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  1. Article: A Novel Single Vector Intersectional AAV Strategy for Interrogating Cellular Diversity and Brain Function.

    Hughes, Alex C / Pollard, Brittany G / Xu, Beisi / Gammons, Jesse W / Chapman, Phillip / Bikoff, Jay B / Schwarz, Lindsay A

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: As the discovery of cellular diversity in the brain accelerates, so does the need for functional tools that target cells based on multiple features, such as gene expression and projection target. By selectively driving recombinase expression in a feature- ...

    Abstract As the discovery of cellular diversity in the brain accelerates, so does the need for functional tools that target cells based on multiple features, such as gene expression and projection target. By selectively driving recombinase expression in a feature-specific manner, one can utilize intersectional strategies to conditionally promote payload expression only where multiple features overlap. We developed Conditional Viral Expression by Ribozyme Guided Degradation (ConVERGD), a single-construct intersectional targeting strategy that combines a self-cleaving ribozyme with traditional FLEx switches. ConVERGD offers benefits over existing platforms, such as expanded intersectionality, the ability to accommodate larger and more complex payloads, and a vector design that is easily modified to better facilitate rapid toolkit expansion. To demonstrate its utility for interrogating neural circuitry, we employed ConVERGD to target an unexplored subpopulation of norepinephrine (NE)-producing neurons within the rodent locus coeruleus (LC) identified via single-cell transcriptomic profiling to co-express the stress-related endogenous opioid gene prodynorphin (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.02.07.527312
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Genetic targeting of adult Renshaw cells using a Calbindin 1 destabilized Cre allele for intersection with Parvalbumin or Engrailed1.

    Lane, Alicia R / Cogdell, Indeara C / Jessell, Thomas M / Bikoff, Jay B / Alvarez, Francisco J

    Scientific reports

    2021  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 19861

    Abstract: Renshaw cells (RCs) are one of the most studied spinal interneurons; however, their roles in motor control remain enigmatic in part due to the lack of experimental models to interfere with RC function, specifically in adults. To overcome this limitation, ...

    Abstract Renshaw cells (RCs) are one of the most studied spinal interneurons; however, their roles in motor control remain enigmatic in part due to the lack of experimental models to interfere with RC function, specifically in adults. To overcome this limitation, we leveraged the distinct temporal regulation of Calbindin (Calb1) expression in RCs to create genetic models for timed RC manipulation. We used a Calb1 allele expressing a destabilized Cre (dgCre) theoretically active only upon trimethoprim (TMP) administration. TMP timing and dose influenced RC targeting efficiency, which was highest within the first three postnatal weeks, but specificity was low with many other spinal neurons also targeted. In addition, dgCre showed TMP-independent activity resulting in spontaneous recombination events that accumulated with age. Combining Calb1-dgCre with Parvalbumin (Pvalb) or Engrailed1 (En1) Flpo alleles in dual conditional systems increased cellular and timing specificity. Under optimal conditions, Calb1-dgCre/Pvalb-Flpo mice targeted 90% of RCs and few dorsal horn neurons; Calb1-dgCre/En1-Flpo mice showed higher specificity, but only a maximum of 70% of RCs targeted. Both models targeted neurons throughout the brain. Restricted spinal expression was obtained by injecting intraspinally AAVs carrying dual conditional genes. These results describe the first models to genetically target RCs bypassing development.
    MeSH term(s) Alleles ; Animals ; Biomarkers ; Calbindin 1/metabolism ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Gene Targeting ; Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Integrases/genetics ; Integrases/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Parvalbumins/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Renshaw Cells/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers ; Calbindin 1 ; En1 protein, mouse ; Homeodomain Proteins ; Parvalbumins ; Cre recombinase (EC 2.7.7.-) ; Integrases (EC 2.7.7.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-99333-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Synaptic plasticity in human thalamocortical assembloids.

