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Article ; Online: A statistical acoustics approach for estimating population-scale bowhead whale migration speed and direction.

Thode, Aaron M / Blackwell, Susanna B

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

2024 Volume 155, Issue 3, Page(s) 1969–1981

Abstract: Bowhead whales vocalize during their annual fall migration from the Beaufort Sea to the Bering Sea, but the calling rates of individual animals are so low that tracking an individual trajectory is impractical using passive acoustic methods. However, the ... ...

Abstract	Bowhead whales vocalize during their annual fall migration from the Beaufort Sea to the Bering Sea, but the calling rates of individual animals are so low that tracking an individual trajectory is impractical using passive acoustic methods. However, the travel speed and direction of the migrating population can be inferred on a statistical basis by cross-correlating time sequences of call density measured at two locations spaced several kilometers apart. By using the triangulation abilities of a set of vector sensors deployed offshore the Alaskan North Slope between 2008 and 2014, call density time sequences were generated from 1-km wide and 40-km tall rectangular "zones" that were separated by distances ranging from 3.5 to 15 km. The cross-covariances between the two sequences generate a peak corresponding to the average time it takes for whales to travel between the zones. Consistent westward travel speeds of ∼5 km/h were obtained from four different locations on 6 of the 7 years of the study, independent of whether the zones were separated by 3.5, 7, or 15 km. Some sites, however, also revealed a less prominent eastern movement of whales, and shifts in migration speed were occasionally detectable over week-long time scales.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bowhead Whale ; Cetacea ; Acoustics ; Movement ; Seasons
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219231-7
ISSN	1520-8524 ; 0001-4966
ISSN (online)	1520-8524
ISSN	0001-4966
DOI	10.1121/10.0025288
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Article ; Online: Extremely low seasonal prey capture efficiency in a deep-diving whale, the narwhal.

Chambault, Philippine / Blackwell, Susanna B / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter

Biology letters

2023 Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) 20220423

Abstract: Successful foraging is essential for individuals to maintain the positive energy balance required for survival and reproduction. Yet, prey capture efficiency is poorly documented in marine apex predators, especially deep-diving mammals. We deployed ... ...

Abstract	Successful foraging is essential for individuals to maintain the positive energy balance required for survival and reproduction. Yet, prey capture efficiency is poorly documented in marine apex predators, especially deep-diving mammals. We deployed acoustic tags and stomach temperature pills in summer to collect concurrent information on presumed foraging activity (through buzz detection) and successful prey captures (through drops in stomach temperature), providing estimates of feeding efficiency in narwhals. Compared to the daily number of buzzes (707 ± 368), the daily rate of feeding events was particularly low in summer (19.8 ± 8.9) and only 8-14% of the foraging dives were successful (i.e. with a detectable prey capture). This extremely low success rate resulted in a very low daily food consumption rate (less than 0.5% of body mass), suggesting that narwhals rely on body reserves accumulated in winter to sustain year-round activities. The expected changes or disappearance of their wintering habitats in response to climate change may therefore have severe fitness consequences for narwhal populations.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Whales ; Echolocation/physiology ; Seasons ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Acoustics ; Feeding Behavior/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2135022-X
ISSN	1744-957X ; 1744-9561
ISSN (online)	1744-957X
ISSN	1744-9561
DOI	10.1098/rsbl.2022.0423
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Zs.A 1364 -Letters-: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article: Using quantile regression and relative entropy to assess the period of anomalous behavior of marine mammals following tagging.

Nielsen, Lars Reiter / Tervo, Outi M / Blackwell, Susanna B / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter / Ditlevsen, Susanne

Ecology and evolution

2023 Volume 13, Issue 4, Page(s) e9967

Abstract: Tagging of animals induces a variable stress response which following release will ... ...

Abstract	Tagging of animals induces a variable stress response which following release will obscure
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.9967
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Article ; Online: Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) echolocation click rates to support cue counting passive acoustic density estimation.

Marques, Carolina S / Marques, Diana A / Blackwell, Susanna B / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter / Malinka, Chloe E / Marques, Tiago A

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

2024 Volume 155, Issue 2, Page(s) 891–900

Abstract: Estimating animal abundance is fundamental for effective management and conservation. It is increasingly done by combining passive acoustics with knowledge about rates at which animals produce cues (cue rates). Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) are elusive ... ...

