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Article ; Online: Trends in Severe Obesity Among Children Aged 2 to 4 Years in WIC: 2010 to 2020.

Zhao, Lixia / Freedman, David S / Blanck, Heidi M / Park, Sohyun

2024 Volume 153, Issue 1

Abstract: Objectives: To examine the prevalence and trends in severe obesity among 16.6 million children aged 2 to 4 years enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) from 2010 to 2020.: Methods: Severe obesity ...

Abstract	Objectives: To examine the prevalence and trends in severe obesity among 16.6 million children aged 2 to 4 years enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) from 2010 to 2020. Methods: Severe obesity was defined as a sex-specific BMI for age ≥120% of the 95th percentile on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts or BMI ≥35 kg/m2. Joinpoint regression was used to identify when changes occurred in the overall trend. Logistic regression was used to compute the adjusted prevalence differences between years controlling for sex, age, and race and ethnicity. Results: The prevalence of severe obesity significantly decreased from 2.1% in 2010 to 1.8% in 2016 and then increased to 2.0% in 2020. From 2010 to 2016, the prevalence decreased significantly among all sociodemographic subgroups except for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) children. The largest decreases were among 4-year-olds, Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic children, and children from higher-income households. However, from 2016 to 2020, the prevalence increased significantly overall and among sociodemographic subgroups, except for AI/AN and non-Hispanic white children. The largest increases occurred in 4-year-olds and Hispanic children. Among 56 WIC agencies, the prevalence significantly declined in 17 agencies, and 1 agency (Mississippi) showed a significant increase from 2010 to 2016. In contrast, 21 agencies had significant increases, and only Alaska had a significant decrease from 2016 to 2020. Conclusions: Although severe obesity prevalence in toddlers declined from 2010 to 2016, recent trends are upward. Early identification and access to evidence-based family healthy weight programs for at-risk children can support families and child health.
MeSH term(s)	Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Ethnicity ; Income ; Obesity, Morbid/epidemiology ; Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology ; Prevalence
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207677-9
ISSN	1098-4275 ; 0031-4005
ISSN (online)	1098-4275
ISSN	0031-4005
DOI	10.1542/peds.2023-062461
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Article ; Online: Consumption of Added Sugars by States and Factors Associated with Added Sugars Intake among US Adults in 50 States and the District of Columbia-2010 and 2015.

Lee, Seung Hee / Park, Sohyun / Blanck, Heidi M

Nutrients

2023 Volume 15, Issue 2

Abstract: Purpose: The high intake of added sugars from foods or beverages increases the risk of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Because state-level data are lacking, we estimated dietary intake of added sugars by state and factors ...

Abstract	Purpose: The high intake of added sugars from foods or beverages increases the risk of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Because state-level data are lacking, we estimated dietary intake of added sugars by state and factors associated with intake among US adults. Design: Nationally representative, cross-sectional, in-person, household survey. Setting: 50 states and DC. Sample: 52,279 US adults from pooled data from 2010 and 2015 National Health Interview Surveys. Measures: Estimated total added sugars intake (tsp/day) using the National Cancer Institute’s scoring algorithm that converts responses from the Dietary Survey Questionnaire screener to estimated total added sugars intake (tsp/day). Analysis: Mean dietary-added sugars intake estimates and standard error were calculated for adults’ characteristics and by state for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Differences by adult’s characteristics were assessed by pairwise t-tests (p < 0.05). All analyses accounted for complex survey design and sampling weights. Results: Overall, US adults consumed 17.0 tsp of added sugars/day (range: 14.8 tsp/day in Alaska to 1.2 tsp/day in Kentucky). Added sugars intake varied by states and sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusion: Findings may inform efforts to reduce added sugars intake to lower the high burden of chronic disease.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adult ; United States/epidemiology ; District of Columbia ; Sugars ; Dietary Sucrose/adverse effects ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Nutrition Surveys ; Beverages ; Energy Intake ; Diet
Chemical Substances	Sugars ; Dietary Sucrose
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-11
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15020357
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Article ; Online: Characteristics Associated with Being a High Consumer of Sweet Foods and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages among US Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2021.

Park, Sohyun / Lee, Seung Hee / Blanck, Heidi M

Nutrients

2023 Volume 15, Issue 10

Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted some dietary habits of Americans.: Objective: We examined characteristics associated with a high intake of sweet foods and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) during the COVID-19 pandemic among US adults.: ... ...

