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Article ; Online: Dietary Behavior and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents.

Hebestreit, Antje / Bogl, Leonie H

2019 Volume 11, Issue 8

Abstract: In recent years, diet- and lifestyle-related disorders have become a major health threat in Europe and worldwide [ ... ]. ...

Abstract	In recent years, diet- and lifestyle-related disorders have become a major health threat in Europe and worldwide [...].
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior ; Age Factors ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Diet, Healthy ; Exercise ; Feeding Behavior ; Health Behavior ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Healthy Lifestyle ; Humans ; Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology ; Pediatric Obesity/physiopathology ; Pediatric Obesity/prevention & control ; Pediatric Obesity/psychology ; Protective Factors ; Risk Factors ; Risk Reduction Behavior
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Editorial ; Introductory Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu11081849
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Article ; Online: Multiple socioeconomic circumstances and trajectories of fruit and vegetable consumption: the Helsinki Health Study.

Mauramo, Elina / Salmela, Jatta / Bogl, Leonie H / Lallukka, Tea / Kanerva, Noora

Scandinavian journal of public health

2022 Volume 51, Issue 8, Page(s) 1144–1152

Abstract: Aims: Fruit and vegetable consumption is essential in disease prevention. Socioeconomic differences in consumption have been observed but evidence from longitudinal studies incorporating multiple socioeconomic indicators is lacking. We examined long- ... ...

Abstract	Aims: Fruit and vegetable consumption is essential in disease prevention. Socioeconomic differences in consumption have been observed but evidence from longitudinal studies incorporating multiple socioeconomic indicators is lacking. We examined long-term fruit and vegetable consumption trajectories and multiple socioeconomic circumstances as their determinants. Methods: We used survey data from the Helsinki Health Study (phase 1 in 2000-2002, Results: Four fruit and vegetable consumption trajectories were identified: increasing higher (12%), decreasing higher (10%), stable moderate (43%) and stable low (35% of participants). Childhood, conventional and material socioeconomic circumstances were all associated with the trajectories: belonging to a lower socioeconomic group was associated with belonging to the stable low and moderate trajectories. In multivariate models, the strongest associations were found for occupational class and household wealth. Conclusions: Disadvantageous childhood and adulthood socioeconomic circumstances were associated with lower long-term fruit and vegetable consumption. Socioeconomic circumstances should be considered in attempts to promote fruit and vegetable consumption, and people with disadvantageous circumstances need to be targeted in future interventions.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Vegetables ; Fruit ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Longitudinal Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Feeding Behavior ; Diet
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-10
Publishing country	Sweden
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1475054-5
ISSN	1651-1905 ; 1403-4948
ISSN (online)	1651-1905
ISSN	1403-4948
DOI	10.1177/14034948221094430
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Article ; Online: Meal-timing patterns and chronic disease prevalence in two representative Austrian studies.

Santonja, Isabel / Bogl, Leonie H / Degenfellner, Jürgen / Klösch, Gerhard / Seidel, Stefan / Schernhammer, Eva / Papantoniou, Kyriaki

European journal of nutrition

2023 Volume 62, Issue 4, Page(s) 1879–1890

Abstract: Purpose: This study aimed at describing meal-timing patterns using cluster analysis and explore their association with sleep and chronic diseases, before and during COVID-19 mitigation measures in Austria.: Methods: Information was collected in two ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: This study aimed at describing meal-timing patterns using cluster analysis and explore their association with sleep and chronic diseases, before and during COVID-19 mitigation measures in Austria. Methods: Information was collected in two surveys in 2017 (N = 1004) and 2020 (N = 1010) in representative samples of the Austrian population. Timing of main meals, nighttime fasting interval, last-meal-to-bed time, breakfast skipping and eating midpoint were calculated using self-reported information. Cluster analysis was applied to identify meal-timing clusters. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were used to study the association of meal-timing clusters with prevalence of chronic insomnia, depression, diabetes, hypertension, obesity and self-rated bad health status. Results: In both surveys, median breakfast, lunch and dinner times on weekdays were 7:30, 12:30 and 18:30. One out of four participants skipped breakfast and the median number of eating occasions was 3 in both samples. We observed correlation between the different meal-timing variables. Cluster analysis resulted in the definition of two clusters in each sample (A17 and B17 in 2017, and A20 and B20 in 2020). Clusters A comprised most respondents, with fasting duration of 12-13 h and median eating midpoint between 13:00 and 13:30. Clusters B comprised participants reporting longer fasting intervals and later mealtimes, and a high proportion of breakfast skippers. Chronic insomnia, depression, obesity and self-rated bad health-status were more prevalent in clusters B. Conclusions: Austrians reported long fasting intervals and low eating frequency. Meal-timing habits were similar before and during the COVID-19-pandemic. Besides individual characteristics of meal-timing, behavioural patterns need to be evaluated in chrono-nutrition epidemiological studies.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Austria/epidemiology ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Meals ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Breakfast ; Chronic Disease
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-02
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1466536-0
ISSN	1436-6215 ; 1436-6207
ISSN (online)	1436-6215
ISSN	1436-6207
DOI	10.1007/s00394-023-03113-z
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Article: Dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio is related to liver fat content independent of genetic effects: Evidence from the monozygotic co-twin control design