Abstract	Estimating animal abundance is fundamental for effective management and conservation. It is increasingly done by combining passive acoustics with knowledge about rates at which animals produce cues (cue rates). Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) are elusive marine mammals for which passive acoustic density estimation might be plausible, but for which cue rates are lacking. Clicking rates in narwhals were investigated using a dataset from sound and movement tag records collected in August 2013-2016 and 2019 in East Greenland. Clicking rates were quantified for ∼1200 one-second-long systematic random samples from 8 different whales. Generalized additive models were used to model (1) the probability of being in a clicking state versus depth and (2) the clicking rate while in a clicking state, versus time and depth. The probability of being in a clicking state increased with depth, reaching ∼1.0 at ∼500 m, while the number of clicks per second (while in a clicking state) increased with depth. The mean cue production rate, weighted by tag duration, was 1.28 clicks per second (se = 0.13, CV = 0.10). This first cue rate for narwhals may be used for cue counting density estimation, but care should be taken if applying it to other geographical areas or seasons, given sample size, geographical, and temporal limitations.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Echolocation ; Whales ; Cues ; Acoustics ; Sound ; Vocalization, Animal
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	219231-7
ISSN	1520-8524 ; 0001-4966
ISSN (online)	1520-8524
ISSN	0001-4966
DOI	10.1121/10.0024723
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Article ; Online: Stuck in a corner: Anthropogenic noise threatens narwhals in their once pristine Arctic habitat.

Tervo, Outi M / Blackwell, Susanna B / Ditlevsen, Susanne / Garde, Eva / Hansen, Rikke G / Samson, Adeline L / Conrad, Alexander S / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter

Science advances

2023 Volume 9, Issue 30, Page(s) eade0440

Abstract: Niche-conservative species are especially susceptible to changes in their environment, and detecting the negative effects of new stressors in their habitats is vital for safeguarding of these species. In the Arctic, human disturbance including marine ... ...

Abstract	Niche-conservative species are especially susceptible to changes in their environment, and detecting the negative effects of new stressors in their habitats is vital for safeguarding of these species. In the Arctic, human disturbance including marine traffic and exploration of resources is increasing rapidly due to climate change-induced reduction of sea ice. Here, we show that the narwhal,
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Whales/physiology ; Sound ; Arctic Regions ; Ecosystem ; Ice Cover
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.ade0440
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Article ; Online: Evidence of stereotyped contact call use in narwhal (Monodon monoceros) mother-calf communication.

Ames, Audra E / Blackwell, Susanna B / Tervo, Outi M / Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter

PloS one

2021 Volume 16, Issue 8, Page(s) e0254393

Abstract: Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) are gregarious toothed whales that strictly reside in the high Arctic. They produce a broad range of signal types; however, studies of narwhal vocalizations have been mostly descriptive of the sounds available in the species' ...

Abstract	Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) are gregarious toothed whales that strictly reside in the high Arctic. They produce a broad range of signal types; however, studies of narwhal vocalizations have been mostly descriptive of the sounds available in the species' overall repertoire. Little is known regarding the functions of highly stereotyped mixed calls (i.e., biphonations with both sound elements produced simultaneously), although preliminary evidence has suggested that such vocalizations are individually distinctive and function as contact calls. Here we provide evidence that supports this notion in narwhal mother-calf communication. A female narwhal was tagged as part of larger studies on the life history and acoustic behavior of narwhals. At the time of tagging, it became apparent that the female had a calf, which remained close by during the tagging event. We found that the narwhal mother produced a distinct, highly stereotyped mixed call when separated from her calf and immediately after release from capture, which we interpret as preliminary evidence for contact call use between the mother and her calf. The mother's mixed call production occurred continually over the 4.2 day recording period in addition to a second prominent but different stereotyped mixed call which we believe belonged to the narwhal calf. Thus, narwhal mothers produce highly stereotyped contact calls when separated from their calves, and it appears that narwhal calves similarly produce distinct, stereotyped mixed calls which we hypothesize also contribute to maintaining mother-calf contact. We compared this behavior to the acoustic behavior of two other adult females without calves, but also each with a unique, stereotyped call type. While we provide additional support for individual distinctiveness across narwhal contact calls, more research is necessary to determine whether these calls are vocal signatures which broadcast identity.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Female ; Vocalization, Animal/physiology ; Whales/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0254393
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Article: Physiological responses of narwhals to anthropogenic noise: A case study with seismic airguns and vessel traffic in the Arctic

