, which refers to the degree to which a model ... ...

Abstract	Species distribution models (SDMs) provide insights into species' ecology and distributions and are frequently used to guide conservation priorities. However, many uses of SDMs require model transferability, which refers to the degree to which a model built in one place or time can successfully predict distributions in a different place or time. If a species' model has high spatial transferability, the relationship between abundance and predictor variables should be consistent across a geographical distribution. We used Breeding Bird Surveys, climate and remote sensing data, and a novel method for quantifying model transferability to test whether SDMs can be transferred across the geographic ranges of 129 species of North American birds. We also assessed whether species' traits are correlated with model transferability. We expected that prediction accuracy between modeled regions should decrease with 1) geographical distance, 2) degree of extrapolation and 3) the distance from the core of a species' range. Our results suggest that very few species have a high model transferability index (MTI). Species with large distributions, with distributions located in areas with low topographic relief, and with short lifespans are more likely to exhibit low transferability. Transferability between modeled regions also decreased with geographical distance and degree of extrapolation. We expect that low transferability in SDMs potentially resulted from both ecological non‐stationarity (i.e. biological differences within a species across its range) and over‐extrapolation. Accounting for non‐stationarity and extrapolation should substantially increase the prediction success of species distribution models, therefore enhancing the success of conservation efforts.
Keywords	climate ; ecology ; geographical distribution ; models ; prediction ; topography
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-07
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1112659-0
ISSN	0906-7590
ISSN	0906-7590
DOI	10.1111/ecog.06060
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Plant–hummingbird pollination networks exhibit limited rewiring after experimental removal of a locally abundant plant species

Leimberger, Kara G. / Hadley, Adam S. / Betts, Matthew G.

Journal of Animal Ecology. 2023 Sept., v. 92, no. 9 p.1680-1694

2023

Abstract: Mutualistic relationships, such as those between plants and pollinators, may be vulnerable to the local extinctions predicted under global environmental change. However, network theory predicts that plant–pollinator networks can withstand species loss if ...

Abstract	Mutualistic relationships, such as those between plants and pollinators, may be vulnerable to the local extinctions predicted under global environmental change. However, network theory predicts that plant–pollinator networks can withstand species loss if pollinators switch to alternative floral resources (rewiring). Whether rewiring occurs following species loss in natural communities is poorly known because replicated species exclusions are difficult to implement at appropriate spatial scales. We experimentally removed a hummingbird‐pollinated plant, Heliconia tortuosa, from within tropical forest fragments to investigate how hummingbirds respond to temporary loss of an abundant resource. Under the rewiring hypothesis, we expected that behavioural flexibility would allow hummingbirds to use alternative resources, leading to decreased ecological specialization and reorganization of the network structure (i.e. pairwise interactions). Alternatively, morphological or behavioural constraints—such as trait‐matching or interspecific competition—might limit the extent to which hummingbirds alter their foraging behaviour. We employed a replicated Before‐After‐Control‐Impact experimental design and quantified plant–hummingbird interactions using two parallel sampling methods: pollen collected from individual hummingbirds (‘pollen networks’, created from >300 pollen samples) and observations of hummingbirds visiting focal plants (‘camera networks’, created from >19,000 observation hours). To assess the extent of rewiring, we quantified ecological specialization at the individual, species and network levels and examined interaction turnover (i.e. gain/loss of pairwise interactions). H. tortuosa removal caused some reorganization of pairwise interactions but did not prompt large changes in specialization, despite the large magnitude of our manipulation (on average, >100 inflorescences removed in exclusion areas of >1 ha). Although some individual hummingbirds sampled through time showed modest increases in niche breadth following Heliconia removal (relative to birds that did not experience resource loss), these changes were not reflected in species‐ and network‐level specialization metrics. Our results suggest that, at least over short time‐scales, animals may not necessarily shift to alternative resources after losing an abundant food resource—even in species thought to be highly opportunistic foragers, such as hummingbirds. Given that rewiring contributes to theoretical predictions of network stability, future studies should investigate why pollinators might not expand their diets after a local resource extinction.
Keywords	Heliconia ; animal ecology ; extinction ; global change ; network theory ; pollen ; pollination ; tropical forests
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-09
Size	p. 1680-1694.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	3024-7
ISSN	1365-2656 ; 0021-8790
ISSN (online)	1365-2656
ISSN	0021-8790
DOI	10.1111/1365-2656.13935
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Tropical plant–hummingbird interactions withstand short‐term experimental removal of a common flowering plant

Leimberger, Kara G. / Hadley, Adam S. / Frey, Sarah J. K. / Betts, Matthew G.