Abstract	Background: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted some dietary habits of Americans. Objective: We examined characteristics associated with a high intake of sweet foods and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) during the COVID-19 pandemic among US adults. Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Participants/settings: The SummerStyles survey data were collected in 2021 among 4034 US adults (≥18 years). Main outcome measures: The frequencies were measured of consuming various sweet foods (chocolate/candy, doughnuts/sweet rolls/Danish/muffins/Pop-Tarts, cookies/cake/pie/brownies, and ice cream/frozen desserts) and SSB (regular sodas, sweetened coffee/tea drinks fruit drinks, sports drinks, and energy drinks) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The responses were categorized into 0, >0 to <1, 1 to <2, and ≥2 times/day. The descriptive variables were sociodemographics, food insecurity, weight status, metropolitan status, census regions, and eating habit changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical analyses performed: Multinomial regressions were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for being a high consumer of sweet foods and SSB after controlling for characteristics. Results: During 2021, 15% of adults reported consuming sweet foods ≥2 times/day, and 30% reported drinking SSB ≥2 times/day. The factors that were significantly associated with greater odds of high sweet food intake (≥2 times/day) were lower household income (AOR = 1.53 for <$35,000 vs. ≥$100,000), often/sometimes experiencing food insecurity (AOR = 1.41 vs. never), and eating more sweet foods than usual since start of the pandemic (AOR = 2.47 vs. same as usual). The factors that were significantly associated with greater odds of high SSB intake (≥2 times/day) were males (AOR = 1.51), lower education (AOR = 1.98 for ≤high school; AOR = 1.33 for some college vs. college graduate), currently having children (AOR = 1.65), living in nonmetropolitan areas (AOR = 1.34), and drinking more SSB than usual since the pandemic began (AOR = 2.23 vs. same as usual). Younger age, Black race, and reductions in consumption during COVID-19 were related to lower sweet food and SSB intakes. Conclusions: Our findings, which identified high consumers of sweet foods or SSB, can be used to inform efforts to reduce consumers' added sugars intake during pandemic recovery and support their health.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Child ; Humans ; Adult ; United States/epidemiology ; Female ; Beverages ; Pandemics ; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Nutrition Surveys ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Energy Drinks ; Fruit
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15102363
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Article ; Online: Associations between Knowledge of Health Risks and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake among US Adolescents.

Park, Sohyun / Lee, Seung Hee / Merlo, Caitlin / Blanck, Heidi M

Nutrients

2023 Volume 15, Issue 10

Abstract: Background: Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake is associated with adverse health outcomes.: Objective: We examined associations between the knowledge of health risks related to SSB and SSB intake among adolescents.: Design: A cross-sectional ... ...

Abstract	Background: Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake is associated with adverse health outcomes. Objective: We examined associations between the knowledge of health risks related to SSB and SSB intake among adolescents. Design: A cross-sectional study using 2021 YouthStyles survey data. Participants/settings: 831 US adolescents (12-17 years old). Main outcome measures: The outcome variable was SSB intake (none, 1-6 times/week, and ≥1 time/day). Exposure variables were knowledge of seven SSB-related health risks. Statistical analyses performed: Seven multinomial regressions were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for drinking SSB, according to knowledge of SSB-related health risks and after controlling for sociodemographics. Results: Overall, 29% of adolescents consumed SSB ≥1 time/day. Although most adolescents identified cavities (75.4%), weight gain (74.6%), and diabetes (69.7%) as being related to drinking SSB, fewer adolescents identified related conditions such as high blood pressure (31.7%), high cholesterol (25.8%), heart disease (24.6%), and some cancers (18.0%). Compared to non-SSB consumers, drinking SSB ≥1 time/day was significantly higher among adolescents who lacked knowledge of associations between SSB intake and weight gain (AOR = 2.0), heart disease (AOR = 1.9), or some cancers (AOR = 2.3) after controlling for covariates. Conclusions: Among US adolescents, knowledge of SSB-related health risks varied by condition, ranging from 18% (some cancers) to 75% (cavities and weight gain). There were increased odds of drinking SSB among those unaware that weight gain, heart disease, and some cancers are associated with SSB intake. Intervention could evaluate whether increasing certain types of knowledge may influence youth SSB intake.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adolescent ; Child ; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages/adverse effects ; Beverages ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Weight Gain ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15102408
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Article ; Online: The value of the Nutrition and Obesity Policy Research and Evaluation Network in advancing the evidence base for effective nutrition and obesity policy: assessment using the Consolidated Framework for Collaborative Research.