    Patton, Mary H / Thomas, Kristen T / Bayazitov, Ildar T / Newman, Kyle D / Kurtz, Nathaniel B / Robinson, Camenzind G / Ramirez, Cody A / Trevisan, Alexandra J / Bikoff, Jay B / Peters, Samuel T / Pruett-Miller, Shondra M / Jiang, Yanbo / Schild, Andrew B / Nityanandam, Anjana / Zakharenko, Stanislav S

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2024  

    Abstract: Synaptic plasticities, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), tune synaptic efficacy and are essential for learning and memory. Current studies of synaptic plasticity in humans are limited by a lack of adequate human models. Here, we ... ...

    Abstract Synaptic plasticities, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), tune synaptic efficacy and are essential for learning and memory. Current studies of synaptic plasticity in humans are limited by a lack of adequate human models. Here, we modeled the thalamocortical system by fusing human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived thalamic and cortical organoids. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing revealed that most cells in mature thalamic organoids were glutamatergic neurons. When fused to form thalamocortical assembloids, thalamic and cortical organoids formed reciprocal long-range axonal projections and reciprocal synapses detectable by light and electron microscopy, respectively. Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and two-photon imaging, we characterized glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Thalamocortical and corticothalamic synapses displayed short-term plasticity analogous to that in animal models. LTP and LTD were reliably induced at both synapses; however, their mechanisms differed from those previously described in rodents. Thus, thalamocortical assembloids provide a model system for exploring synaptic plasticity in human circuits.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2024.02.01.578421
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: SPINAL V1 INHIBITORY INTERNEURON CLADES DIFFER IN BIRTHDATE, PROJECTIONS TO MOTONEURONS AND HETEROGENEITY.

    Worthy, Andrew E / Anderson, JoAnna T / Lane, Alicia R / Gomez-Perez, Laura / Wang, Anthony A / Griffith, Ronald W / Rivard, Andre F / Bikoff, Jay B / Alvarez, Francisco J

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: Spinal cord interneurons play a crucial role in shaping motor output, but their precise identity and circuit connectivity remain unclear. Focusing on the cardinal class of inhibitory V1 interneurons, we define the diversity of four major V1 subsets ... ...

    Abstract Spinal cord interneurons play a crucial role in shaping motor output, but their precise identity and circuit connectivity remain unclear. Focusing on the cardinal class of inhibitory V1 interneurons, we define the diversity of four major V1 subsets according to timing of neurogenesis, genetic lineage-tracing, synaptic output to motoneurons, and synaptic inputs from muscle afferents. Birthdating delineates two early-born (Renshaw and Pou6f2) and two late-born V1 clades (Foxp2 and Sp8) suggesting sequential neurogenesis gives rise to different V1 clades. Neurogenesis did not correlate with motoneuron targeting. Early-born Renshaw cells and late-born Foxp2-V1 interneurons both tightly coupled to motoneurons, while early-born Pou6f2-V1 and late-born Sp8-V1 interneurons did not. V1-clades also greatly differ in cell numbers and diversity. Lineage labeling of the Foxp2-V1 clade shows it contains over half of all V1 interneurons and provides the largest inhibitory input to motoneuron cell bodies. Foxp2-V1 subgroups differ in neurogenesis and proprioceptive input. Notably, one subgroup defined by Otp expression and located adjacent to the lateral motor column exhibits substantial input from proprioceptors, consistent with some Foxp2-V1 cells at this location forming part of reciprocal inhibitory pathways. This was confirmed with viral tracing methods for ankle flexors and extensors. The results validate the previous V1 clade classification as representing unique interneuron subtypes that differ in circuit placement with Foxp2-V1s forming the more complex subgroup. We discuss how V1 organizational diversity enables understanding of their roles in motor control, with implications for the ontogenetic and phylogenetic origins of their diversity.
    Significance statement: Spinal interneuron diversity and circuit organization represents a key challenge to understand the neural control of movement in normal adults and also during motor development and in disease. Inhibitory interneurons are a core element of these spinal circuits, acting on motoneurons either directly or via premotor networks. V1 interneurons comprise the largest group of inhibitory interneurons in the ventral horn and their organization remains unclear. Here we present a comprehensive examination of V1 subtypes according to neurogenesis, placement in spinal motor circuits and motoneuron synaptic targeting. V1 diversity increases during evolution from axial-swimming fishes to limb-based mammalian terrestrial locomotion and this is reflected in the size and heterogeneity of the Foxp2-V1 clade which is closely associated to limb motor pools. We show Foxp2-V1 interneurons establish the densest and more direct inhibitory synaptic input to motoneurons, especially on cell bodies. This is of further importance because deficits on motoneuron cell body inhibitory V1 synapses and on Foxp2-V1 interneurons themselves have recently been shown to be affected at early stages of pathology in motor neurodegenerative diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.11.29.569270
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Embryonic temporal-spatial delineation of excitatory spinal V3 interneuron diversity.