Oikos. 2023 Sept., v. 2023, no. 9 p.e09919-

2023

Abstract: Theory suggests that species loss can trigger a coextinction cascade within a community, leading to declines in ecosystem function. However, experiments testing this prediction for plant–pollinator interactions remain uncommon. In this study, we ... ...

Abstract	Theory suggests that species loss can trigger a coextinction cascade within a community, leading to declines in ecosystem function. However, experiments testing this prediction for plant–pollinator interactions remain uncommon. In this study, we simulated the local extinction of a hummingbird‐pollinated understory plant, Heliconia tortuosa, from tropical forest fragments using a replicated before‐after‐control‐impact (BACI) design while quantifying hummingbird abundance and space use (383 hummingbird captures and 36 radio‐tagged individuals), flower visitation rates (> 19 000 observation hours), and pollination success (529 flowers). We expected that H. tortuosa removal would either result in 1) coextinction, in which hummingbirds vacate fragments and compromise the reproductive success of the remaining flowering plants, or 2) increased hummingbird reliance on alternative floral resources, leading to sustained fragment use (persistence). In our experiment, hummingbird behavior and plant–hummingbird interactions were remarkably resistant to loss of H. tortuosa, a locally common plant species representing at least 30–40% of the available nectar resources on average. However, we did not discover evidence that hummingbirds increasingly used alternative floral resources to cope with this temporary resource loss. With the important caution that short‐term experiments may not emulate natural extinction processes, our study suggests that plant–pollinator interactions may be able to withstand single‐species plant losses, but the exact mechanisms enabling hummingbird persistence after resource removal require further research.
Keywords	Heliconia ; ecological function ; extinction ; flowers ; hummingbirds ; nectar ; pollination ; prediction ; radio frequency identification ; reproductive success ; tropical forests ; understory
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-09
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	207359-6
ISSN	0030-1299
ISSN	0030-1299
DOI	10.1111/oik.09919
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Postharvest Bee Diversity is High but Declines Rapidly with Stand Age in Regenerating Douglas-Fir Forest

Rivers, James W. / Betts, Matthew G.

Forest Science. 2021 June, v. 67, no. 3

2021

Abstract: Concerns about long-term pollinator declines have made assessing bee communities a priority in nonagricultural ecosystems, including managed forests. We assessed wild bee communities in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) stands one to 15 ... ...

Abstract	Concerns about long-term pollinator declines have made assessing bee communities a priority in nonagricultural ecosystems, including managed forests. We assessed wild bee communities in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) stands one to 15 years after clearcut harvest in western Oregon, USA, testing the hypothesis that bee diversity would be high initially and then decline with time-dependent reductions in floral resources. We captured 2,009 individual bees that represented 67 distinct species/morphospecies in 20 genera and five families. Asymptotic estimators of bee diversity representing Shannon and Simpson diversity were greater in communities during the second half of the early seral period, indicating older early seral stands were less diverse and contained more common and dominant bee species. In addition, observed species richness and bee abundance peaked at approximately three years postharvest and declined thereafter by 20% and 30% per year, respectively. Because floral resources declined in concert with reductions in bee diversity as stands aged, food appears to be a key driver of forest bee communities. Our results indicate that postharvest Douglas-fir stands supported a diversity of bees, including important crop pollinators, but their value to bees was restricted to a relatively short window at the beginning of the early seral period.
Keywords	Oregon ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; bees ; clearcutting ; forests ; morphospecies ; pollinators ; species richness ; stand age
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-06
Size	p. 275-285.
Publishing place	Oxford University Press (OUP)
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	212943-7
ISSN	0015-749X
ISSN	0015-749X
DOI	10.1093/forsci/fxab002
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Bird abundance is highly dynamic across succession in early seral tree plantations

Harris, Scott H / Betts, Matthew G

Forest ecology and management. 2021 Mar. 01, v. 483

2021

Abstract: Tree plantations are integral for meeting society’s demand for wood products and are increasing in total area worldwide. It is therefore critical to understand how plantations affect native biodiversity. Our aim was to examine the degree to which ... ...