Vasquez, Taylor / Levi, Ronli / Akers, Melissa / Lowry-Warnock, Amy / Blanck, Heidi M / Seligman, Hilary

BMC public health

2023 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 375

Abstract: Introduction: Addressing nutrition disparities and preventing obesity require multi-level interventions, including policies that address the nutrition environment and other social determinants of health. The Nutrition and Obesity Policy Research ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Addressing nutrition disparities and preventing obesity require multi-level interventions, including policies that address the nutrition environment and other social determinants of health. The Nutrition and Obesity Policy Research Evaluation Network (NOPREN) was established in 2009 to conduct transdisciplinary research and accelerate the translation and implementation of science-based policy interventions. This study examined NOPREN's collaborative practices and identified opportunities to improve network impact. Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, we combined quantitative survey data (n = 106) and in-depth, qualitative interviews (n = 18) to evaluate the experiences of NOPREN members and understand the extent to which NOPREN was achieving its goals. Results: Using the Consolidated Framework for Collaborative Research (CFCR), quantitative and qualitative results were organized into 11 themes. We find that NOPREN's structure and standardized processes facilitate connections to individuals and resources, foster relationships, and support effective cross-sector collaborations. Areas of improvement include capacity building and a more intentional approach towards recruitment of a diverse membership. Conclusion: A collaborative research network can build synergy across sectors and accelerate knowledge transfer. These findings will be used to inform the network's strategic priorities to maximize impact. Findings may also inform similar collaborative efforts for addressing complex public health problems.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Obesity/prevention & control ; Policy ; Public Health/methods ; Nutritional Status
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2041338-5
ISSN	1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
ISSN	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-023-15148-2
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Article ; Online: State-Specific Prevalence of Severe Obesity Among Adults in the US Using Bias Correction of Self-Reported Body Mass Index.

Zhao, Lixia / Park, Sohyun / Ward, Zachary J / Cradock, Angie L / Gortmaker, Steven L / Blanck, Heidi M

Preventing chronic disease

2023 Volume 20, Page(s) E61

Abstract: Introduction: Adults with severe obesity are at increased risk for poor metabolic health and may need more intensive clinical and community supports. The prevalence of severe obesity is underestimated from self-reported weight and height data. We ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Adults with severe obesity are at increased risk for poor metabolic health and may need more intensive clinical and community supports. The prevalence of severe obesity is underestimated from self-reported weight and height data. We examined severe obesity prevalence among US adults by sociodemographic characteristics and by state after adjusting for self-report bias. Methods: Using a validated bias-correction method, we adjusted self-reported body mass index (BMI) data from the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) by using measured data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We compared bias-corrected prevalence of severe obesity (BMI ≥40) with self-reported estimates by sociodemographic characteristics and state. Results: Self-reported BRFSS data significantly underestimated the prevalence of severe obesity compared with bias-corrected estimates. In 2020, 8.8% of adults had severe obesity based on the bias-corrected estimates, whereas 5.3% of adults had severe obesity based on self-reported data. Women had a significantly higher prevalence of bias-corrected severe obesity (11.1%) than men (6.5%). State-level prevalence of bias-corrected severe obesity ranged from 5.5% (Massachusetts) to 13.2% (West Virginia). Based on bias-corrected estimates, 16 states had a prevalence of severe obesity greater than 10%, a level not seen in the self-reported estimates. Conclusion: Self-reported BRFSS data underestimated the overall prevalence of severe obesity by 40% (5.3% vs 8.8%). Accurate state-level estimates of severe obesity can help public health and health care decision makers prioritize and plan to implement effective prevention and treatment strategies for people who are at high risk for poor metabolic health.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Adult ; Female ; United States/epidemiology ; Obesity, Morbid/epidemiology ; Body Mass Index ; Self Report ; Prevalence ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2135684-1
ISSN	1545-1151 ; 1545-1151
ISSN (online)	1545-1151
ISSN	1545-1151
DOI	10.5888/pcd20.230005
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Article ; Online: Occasions, Locations, and Reasons for Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages among U.S. Adults.

Lee, Seung Hee / Park, Sohyun / Lehman, Thomas C / Ledsky, Rebecca / Blanck, Heidi M

Nutrients

2023 Volume 15, Issue 4

Abstract: Frequent intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with adverse health outcomes such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Little is known about when, where, and why U.S. adults consume SSBs. This study, using data from ... ...