    Deska-Gauthier, Dylan / Borowska-Fielding, Joanna / Jones, Chris / Zhang, Han / MacKay, Colin S / Michail, Ramez / Bennett, Laura A / Bikoff, Jay B / Zhang, Ying

    Cell reports

    2023  Volume 43, Issue 1, Page(s) 113635

    Abstract: Spinal neural circuits that execute movement are composed of cardinal classes of neurons that emerged from distinct progenitor lineages. Each cardinal class contains multiple neuronal subtypes characterized by distinct molecular, anatomical, and ... ...

    Abstract Spinal neural circuits that execute movement are composed of cardinal classes of neurons that emerged from distinct progenitor lineages. Each cardinal class contains multiple neuronal subtypes characterized by distinct molecular, anatomical, and physiological characteristics. Through a focus on the excitatory V3 interneuron class, here we demonstrate that interneuron subtype diversity is delineated through a combination of neurogenesis timing and final laminar settling position. We have revealed that early-born and late-born embryonic V3 temporal classes further diversify into subclasses with spatially and molecularly discrete identities. While neurogenesis timing accounts for V3 morphological diversification, laminar settling position accounts for electrophysiological profiles distinguishing V3 subtypes within the same temporal classes. Furthermore, V3 interneuron subtypes display independent behavioral recruitment patterns demonstrating a functional modularity underlying V3 interneuron diversity. These studies provide a framework for how early embryonic temporal and spatial mechanisms combine to delineate spinal interneuron classes into molecularly, anatomically, and functionally relevant subtypes in adults.
    MeSH term(s) Spinal Cord ; Interneurons/physiology ; Movement ; Neurogenesis/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2649101-1
    ISSN 2211-1247 ; 2211-1247
    ISSN (online) 2211-1247
    ISSN 2211-1247
    DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113635
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Differential Loss of Spinal Interneurons in a Mouse Model of ALS.

    Salamatina, Alina / Yang, Jerry H / Brenner-Morton, Susan / Bikoff, Jay B / Fang, Linjing / Kintner, Christopher R / Jessell, Thomas M / Sweeney, Lora B

    Neuroscience

    2020  Volume 450, Page(s) 81–95

    Abstract: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) leads to a loss of specific motor neuron populations in the spinal cord and cortex. Emerging evidence suggests that interneurons may also be affected, but a detailed characterization of interneuron loss and its ... ...

    Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) leads to a loss of specific motor neuron populations in the spinal cord and cortex. Emerging evidence suggests that interneurons may also be affected, but a detailed characterization of interneuron loss and its potential impacts on motor neuron loss and disease progression is lacking. To examine this issue, the fate of V1 inhibitory neurons during ALS was assessed in the ventral spinal cord using the SOD
    MeSH term(s) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Interneurons ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Motor Neurons ; Spinal Cord ; Superoxide Dismutase/genetics
    Chemical Substances Superoxide Dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 196739-3
    ISSN 1873-7544 ; 0306-4522
    ISSN (online) 1873-7544
    ISSN 0306-4522
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.011
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Bayesian Sparse Regression Analysis Documents the Diversity of Spinal Inhibitory Interneurons.

