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Article ; Online: Interrupted transit and common mental disorders among migrants in Tijuana, Mexico.

Bojorquez, Ietza / Sepúlveda, Jaime / Lee, Deandra / Strathdee, Steffanie

The International journal of social psychiatry

2022 Volume 68, Issue 5, Page(s) 1018–1025

Abstract: Background: Policies of migration contention can interrupt the transit of people on the move, forcing them to remain in wait in non-destination countries. This liminal condition might impact negatively on migrants' mental health.: Aims: To assess the ...

Abstract	Background: Policies of migration contention can interrupt the transit of people on the move, forcing them to remain in wait in non-destination countries. This liminal condition might impact negatively on migrants' mental health. Aims: To assess the relationship between interrupted transit and common mental disorders (CMD; symptoms of depression or anxiety), among migrants in shelters in Tijuana, Mexico. Methods: Cross-sectional survey conducted in November to December 2020 and February to April 2021. We assessed depressive symptoms with the Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D-7), and symptoms of anxiety with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-2). We evaluated the association of being in interrupted transit (sent back from the United States to Mexico), as compared to having not crossed to the United States yet or planning to stay in Mexico, with having a CMD (either depressive or anxiety symptoms), as well as the association of other migration-related variables with CMD. Results: Being in interrupted transit (OR = 1.74, 95% CI [1.12, 2.71]), and having experienced violence during transit (OR = 2.50, 95% CI [1.63, 3.82]) were associated with CMD. Conclusions: Interrupted transit is a potential risk factor for mental health problems among migrants. Migration and public health policies should consider the mental health consequences of interrupted transit, and promote initiatives to address the mental health needs of migrants on the move.
MeSH term(s)	Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology ; Mexico ; Transients and Migrants ; United States ; Violence
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	3062-4
ISSN	1741-2854 ; 0020-7640
ISSN (online)	1741-2854
ISSN	0020-7640
DOI	10.1177/00207640221099419
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Article ; Online: Left behind on the path to 90-90-90: understanding and responding to HIV among displaced people.

Vasylyeva, Tetyana I / Horyniak, Danielle's / Bojorquez, Ietza / Pham, Minh Duc

Journal of the International AIDS Society

2022 Volume 25, Issue 11, Page(s) e26031

Abstract: Introduction: In 2021, the number of people affected by displacement worldwide reached the highest on record, with an estimated 30.5 million refugees and 4.6 million asylum seekers seeking safety across international borders and further 53.2 million ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: In 2021, the number of people affected by displacement worldwide reached the highest on record, with an estimated 30.5 million refugees and 4.6 million asylum seekers seeking safety across international borders and further 53.2 million people displaced within their countries of origin. Most forcibly displaced persons come from or relocate to lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and many of those countries have large HIV epidemics. In this commentary, we describe some of the challenges at the intersection of HIV and displacement vulnerabilities that cannot be easily addressed in resource-limited environments. Discussion: HIV transmission and prevention and treatment efforts in the context of displacement are affected by myriad behavioural, social and structural factors across different stages of the displacement journey. For example, structural barriers faced by people experiencing displacement in relation to HIV prevention and care include funding constraints and legal framework deficiencies. Such barriers prevent all forced migrants, and particularly those whose sexual identities or practices are stigmatized against, access to prevention and care equal to local residents. Xenophobia, racism and other social factors, as well as individual risky behaviours facilitated by experiences of forced migration, also affect the progress towards 90-90-90 targets in displaced populations. Current evidence suggests increased HIV vulnerability in the period before displacement due to the effect of displacement drivers on medical supplies and infrastructure. During and after displacement, substantial barriers to HIV testing exist, though following resettlement in stable displacement context, HIV incidence and viral suppression are reported to be similar to those of local populations. Conclusions: Experiences of often-marginalized displaced populations are diverse and depend on the context of displacement, countries of origin and resettlement, and the nature of the crises that forced these populations to move. To address current gaps in responses to HIV in displacement contexts, research in LMIC, particularly in less stable resettlement settings, needs to be scaled up. Furthermore, displaced populations need to be specifically addressed in national AIDS strategies and HIV surveillance systems. Finally, innovative technologies, such as point-of-care viral load and CD4 testing, need to be developed and introduced in settings facing displacement.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; HIV Infections/diagnosis ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Refugees ; Transients and Migrants ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Income
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2467110-1
ISSN	1758-2652 ; 1758-2652
ISSN (online)	1758-2652
ISSN	1758-2652
DOI	10.1002/jia2.26031
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Article ; Online: Urban public parks and mental health in adult women: Mediating and moderating factors.