Bogl, Leonie H / Kaprio, Jaakko / Pietiläinen, Kirsi H

Clinical nutrition. 2019 Oct. 07,

2019

Abstract: Lifestyle changes focusing on diet and exercise remain the cornerstone of the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present co-twin control study of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs was designed to identify nutritional factors ... ...

Abstract	Lifestyle changes focusing on diet and exercise remain the cornerstone of the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present co-twin control study of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs was designed to identify nutritional factors potentially involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.Cross-sectional study of 50 MZ twin pairs (age range: 23–36 years), of which ten pairs were discordant for liver fat (liver fat percentage of one twin ≤5% and his/her co-twin >5% and a difference between co-twins of >5%) as determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nutrient intake was calculated from 3-day food records.Among the ten liver fat-discordant twin pairs, the n-6: n-3 ratio was significantly higher in the twins with higher liver as compared to their co-twins with lower liver fat (6.6:1 vs. 3.2:1, p-value = 0.005). In multiple regression analysis of within-pair differences including all 50 twin pairs, a higher n-6: n-3 ratio was significantly associated with a higher liver fat percentage within MZ twin pairs after adjustment for body mass index, energy intake and other covariates (standardized beta = 0.43, p-value = 0.001).Our findings suggest that the n-6: n-3 ratio is a promising dietary agent for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Clinical trials are required to better understand causal relationships and required doses.
Keywords	body mass index ; clinical trials ; diet ; energy intake ; exercise ; fatty acid composition ; fatty liver ; lifestyle ; lipid content ; liver ; magnetism ; nutrient intake ; omega-3 fatty acids ; pathogenesis ; regression analysis ; spectroscopy ; twins
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-1007
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	604812-2
ISSN	1532-1983 ; 0261-5614
ISSN (online)	1532-1983
ISSN	0261-5614
DOI	10.1016/j.clnu.2019.10.011
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Development of a diet quality score and adherence to the Swiss dietary recommendations for vegans.

Bez, Natalie S / Haddad, Joyce / Tedde, Giulia S / Rose, Karolin / Ivanov, Aljoscha V / Milazzo, Marina / Wickart, Joëlle / Casale, Giulia / D'Ascanio, Michele / Van der Horst, Klazine / Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle / Bogl, Leonie H

Journal of health, population, and nutrition

2024 Volume 43, Issue 1, Page(s) 17

Abstract: Background: Vegan diets have recently gained popularity in Switzerland as well as globally. The aim of the present study was to develop a diet quality score for vegans (DQS-V) based on the Swiss dietary recommendations for vegans.: Methods: The ... ...