Abstract	Frequent intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with adverse health outcomes such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Little is known about when, where, and why U.S. adults consume SSBs. This study, using data from an online survey distributed in 2021, examined the occasions, locations, and reasons for consuming SSBs and the characteristics of the adults who consume them. Nearly 7 of 10 adults reported consuming a SSB (1-6 times) in the past 7 days, and more than a third (38%) reported doing so once or more per day (on average). For comparative purposes, the sample was limited to adults who reported consuming SSBs within the last 7 days. Mealtimes were reported as the most frequent occasion for the intake of SSBs (43%) and SSBs were most often consumed at home (70%). Over half of respondents (56%) reported they consume SSBs because they enjoy the taste. Younger adults (18-34 years old) were more likely to consume SSBs in social settings than older adults (≥50 years old). Hispanic adults were less likely to consume SSBs at the beginning of the day compared to non-Hispanic White adults. Younger (18-34 years old) and middle-aged (35-49 years old) adults were more likely to consume SSBs in restaurants, at work, and in cars than older adults (≥50 years old). Women were less likely to consume SSBs at work than men. Hispanic adults were less likely to consume SSBs in cars than non-Hispanic White adults, while those earning USD 50,000-<USD 100,000 were more likely to consume SSBs in cars than those earning ≥USD 100,000. Younger and middle-aged adults were more likely to consume SSBs due to cravings and enjoyment of the carbonation compared to older adults. These findings provide insights on specific populations for whom to tailor messaging and adapt interventions to help reduce SSB intake.<br />
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Middle Aged ; Humans ; Female ; Aged ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages ; Beverages/adverse effects ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Obesity
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15040920
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Article ; Online: Reported Changes in Eating Habits Related to Less Healthy Foods and Beverages during the COVID-19 Pandemic among US Adults.

Park, Sohyun / Lee, Seung Hee / Yaroch, Amy L / Blanck, Heidi M

Nutrients

2022 Volume 14, Issue 3

Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered stress, anxiety, and disruption to many individuals’ daily lives, which might impact eating habits. Objective: To examine changes in eating habits related to less healthy foods and beverages during the ... ...

Abstract	Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered stress, anxiety, and disruption to many individuals’ daily lives, which might impact eating habits. Objective: To examine changes in eating habits related to less healthy foods and beverages during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic among US adults. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants/setting: Authors used SummerStyles data gathered in June 2020 among 3916 US adults (≥18 years). Main outcome measures: The outcome of interest was the reported frequency of consuming more (1) unhealthy snacks and desserts including chips, cookies, and ice cream and (2) sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) like regular soda, fruit drinks, sports/energy drinks, sweetened coffee/teas during the COVID-19 pandemic. Responses were categorized as Never/Rarely, Sometimes, or Often/Always. Explanatory variables were sociodemographics, weight status, and census regions. Statistical analyses performed: We used multinomial regressions to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for Sometimes or Often/Always consuming more unhealthy snacks/desserts (vs. Never/Rarely); and Sometimes or Often/Always more SSBs (vs. Never/Rarely). Results: Overall, 36% of adults reported sometimes consuming more unhealthy snacks/desserts; 16% did so often/always. Twenty-two percent of adults reported sometimes drinking more SSBs; 10% did so often/always. Factors significantly associated with higher odds of reporting often/always consuming more unhealthy snacks/desserts were younger adults (AOR range = 1.51−2.86 vs. adults ≥65 years), females (AOR = 1.58 vs. males), non-Hispanic Black (AOR = 1.89 vs. non-Hispanic White), lower household income (AOR = 2.01 for <USD 35,000 vs. ≥USD 100,000), and obesity (AOR = 1.56 vs. underweight/healthy weight). Factors significantly associated with odds of Often/Always drinking more SSBs were being younger (AOR range = 2.26−4.39 vs. adults ≥65 years), non-Hispanic Black (AOR = 3.25 vs. non-Hispanic White), Hispanic (AOR = 1.75 vs. non-Hispanic White), non-Hispanic Other race/ethnicity (AOR = 2.41 vs. non-Hispanic White), lower education (AOR = 2.03 for ≤high school; AOR = 1.80 for some college vs. college graduate), lower household income (AOR range = 1.64−3.15 vs. ≥USD 100,000), and obesity (AOR = 1.61 vs. underweight/healthy weight). Conclusions: Consuming more sugary foods and SSBs during the first phase of the pandemic was higher in younger adults, lower-income adults, people of racial/ethnic minority groups, and adults with obesity. Dietary shifts to less healthy foods and drinks may influence metabolic health if sustained long-term. Implementing strategies to support individual’s healthy eating habits during the ongoing pandemic and the pandemic recovery may benefit health and wellness.<br />
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Energy Drinks ; Ethnicity ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Minority Groups ; Nutrition Surveys ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu14030526
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Article ; Online: Perceptions of Water Safety and Tap Water Taste and Their Associations With Beverage Intake Among U.S. Adults.