Bojorquez, Ietza / Ojeda-Revah, Lina

The International journal of social psychiatry

2018 Volume 64, Issue 7, Page(s) 637–646

Abstract: Background:: The association of green spaces such as urban public parks and mental health might vary according to personal characteristics and characteristics of the park and be mediated by the use of the park.: Aims:: We investigate the association ... ...

Abstract	Background:: The association of green spaces such as urban public parks and mental health might vary according to personal characteristics and characteristics of the park and be mediated by the use of the park. Aims:: We investigate the association between urban public park coverage and mental health in adult women, the moderation of this association by personal and park-related characteristics, and the mediation of the association by use of public space. Methods:: Combining data from a cross-sectional survey of the adult female population of Tijuana (Mexico) in 2014, and a study of public spaces in 2013, we analyzed the association between park coverage in buffers of 400 and 800 m from participants' homes and score in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D). We tested for mediation by use of park and interaction of urban park coverage with personal and park characteristics. Results:: Urban public park coverage in the 400-m buffer had an inverse association with CES-D score that was moderated by age (significant only for younger participants), with no evidence of mediation. Park coverage in the 800-m buffer also had an inverse association with CES-D score, moderated by age and occupation (significant for younger participants and homemakers), and a mediated association was also observed. There was no interaction between park coverage and park characteristics in their association with CES-D score. Conclusion:: Our results confirm the potential of public parks to improve mental health and suggest that this effect could be more important at some stages in the life course for women. The upper-middle-income, Latin American country setting adds to the current knowledge that is mostly based on high-income countries.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Environment Design ; Female ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Mexico ; Parks, Recreational/supply & distribution ; Regression Analysis ; Residence Characteristics/statistics & numerical data ; Social Environment ; Urban Population
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3062-4
ISSN	1741-2854 ; 0020-7640
ISSN (online)	1741-2854
ISSN	0020-7640
DOI	10.1177/0020764018795198
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Article ; Online: Social inequalities and prevalence of depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional study of women in a Mexican border city, 2014.

Calderon-Villarreal, Alheli / Mujica, Oscar J / Bojorquez, Ietza

Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health

2020 Volume 44, Page(s) e9

Abstract: Objective: To assess the association between intersectional disadvantage and clinically significant depressive symptoms (CSDS), describing the magnitude of social inequalities in the prevalence of symptoms among adult women in Tijuana, Mexico.: ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To assess the association between intersectional disadvantage and clinically significant depressive symptoms (CSDS), describing the magnitude of social inequalities in the prevalence of symptoms among adult women in Tijuana, Mexico. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. CSDS were assessed using the Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale among a probability sample of 2 345 women from 18 - 65 years of age in 2014. CSDS prevalence was calculated according to categories of three social stratifiers: socioeconomic status (SES), educational attainment, and fertility (number of children). Social inequality was measured with the slope index of inequality (SII) and the concentration index (CIx). Intersectionality among stratifiers was explored descriptively and with multivariable regression analysis. Results: CSDS prevalence was 17.7% (95%CI: 15.1% - 21.0%). The SII and CIx showed inequity in all social stratifiers. The absolute difference in CSDS prevalence between the lowest and highest ends of the SES gradient was 21.9% (95%CI: 21.5% - 22.4%). Among the most disadvantaged women, i.e., those at the intersection of lowest SES, lowest educational attainment, and highest fertility, the CSDS prevalence was 39.5% (95% CI: 26.0% - 52.9%). Conclusions: Disadvantage along multiple axes was associated with CSDS. Efforts to improve the mental health of women should include equity-oriented policies that address its social determinants.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1376934-0
ISSN	1680-5348 ; 1020-4989
ISSN (online)	1680-5348
ISSN	1020-4989
DOI	10.26633/RPSP.2020.9
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Article ; Online: The biohabitus of scarcity: bio-social dispositions and the "obesity epidemic" in Mexico.

Martínez, Alejandro / Anduro, Iván / Bojorquez, Ietza

Sociology of health & illness

2020 Volume 42, Issue 5, Page(s) 1095–1107

Abstract: In this article, we explore the potential of Warin et al.'s concept of biohabitus (a set of embodied biological and social dispositions) as a conceptual tool for the understanding of mechanisms behind the "obesity epidemic." Elaborating on this concept, ... ...