Abstract	Background: Vegan diets have recently gained popularity in Switzerland as well as globally. The aim of the present study was to develop a diet quality score for vegans (DQS-V) based on the Swiss dietary recommendations for vegans. Methods: The dataset included 52 healthy vegan adults. Dietary intake data were assessed by three-day weighed food records. Body weight and height were measured, and a venous blood sample for the analysis of vitamin and mineral status was collected. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used due to not-normally distributed data. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Results: The DQS-V score (mean ± SD) was 48.9 ± 14.7. Most vegans adhered to the recommended portions of vegetables, vitamin C-rich vegetables, fruits, omega-3-rich nuts, fats and oils, and iodized salt. However, the intake of green leafy vegetables, vitamin C-rich fruits, wholegrains, legumes, nuts and seeds, selenium-rich nuts, zero caloric liquid, and calcium-fortified foods was suboptimal. The sample overconsumed sweet-, salty-, fried foods, and alcohol. The DQS-V had a significantly positive correlation with intakes of fibre, polyunsaturated fatty acids, potassium, zinc, and phosphorus intakes (p's < 0.05) but was negatively correlated with vitamin B12 and niacin intakes (p's < 0.05). Two dietary patterns were derived from PCA: 1) refined grains and sweets and 2) wholegrains and nuts. The correlation between the DQS-V and the first dietary pattern was negative (- 0.41, p = 0.004) and positive for the second dietary pattern (0.37, p = 0.01). The refined grains and sweets dietary pattern was inversely correlated with beta-carotene status (- 0.41, p = 0.004) and vitamin C status (r = - 0.51, p = 0.0002). Conclusion: The newly developed DQS-V provides a single score for estimating diet quality among vegan adults. Further validation studies examining the DQS-V in relation to an independent dietary assessment method and to biomarkers of nutritional intake and status are still needed before the general application of the DQS-V.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Diet, Vegan ; Vegans ; Switzerland ; Diet ; Vegetables ; Ascorbic Acid ; Diet, Vegetarian
Chemical Substances	Ascorbic Acid (PQ6CK8PD0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-30
Publishing country	Bangladesh
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2025045-9
ISSN	2072-1315 ; 1606-0997
ISSN (online)	2072-1315
ISSN	1606-0997
DOI	10.1186/s41043-024-00498-3
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Article ; Online: Maternal One-Carbon Nutrient Intake and Risk of Being Overweight or Obese in Their Offspring-A Transgenerational Prospective Cohort Study.

Bogl, Leonie H / Strohmaier, Susanne / Hu, Frank B / Willett, Walter C / Eliassen, A Heather / Hart, Jaime E / Sun, Qi / Chavarro, Jorge E / Field, Alison E / Schernhammer, Eva S

Nutrients

2024 Volume 16, Issue 8

Abstract: We aimed to investigate the associations between maternal intake of folate, vitamin B12, B6, B2, methionine, choline, phosphatidylcholine and betaine during the period surrounding pregnancy and offspring weight outcomes from birth to early adulthood. ... ...

Abstract	We aimed to investigate the associations between maternal intake of folate, vitamin B12, B6, B2, methionine, choline, phosphatidylcholine and betaine during the period surrounding pregnancy and offspring weight outcomes from birth to early adulthood. These associations were examined among 2454 mother-child pairs from the Nurses' Health Study II and Growing Up Today Study. Maternal energy-adjusted nutrient intakes were derived from food frequency questionnaires. Birth weight, body size at age 5 and repeated BMI measurements were considered. Overweight/obesity was defined according to the International Obesity Task Force (<18 years) and World Health Organization guidelines (18+ years). Among other estimands, we report relative risks (RRs) for offspring ever being overweight with corresponding 95% confidence intervals across quintiles of dietary factors, with the lowest quintile as the reference. In multivariate-adjusted models, higher maternal intakes of phosphatidylcholine were associated with a higher risk of offspring ever being overweight (RRQ5vsQ1 = 1.16 [1.01-1.33]
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Prospective Studies ; Adult ; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Overweight/epidemiology ; Diet/adverse effects ; Risk Factors ; Male ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Obesity/etiology ; Child, Preschool ; Body Mass Index ; Choline/administration & dosage ; Phosphatidylcholines ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Birth Weight
Chemical Substances	Choline (N91BDP6H0X) ; Phosphatidylcholines
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu16081210
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Article ; Online: Dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio is related to liver fat content independent of genetic effects: Evidence from the monozygotic co-twin control design.

Bogl, Leonie H / Kaprio, Jaakko / Pietiläinen, Kirsi H

Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)

2019 Volume 39, Issue 7, Page(s) 2311–2314

Abstract: Background & aim: Lifestyle changes focusing on diet and exercise remain the cornerstone of the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present co-twin control study of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs was designed to identify nutritional ...