Abstract	Tree plantations are integral for meeting society’s demand for wood products and are increasing in total area worldwide. It is therefore critical to understand how plantations affect native biodiversity. Our aim was to examine the degree to which plantations affect biodiversity by 1) quantifying songbird abundance across a gradient in forest stand age (stand initiation through canopy closure), 2) estimating the duration of early seral habitat, and 3) testing if forest structural and compositional elements prolong habitat availability. This approach is equivalent to the modeling of wood ‘yield curves’ common in forest management but applied to a biodiversity indicator.We used a chronosequence sampling design to survey songbirds and vegetation in 283 plantations aged 0–30 years in the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Stands were randomly selected within age strata and surveys were temporally replicated in order to use N-mixture models to estimate abundance after accounting for imperfect detection. The Coast Range is considered one of the most productive forest regions in the world and plantations occur on over 50% of the forested land base. Our chronosequence encompasses the assumed age of canopy closure, which we anticipated to be the point at which early seral biodiversity declines.We detected 5074 birds of 71 species during the 2018 and 2019 breeding seasons. Canopy closure occurred approximately 12 years following clearcut harvest and replanting. We found that bird abundance changed dynamically during this short early seral stage. Twenty species peaked in abundance either very early in stand development or with the approximate timing of canopy closure, and then subsequently declined to low levels by the end of the 30-year chronosequence. The estimated abundance of 3 species increased following canopy closure. We also found, contrary to our hypothesis, that the amount of broadleaf cover increased habitat longevity for only one species – Wilson’s warbler.To our knowledge, our study provides the first quantitative estimates for how bird species abundances change throughout the entire early seral stage in tree plantations in western North America – information that can be used to assess tradeoffs between timber production and biodiversity. We found that the duration of early seral habitat in plantations is short and generally cannot be ameliorated by managing for higher levels of broadleaf cover. This finding has important implications for early seral species in the rapidly shifting mosaic of tree plantation landscapes.
Keywords	Oregon ; administrative management ; canopy ; chronosequences ; clearcutting ; coasts ; forest stands ; forests ; habitats ; longevity ; plantations ; songbirds ; stand age ; stand development ; timber production ; trees ; wood
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0301
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	751138-3
ISSN	0378-1127
ISSN	0378-1127
DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118902
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Article ; Online: Quantifying forest degradation requires a long-term, landscape-scale approach.

Betts, Matthew G / Yang, Zhiqiang / Hadley, Adam S / Hightower, Jessica / Hua, Fangyuan / Lindenmayer, David / Seo, Eugene / Healey, Sean P

Nature ecology & evolution

2024

Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2397-334X
ISSN (online)	2397-334X
DOI	10.1038/s41559-024-02409-5
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Article ; Online: Bee diversity decreases rapidly with time since harvest in intensively managed conifer forests

Zitomer, Rachel A. / Galbraith, Sara M. / Betts, Matthew G. / Moldenke, Andrew R. / Progar, Robert A. / Rivers, James W.

Ecological Applications. 2023 July, v. 33, no. 5 p.e2855-

2023

Abstract: Despite widespread concerns about the anthropogenic drivers of global pollinator declines, little information is available about the impacts of land management practices on wild bees outside of agricultural systems, including in forests managed ... ...