Park, Sohyun / Onufrak, Stephen J / Cradock, Angie L / Patel, Anisha / Hecht, Christina / Blanck, Heidi M

American journal of health promotion : AJHP

2023 Volume 37, Issue 5, Page(s) 625–637

Abstract: Objectives: Examine differences in perceptions of tap water (TW) and bottled water (BW) safety and TW taste and their associations with plain water (PW) and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake.: Design: Quantitative, cross-sectional study.: ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Examine differences in perceptions of tap water (TW) and bottled water (BW) safety and TW taste and their associations with plain water (PW) and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake. Design: Quantitative, cross-sectional study. Setting: United States. Subjects: 4,041 U.S. adults (≥18 years) in the 2018 Measures: Outcomes were intake of TW, BW, PW (tap and bottled water), and SSB. Exposures were perceptions of TW and BW safety and TW taste (disagree, neutral, or agree). Covariates included sociodemographics. Analysis: We used chi-square analysis to examine sociodemographic differences in perceptions and multivariable logistic regressions to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for consuming TW ≤ 1 cup/day, BW > 1 cup/day, PW ≤ 3 cups/day, and SSB ≥ 1 time/day by water perceptions. Results: One in 7 (15.1%) of adults did not think their home TW was safe to drink, 39.0% thought BW was safer than TW, and 25.9% did not think their local TW tasted good. Adults who did not think local TW was safe to drink had higher odds of drinking TW Conclusions: Negative perceptions of TW safety and taste and a belief BW is safer than TW were common and associated with low TW intake. Perceiving BW is safer than TW increased the likelihood of daily SSB intake. These findings can guide programs and services to support water quality to improve perceptions of TW safety and taste, which might increase TW intake and decrease SSB intake.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; United States ; Drinking Water ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Taste ; Beverages ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Chemical Substances	Drinking Water
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	645160-3
ISSN	2168-6602 ; 0890-1171
ISSN (online)	2168-6602
ISSN	0890-1171
DOI	10.1177/08901171221150093
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Article ; Online: Children's rates of BMI change during pre-pandemic and two COVID-19 pandemic periods, IQVIA Ambulatory Electronic Medical Record, January 2018 Through November 2021.

Pierce, Samantha Lange / Kompaniyets, Lyudmyla / Freedman, David S / Goodman, Alyson B / Blanck, Heidi M

Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)

2023 Volume 31, Issue 3, Page(s) 693–698

Abstract: Objective: Many US youth experienced accelerated weight gain during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Using an ambulatory electronic health record data set, the authors compared children's rates of BMI change in three periods: pre-pandemic (January 2018- ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Many US youth experienced accelerated weight gain during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Using an ambulatory electronic health record data set, the authors compared children's rates of BMI change in three periods: pre-pandemic (January 2018-February 2020), early pandemic (March-December 2020), and later pandemic (January-November 2021). Methods: This study used mixed-effects models to examine differences in rates of change in BMI, weight, and obesity prevalence among the three periods. Covariates included time as a continuous variable, a variable indicating in which period each BMI was taken, sex, age, and initial BMI category. Results: In a longitudinal cohort of 241,600 children aged 2 through 19 years with ≥4 BMI measurements, the monthly rates of BMI change (kilograms per meters squared) were 0.056 (95% CI: 0.056-0.057) in the pre-pandemic period, 0.104 (95% CI: 0.102-0.106) in the early pandemic, and 0.035 (95% CI: 0.033-0.036) in the later pandemic. The estimated prevalence of obesity in this cohort was 22.5% by November 2021. Conclusions: In this large, geographically diverse cohort of US youth, accelerated rates of BMI change observed during 2020 were largely attenuated in 2021. Positive rates indicate continued weight gain rather than loss, albeit at a slower rate. Childhood obesity prevalence remained high, which raises concern about long-term consequences of excess weight and underscores the importance of healthy lifestyle interventions.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; Pediatric Obesity ; Body Mass Index ; Electronic Health Records ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 ; Weight Gain
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2230457-5
ISSN	1930-739X ; 1071-7323 ; 1930-7381
ISSN (online)	1930-739X
ISSN	1071-7323 ; 1930-7381
DOI	10.1002/oby.23643
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