Abstract	Background & aim: Lifestyle changes focusing on diet and exercise remain the cornerstone of the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present co-twin control study of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs was designed to identify nutritional factors potentially involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 50 MZ twin pairs (age range: 23-36 years), of which ten pairs were discordant for liver fat (liver fat percentage of one twin ≤5% and his/her co-twin >5% and a difference between co-twins of >5%) as determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nutrient intake was calculated from 3-day food records. Results: Among the ten liver fat-discordant twin pairs, the n-6: n-3 ratio was significantly higher in the twins with higher liver as compared to their co-twins with lower liver fat (6.6:1 vs. 3.2:1, p-value = 0.005). In multiple regression analysis of within-pair differences including all 50 twin pairs, a higher n-6: n-3 ratio was significantly associated with a higher liver fat percentage within MZ twin pairs after adjustment for body mass index, energy intake and other covariates (standardized beta = 0.43, p-value = 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the n-6: n-3 ratio is a promising dietary agent for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Clinical trials are required to better understand causal relationships and required doses.
MeSH term(s)	Absorptiometry, Photon ; Adiposity ; Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3/metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6/administration & dosage ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Liver/metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Male ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnosis ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/prevention & control ; Nutritional Status ; Twins, Monozygotic ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Twin Study
ZDB-ID	604812-2
ISSN	1532-1983 ; 0261-5614
ISSN (online)	1532-1983
ISSN	0261-5614
DOI	10.1016/j.clnu.2019.10.011
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Article: Eating Behaviors in Healthy Young Adult Twin Pairs Discordant for Body Mass Index.

Berntzen, Bram J / Jukarainen, Sakari / Bogl, Leonie H / Rissanen, Aila / Kaprio, Jaakko / Pietiläinen, Kirsi H

Twin research and human genetics : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies

2019 Volume 22, Issue 4, Page(s) 220–228

Abstract: We aimed to study the eating behavioral traits that associate with body mass index (BMI) among BMI-discordant twin pairs. This cross-sectional study examined self-reported eating behaviors in 134 healthy young adult twin pairs (57 monozygotic [MZ] and 77 ...

Abstract	We aimed to study the eating behavioral traits that associate with body mass index (BMI) among BMI-discordant twin pairs. This cross-sectional study examined self-reported eating behaviors in 134 healthy young adult twin pairs (57 monozygotic [MZ] and 77 same-sex dizygotic [DZ]), of whom 29 MZ and 46 DZ pairs were BMI discordant (BMI difference ≥ 3 kg/m2). In both MZ and DZ BMI-discordant pairs, the heavier co-twins reported being less capable of regulating their food intake optimally than their leaner co-twins, mainly due to 'frequent overeating'. Furthermore, the heavier co-twins reported augmented 'disinhibited eating', 'binge-eating scores' and 'body dissatisfaction'. The twins agreed more frequently that the heavier co-twins (rather than the leaner co-twins) ate more food in general, and more fatty food, in particular. No significant behavioral differences emerged in BMI-concordant twin pairs. Overeating - measured by 'frequent overeating', 'disinhibited eating' and 'binge-eating score' - was the main behavioral trait associated with higher BMI, independent of genotype and shared environment.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Body Mass Index ; Eating/genetics ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity/genetics ; Obesity/physiopathology ; Twins, Dizygotic/genetics ; Twins, Monozygotic/genetics ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2182682-1
ISSN	1839-2628 ; 1832-4274
ISSN (online)	1839-2628
ISSN	1832-4274
DOI	10.1017/thg.2019.43
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Article ; Online: Family structure in relation to body mass index and metabolic score in European children and adolescents.

Stahlmann, Katharina / Lissner, Lauren / Bogl, Leonie H / Mehlig, Kirsten / Kaprio, Jaakko / Klosowska, Joanna C / Moreno, Luis A / Veidebaum, Toomas / Solea, Antonia / Molnár, Dénes / Lauria, Fabio / Börnhorst, Claudia / Wolters, Maike / Hebestreit, Antje / Hunsberger, Monica

Pediatric obesity

2022 Volume 17, Issue 12, Page(s) e12963

Abstract: Background: Living in single parent and blended families or as an only child-compared to living in two-parent biological families or with siblings, respectively-is associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in cross-sectional studies. However, ... ...