    Gabitto, Mariano I / Pakman, Ari / Bikoff, Jay B / Abbott, L F / Jessell, Thomas M / Paninski, Liam

    Cell

    2016  Volume 165, Issue 1, Page(s) 220–233

    Abstract: Documenting the extent of cellular diversity is a critical step in defining the functional organization of tissues and organs. To infer cell-type diversity from partial or incomplete transcription factor expression data, we devised a sparse Bayesian ... ...

    Abstract Documenting the extent of cellular diversity is a critical step in defining the functional organization of tissues and organs. To infer cell-type diversity from partial or incomplete transcription factor expression data, we devised a sparse Bayesian framework that is able to handle estimation uncertainty and can incorporate diverse cellular characteristics to optimize experimental design. Focusing on spinal V1 inhibitory interneurons, for which the spatial expression of 19 transcription factors has been mapped, we infer the existence of ~50 candidate V1 neuronal types, many of which localize in compact spatial domains in the ventral spinal cord. We have validated the existence of inferred cell types by direct experimental measurement, establishing this Bayesian framework as an effective platform for cell-type characterization in the nervous system and elsewhere.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Mice ; Renshaw Cells/chemistry ; Renshaw Cells/classification ; Renshaw Cells/cytology ; Spinal Cord/cytology ; Transcription Factors/analysis ; Transcriptome
    Chemical Substances Transcription Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-03-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Validation Study
    ZDB-ID 187009-9
    ISSN 1097-4172 ; 0092-8674
    ISSN (online) 1097-4172
    ISSN 0092-8674
    DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.026
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Subtype Diversification and Synaptic Specificity of Stem Cell-Derived Spinal Interneurons.

    Hoang, Phuong T / Chalif, Joshua I / Bikoff, Jay B / Jessell, Thomas M / Mentis, George Z / Wichterle, Hynek

    Neuron

    2018  Volume 100, Issue 1, Page(s) 135–149.e7

    Abstract: Neuronal diversification is a fundamental step in the construction of functional neural circuits, but how neurons generated from single progenitor domains acquire diverse subtype identities remains poorly understood. Here we developed an embryonic stem ... ...

    Abstract Neuronal diversification is a fundamental step in the construction of functional neural circuits, but how neurons generated from single progenitor domains acquire diverse subtype identities remains poorly understood. Here we developed an embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based system to model subtype diversification of V1 interneurons, a class of spinal neurons comprising four clades collectively containing dozens of molecularly distinct neuronal subtypes. We demonstrate that V1 subtype diversity can be modified by extrinsic signals. Inhibition of Notch and activation of retinoid signaling results in a switch to MafA clade identity and enriches differentiation of Renshaw cells, a specialized MafA subtype that mediates recurrent inhibition of spinal motor neurons. We show that Renshaw cells are intrinsically programmed to migrate to species-specific laminae upon transplantation and to form subtype-specific synapses with motor neurons. Our results demonstrate that stem cell-derived neuronal subtypes can be used to investigate mechanisms underlying neuronal subtype specification and circuit assembly.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Differentiation/physiology ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology ; Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism ; Interneurons/cytology ; Interneurons/metabolism ; Mice ; Motor Neurons/cytology ; Motor Neurons/metabolism ; Neural Stem Cells/cytology ; Neural Stem Cells/metabolism ; Neurogenesis/physiology ; Spinal Cord/cytology ; Spinal Cord/embryology ; Spinal Cord/metabolism ; Synapses/metabolism
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-10-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 808167-0
    ISSN 1097-4199 ; 0896-6273
    ISSN (online) 1097-4199
    ISSN 0896-6273
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.016
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Delineating the Diversity of Spinal Interneurons in Locomotor Circuits.