Abstract	Despite widespread concerns about the anthropogenic drivers of global pollinator declines, little information is available about the impacts of land management practices on wild bees outside of agricultural systems, including in forests managed intensively for wood production. We assessed changes in wild bee communities with time since harvest in 60 intensively managed Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands across a gradient in stand ages spanning a typical harvest rotation. We measured bee abundance, species richness, and alpha and beta diversity, as well as habitat characteristics (i.e., floral resources, nesting substrates, understory vegetation, and early seral forest in the surrounding landscape) during the spring and summer of 2018 and 2019. We found that bee abundance and species richness declined rapidly with stand age, decreasing by 61% and 48%, respectively, for every 5 years since timber harvest. Asymptotic estimates of Shannon and Simpson diversity were highest in stands 6–10 years post‐harvest and lowest after the forest canopy had closed, ~11 years post‐harvest. Bee communities in older stands were nested subsets of bee communities found in younger stands, indicating that changes were due to species loss rather than turnover as the stands aged. Bee abundance—but not species richness—was positively associated with floral resource density, and neither metric was associated with floral richness. The amount of early seral forest in the surrounding landscape seemed to enhance bee species richness in older, closed‐canopy stands, but otherwise had little effect. Changes in the relative abundance of bee species did not relate to bee functional characteristics such as sociality, diet breadth, or nesting substrate. Our study demonstrates that Douglas‐fir plantations develop diverse communities of wild bees shortly after harvest, but those communities erode rapidly over time as forest canopies close. Therefore, stand‐scale management activities that prolong the precanopy closure period and enhance floral resources during the initial stage of stand regeneration will provide the greatest opportunity to enhance bee diversity in landscapes dominated by intensively managed conifer forests.
Keywords	Pseudotsuga menziesii ; bees ; conifers ; foraging ; forest canopy ; forests ; habitats ; land management ; landscapes ; pollinators ; social behavior ; species richness ; spring ; stand age ; summer ; understory ; wood
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-07
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2855
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Deer‐mediated ecosystem service versus disservice depends on forest management intensity

Stokely, Thomas D / Betts, Matthew G

Journal of applied ecology. 2020 Jan., v. 57, no. 1

2020

Abstract: As global terrestrial biodiversity declines via land‐use change, society has placed increasing value on non‐commercial species as providers of ecosystem services. Yet, many deer species and non‐crop plants are perceived negatively when they decrease crop ...

Abstract	As global terrestrial biodiversity declines via land‐use change, society has placed increasing value on non‐commercial species as providers of ecosystem services. Yet, many deer species and non‐crop plants are perceived negatively when they decrease crop productivity, leading to reduced economic gains and human‐wildlife conflict. We hypothesized that deer provide an ecosystem service in forest plantations by controlling competition and promoting crop‐tree growth, although the effects of herbivory may depend on forest management intensity. If management negatively affects foraging habitat at local and landscape scales, then we expected browsing to shift to less nutritious crop trees. To test these hypotheses, we established a 5‐year experiment that manipulated early forest management intensity via herbicide treatments and access of two deer species to vegetation via exclosures. Contrary to our hypothesis, deer provided an ecosystem service at high management intensities and a disservice occurred with low‐intensity management. Crop‐tree growth and survival was greatest when herbivory and herbicides suppressed broadleaf regeneration. In contrast, crop‐tree growth was lowest when broadleaf vegetation was retained and crop trees were subject to both browse damage and competition. We found a positive, yet variable, association between deer detections and stand – and landscape‐scale broadleaf habitat, and despite initial reductions in forage, herbivory pressure was similar among management intensities. When broadleaf vegetation was suppressed by herbicides and herbivory, selection of herbaceous forage by deer intensified, likely aiding in the service. Overall, our findings indicate that the effects of vegetation management for promoting timber production are highly dependent on the presence of large herbivores. Synthesis and applications. Although deer are thought to reduce crop productivity in many systems, we found that herbivory switched from reducing crop‐tree growth where non‐crop vegetation was retained, to promoting crop‐tree growth when both herbivory and herbicides suppressed competing vegetation. However, the provision of this ecosystem service is likely contingent on the amount of forage available in the landscape and subsequent foraging pressure. We conclude that nature's capacity to provide ecosystem services depends on the intensity of management at local and landscape scales.
Keywords	applied ecology ; biodiversity ; browsing damage ; deer ; ecosystem services ; ecosystems ; forage ; forests ; habitats ; herbicides ; herbivores ; human-wildlife relations ; land use change ; landscapes ; timber production
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-01
Size	p. 31-42.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	410405-5
ISSN	1365-2664 ; 0021-8901
ISSN (online)	1365-2664
ISSN	0021-8901
DOI	10.1111/1365-2664.13532
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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