Williams, Terrie M. / Blackwell, Susanna B. / Tervo, Outi / Garde, Eva / Sinding, Mikkel‐Holger S. / Richter, Beau / Heide‐Jørgensen, Mads Peter

Functional ecology. 2022 Sept., v. 36, no. 9

2022

Abstract: Limited polar geographical range, narrowly defined migratory routes, and deep‐diving behaviours make narwhals exceptionally vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances including oceanic noise. Although behavioural studies indicate marked responses of ... ...

Abstract	Limited polar geographical range, narrowly defined migratory routes, and deep‐diving behaviours make narwhals exceptionally vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances including oceanic noise. Although behavioural studies indicate marked responses of cetaceans to disturbance, the link between fear reactions and possible injury from noise exposure is limited for most species. To address this, we deployed custom‐made heart rate‐accelerometer‐depth recorders on 13 adult narwhals in Scoresby Sound, East Greenland across a five‐year period (2014–2018). Physiological responses of the cetaceans were monitored in the absence (n = 13 animals) or presence (n = 2 animals across 3 acoustic events) of experimentally directed, seismic airgun pulses and associated vessels (full volume source level = 241 dB re 1 μPa‐m). We found that anthropogenic noise resulted in marked cardiovascular, respiratory and locomotor reactions by two narwhals exposed to seismic pulses across three acoustic events. The general behavioural response to seismic and vessel noise included an 80% reduction in the duration of gliding during dive descents by seismic‐exposed narwhals compared to controls, and the prolongation of high intensity activity (ODBA > 0.20 g) with elevated stroke frequencies exceeding 40 strokes per minute. Noise exposure also resulted in intense (<10 bpm) bradycardia that was decoupled from stroking frequency. This decoupling instigated increased variability in heart rate, with the heart switching rapidly between bradycardia and exercise tachycardia during noise exposure. The maximum respiratory frequency following seismic exposure, 12 breaths/min, was 1.5 times control levels. Overall, the effect of seismic/ship noise exposure on Arctic narwhals was a 2.0–2.2‐fold increase in the energetic cost of diving, which paradoxically occurred during suppression of the cardiac exercise response. This unusual relationship between diving heart rate and exercise intensity represents a new metric for characterizing the level of fear reactions of wild marine mammals exposed to different environmental stressors. Together, the multi‐level reactions to anthropogenic noise by this deep‐diving cetacean demonstrated how a cascade of effects along the entire oxygen pathway could challenge physiological homeostasis especially if disturbance is prolonged. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Keywords	Cetacea ; acoustics ; adults ; case studies ; ecology ; exercise ; fearfulness ; geophysics ; heart ; heart rate ; homeostasis ; migratory behavior ; noise pollution ; oxygen ; respiratory rate ; stroke ; tachycardia ; traffic ; Arctic region ; Greenland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-09
Size	p. 2251-2266.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2020307-X
ISSN	1365-2435 ; 0269-8463
ISSN (online)	1365-2435
ISSN	0269-8463
DOI	10.1111/1365-2435.14119
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: A comparison of three methods for estimating call densities of migrating bowhead whales using passive acoustic monitoring

Oedekoven, Cornelia S. / Marques, Tiago A. / Harris, Danielle / Thomas, Len / Thode, Aaron M. / Blackwell, Susanna B. / Conrad, Alexander S. / Kim, Katherine H.

Environmental and ecological statistics. 2022 Mar., v. 29, no. 1

2022

Abstract: Various methods for estimating animal density from visual data, including distance sampling (DS) and spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR), have recently been adapted for estimating call density using passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) data, e.g., ... ...