Abstract	Background: Living in single parent and blended families or as an only child-compared to living in two-parent biological families or with siblings, respectively-is associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in cross-sectional studies. However, longitudinal research addressing the children's BMI in this context is scarce. Further, little is known about the association between family structure and metabolic health. Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the association between both aspects of family structure with BMI and a metabolic score (MetS). Methods: Cross-sectional data from 7804 children participating in the European multi-center I.Family study (2013/2014) and longitudinal data from 5621 children who also participated previously in the IDEFICS study (2007-2010) were used. Family structure was assessed by a detailed interview. BMI z-score and the MetS were based on measured anthropometry, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, blood glucose, and triglycerides. Linear regressions were performed to model associations between family structure with BMI and MetS. Results: Children from single-parent families had higher BMI z-scores in the cross-sectional (β = 0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.001 to 0.18) and longitudinal analyses compared to those from two-parent families. Cross-sectionally, the number of siblings was associated with lower BMI z-scores (β = -0.07, 95% CI: -0.10 to -0.03) and lower MetS (β = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.26 to -0.01). Longitudinally, only children between baseline and follow-up had higher BMI z-scores at follow-up (β = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.14) compared to stable siblings. Conclusion: Obesity prevention measures should focus on single-parent households and families with an only child.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Humans ; Body Mass Index ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Obesity ; Parents ; Family Characteristics
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2655527-X
ISSN	2047-6310 ; 2047-6302
ISSN (online)	2047-6310
ISSN	2047-6302
DOI	10.1111/ijpo.12963
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Article ; Online: The genetic architecture of the association between eating behaviors and obesity: combining genetic twin modeling and polygenic risk scores.

Masip, Guiomar / Silventoinen, Karri / Keski-Rahkonen, Anna / Palviainen, Teemu / Sipilä, Pyry N / Kaprio, Jaakko / Bogl, Leonie H

The American journal of clinical nutrition

2020 Volume 112, Issue 4, Page(s) 956–966

Abstract: Background: Obesity susceptibility genes are highly expressed in the brain suggesting that they might exert their influence on body weight through eating-related behaviors.: Objectives: To examine whether the genetic susceptibility to obesity is ... ...

Abstract	Background: Obesity susceptibility genes are highly expressed in the brain suggesting that they might exert their influence on body weight through eating-related behaviors. Objectives: To examine whether the genetic susceptibility to obesity is mediated by eating behavior patterns. Methods: Participants were 3977 twins (33% monozygotic, 56% females), aged 31-37 y, from wave 5 of the FinnTwin16 study. They self-reported their height and weight, eating behaviors (15 items), diet quality, and self-measured their waist circumference (WC). For 1055 twins with genome-wide data, we constructed a polygenic risk score for BMI (PRSBMI) using almost 1 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. We used principal component analyses to identify eating behavior patterns, twin modeling to decompose correlations into genetic and environmental components, and structural equation modeling to test mediation models between the PRSBMI, eating behavior patterns, and obesity measures. Results: We identified 4 moderately heritable (h2 = 36-48%) eating behavior patterns labeled "snacking," "infrequent and unhealthy eating," "avoidant eating," and "emotional and external eating." The highest phenotypic correlation with obesity measures was found for the snacking behavior pattern (r = 0.35 for BMI and r = 0.32 for WC; P < 0.001 for both), largely due to genetic factors in common (bivariate h2 > 70%). The snacking behavior pattern partially mediated the association between the PRSBMI and obesity measures (βindirect = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.09; P = 0.002 for BMI; and βindirect = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.08; P = 0.003 for WC). Conclusions: Eating behavior patterns share a common genetic liability with obesity measures and are moderately heritable. Genetic susceptibility to obesity can be partly mediated by an eating pattern characterized by frequent snacking. Obesity prevention efforts might therefore benefit from focusing on eating behavior change, particularly in genetically susceptible individuals.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Body Mass Index ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity/etiology ; Obesity/genetics ; Snacks ; Twins/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	280048-2
ISSN	1938-3207 ; 0002-9165
ISSN (online)	1938-3207
ISSN	0002-9165
DOI	10.1093/ajcn/nqaa181
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