    Gosgnach, Simon / Bikoff, Jay B / Dougherty, Kimberly J / El Manira, Abdeljabbar / Lanuza, Guillermo M / Zhang, Ying

    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

    2017  Volume 37, Issue 45, Page(s) 10835–10841

    Abstract: Locomotion is common to all animals and is essential for survival. Neural circuits located in the spinal cord have been shown to be necessary and sufficient for the generation and control of the basic locomotor rhythm by activating muscles on either side ...

    Abstract Locomotion is common to all animals and is essential for survival. Neural circuits located in the spinal cord have been shown to be necessary and sufficient for the generation and control of the basic locomotor rhythm by activating muscles on either side of the body in a specific sequence. Activity in these neural circuits determines the speed, gait pattern, and direction of movement, so the specific locomotor pattern generated relies on the diversity of the neurons within spinal locomotor circuits. Here, we review findings demonstrating that developmental genetics can be used to identify populations of neurons that comprise these circuits and focus on recent work indicating that many of these populations can be further subdivided into distinct subtypes, with each likely to play complementary functions during locomotion. Finally, we discuss data describing the manner in which these populations interact with each other to produce efficient, task-dependent locomotion.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Interneurons/physiology ; Locomotion/physiology ; Motor Neurons/physiology ; Nerve Net/anatomy & histology ; Nerve Net/diagnostic imaging ; Nerve Net/growth & development ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Spinal Cord/cytology ; Spinal Cord/diagnostic imaging ; Spinal Cord/growth & development ; Spinal Cord/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-11-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 604637-x
    ISSN 1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
    ISSN (online) 1529-2401
    ISSN 0270-6474
    DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1829-17.2017
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Origin and Segmental Diversity of Spinal Inhibitory Interneurons.

    Sweeney, Lora B / Bikoff, Jay B / Gabitto, Mariano I / Brenner-Morton, Susan / Baek, Myungin / Yang, Jerry H / Tabak, Esteban G / Dasen, Jeremy S / Kintner, Christopher R / Jessell, Thomas M

    Neuron

    2018  Volume 97, Issue 2, Page(s) 341–355.e3

    Abstract: Motor output varies along the rostro-caudal axis of the tetrapod spinal cord. At limb levels, ∼60 motor pools control the alternation of flexor and extensor muscles about each joint, whereas at thoracic levels as few as 10 motor pools supply muscle ... ...

    Abstract Motor output varies along the rostro-caudal axis of the tetrapod spinal cord. At limb levels, ∼60 motor pools control the alternation of flexor and extensor muscles about each joint, whereas at thoracic levels as few as 10 motor pools supply muscle groups that support posture, inspiration, and expiration. Whether such differences in motor neuron identity and muscle number are associated with segmental distinctions in interneuron diversity has not been resolved. We show that select combinations of nineteen transcription factors that specify lumbar V1 inhibitory interneurons generate subpopulations enriched at limb and thoracic levels. Specification of limb and thoracic V1 interneurons involves the Hox gene Hoxc9 independently of motor neurons. Thus, early Hox patterning of the spinal cord determines the identity of V1 interneurons and motor neurons. These studies reveal a developmental program of V1 interneuron diversity, providing insight into the organization of inhibitory interneurons associated with differential motor output.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Forelimb/embryology ; Forelimb/innervation ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Homeobox ; Hindlimb/embryology ; Hindlimb/innervation ; Homeodomain Proteins/physiology ; Interneurons/physiology ; Lumbosacral Region ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Motor Neurons/physiology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology ; Spinal Cord/cytology ; Spinal Cord/embryology ; Thorax ; Transcription Factors/physiology
    Chemical Substances Homeodomain Proteins ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Transcription Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-01-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 808167-0
    ISSN 1097-4199 ; 0896-6273
    ISSN (online) 1097-4199
    ISSN 0896-6273
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.029
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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