Abstract	Various methods for estimating animal density from visual data, including distance sampling (DS) and spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR), have recently been adapted for estimating call density using passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) data, e.g., recordings of animal calls. Here we summarize three methods available for passive acoustic density estimation: plot sampling, DS, and SECR. The first two require distances from the sensors to calling animals (which are obtained by triangulating calls matched among sensors), but SECR only requires matching (not localizing) calls among sensors. We compare via simulation what biases can arise when assumptions underlying these methods are violated. We use insights gleaned from the simulation to compare the performance of the methods when applied to a case study: bowhead whale call data collected from arrays of directional acoustic sensors at five sites in the Beaufort Sea during the fall migration 2007–2014. Call detections were manually extracted from the recordings by human observers simultaneously scanning spectrograms of recordings from a given site. The large discrepancies between estimates derived using SECR and the other two methods were likely caused primarily by the manual detection procedure leading to non-independent detections among sensors, while errors in estimated distances between detected calls and sensors also contributed to the observed patterns. Our study is among the first to provide a direct comparison of the three methods applied to PAM data and highlights the importance that all assumptions of an analysis method need to be met for correct inference.
Keywords	Balaena mysticetus ; acoustics ; animal density ; case studies ; humans ; mark-recapture studies ; statistics ; Beaufort Sea
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-03
Size	p. 101-125.
Publishing place	Springer US
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2000906-9
ISSN	1573-3009 ; 1352-8505
ISSN (online)	1573-3009
ISSN	1352-8505
DOI	10.1007/s10651-021-00506-3
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Article ; Online: Measurements of open-water arctic ocean noise directionality and transport velocity.

Thode, Aaron M / Norman, Robert G / Conrad, Alexander S / Tenorio-Hallé, Ludovic / Blackwell, Susanna B / Kim, Katherine H

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

2021 Volume 150, Issue 3, Page(s) 1954

Abstract: Measurements from bottom-mounted acoustic vector sensors, deployed seasonally between 2008 and 2014 on the shallow Beaufort Sea shelf along the Alaskan North Slope, are used to estimate the ambient sound pressure power spectral density, acoustic ... ...

Abstract	Measurements from bottom-mounted acoustic vector sensors, deployed seasonally between 2008 and 2014 on the shallow Beaufort Sea shelf along the Alaskan North Slope, are used to estimate the ambient sound pressure power spectral density, acoustic transport velocity of energy, and dominant azimuth between 25 and 450 Hz. Even during ice-free conditions, this region has unusual acoustic features when compared against other U.S. coastal regions. Two distinct regimes exist in the diffuse ambient noise environment: one with high pressure spectral density levels but low directionality, and another with lower spectral density levels but high directionality. The transition between the two states, which is invisible in traditional spectrograms, occurs between 73 and 79 dB re 1 μPa
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219231-7
ISSN	1520-8524 ; 0001-4966
ISSN (online)	1520-8524
ISSN	0001-4966
DOI	10.1121/10.0006206
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Article ; Online: Estimating acoustic cue rates in bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, during their fall migration through the Alaskan Beaufort Sea.

Blackwell, Susanna B / Thode, Aaron M / Conrad, Alexander S / Ferguson, Megan C / Berchok, Catherine L / Stafford, Kathleen M / Marques, Tiago A / Kim, Katherine H

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

2021 Volume 149, Issue 5, Page(s) 3611

Abstract: Eight years of passive acoustic data (2007-2014) from the Beaufort Sea were used to estimate the mean cue rate (calling rate) of individual bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) during their fall migration along the North Slope of Alaska. Calls detected on ...

Abstract	Eight years of passive acoustic data (2007-2014) from the Beaufort Sea were used to estimate the mean cue rate (calling rate) of individual bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) during their fall migration along the North Slope of Alaska. Calls detected on directional acoustic recorders (DASARs) were triangulated to provide estimates of locations at times of call production, which were then translated into call densities (calls/h/km
MeSH term(s)	Acoustics ; Alaska ; Animals ; Bowhead Whale ; Cues ; Seasons
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	219231-7
ISSN	1520-8524 ; 0001-4966
ISSN (online)	1520-8524
ISSN	0001-4966
DOI	10.1121/10.0005043
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