Abstract	In this article, we explore the potential of Warin et al.'s concept of biohabitus (a set of embodied biological and social dispositions) as a conceptual tool for the understanding of mechanisms behind the "obesity epidemic." Elaborating on this concept, we argue that a context of food scarcity gives rise to a biohabitus geared to energy-saving, expressed in both biological (the thrifty genotype/phenotype hypotheses) and symbolic dispositions (Bourdieu's "taste of necessity"), and the interaction between this type of biohabitus and changes in the food-related environment results in increased body mass index. We exemplify the use of this framework by applying it to the case of Mexico, a middle-income Latin American country with one of the highest prevalences of obesity worldwide. The example shows how the concept of biohabitus can help researchers move beyond disciplinary explanations, towards a more complex understanding of the conjunction of social and biological processes that result in differential patterns of health and disease.
MeSH term(s)	Body Mass Index ; Epidemics ; Food ; Humans ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Obesity/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	795552-2
ISSN	1467-9566 ; 0141-9889
ISSN (online)	1467-9566
ISSN	0141-9889
DOI	10.1111/1467-9566.13080
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Article ; Online: Evolución de las conductas alimentarias de riesgo en adolescentes mexicanos, 2006-2018.

Villalobos, Aremis / Unikel, Claudia / Hernández-Serrato, María I / Bojórquez, Ietza

Salud publica de Mexico

2021 Volume 62, Issue 6, Page(s) 734–744

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the evolution in prevalence of risky eating behaviors (REB) in Mexican adolescents between 2006 and 2018.: Materials and methods: We employed data from Ensanut 2006 and 2018-19. We evaluated REB with the Brief Questionnaire of ... ...

Title translation	Disordered eating in Mexican adolescents, 2006-2018.
Abstract	Objective: To analyze the evolution in prevalence of risky eating behaviors (REB) in Mexican adolescents between 2006 and 2018. Materials and methods: We employed data from Ensanut 2006 and 2018-19. We evaluated REB with the Brief Questionnaire of Risky Eating Behaviors, dis-tinguishing between normative (recommended for obesity prevention) and non-normative (not recommended) REB. We analyzed the association between REB and indicators of the sociocultural environment of adolescents (socio-economic level, urban/rural place of living. Results: The prevalence of normative REB changed from 11.9% (95%CI: 11.3-12.6) to 15.7% (95%CI: 15.0-16.5), and the prevalence of non-normative REB from 12.1 (95%CI: 11.4-12.9) to 21.9 (95%CI: 21.0-22.9). REB were more frequent among females, those with overweight or obesity, those in the higher so-cioeconomic levels, and in urban areas. Conclusions: REB are an important issue among adolescents, and preventive strategies are required.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Feeding Behavior ; Feeding and Eating Disorders/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Obesity ; Overweight/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Risk-Taking ; Rural Population ; Social Environment ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Urban Population
Language	Spanish
Publishing date	2021-02-23
Publishing country	Mexico
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	954220-6
ISSN	1606-7916 ; 0036-3634
ISSN (online)	1606-7916
ISSN	0036-3634
DOI	10.21149/11545
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Article ; Online: Ten-year hospitalization trends in Mexico: Examining the profile of national and transient and migrants.

Leyva-Flores, René / Aracena-Genao, Belkis / Bustamante, Nirma D / Bojorquez, Ietza / Cortés-Alcalá, Ricardo / Gómez-López, Diana / Pérez-Sastré, Miguel Adonai

Frontiers in public health

2023 Volume 10, Page(s) 1060861

Abstract: Aim: In Mexico, as in other societies, migrants are seen as over-users of health services. However, the extent, distribution, and trends of use over time are unknown. Evidence is needed to inform health policies and improve health services for foreign ... ...

Abstract	Aim: In Mexico, as in other societies, migrants are seen as over-users of health services. However, the extent, distribution, and trends of use over time are unknown. Evidence is needed to inform health policies and improve health services for foreign patients. The objective of this study was to examine factors associated with the distribution and trends of Mexican and foreign resident hospitalizations in Mexican public hospitals from 2010 to 2020. Methods: A graphical and statistical analysis (descriptive and correlational) of discharge trends in public hospitals was carried out. Hospitalization trends were analyzed by country of habitual residence (Mexico, US, Central and South America, and Other Continents), age, sex, primary discharge category, and region of service delivery. Adjusted Poisson modeling was used to examine the factors associated with annual hospitalizations of Mexican and foreign residents. Results: Between 2010 and 2020, there were 26,780,808 hospitalizations in Mexican public hospitals. Of these, 0.05% were of foreign residents. Hospitalizations for Mexican residents remained stable from 2010 to 2019, while those for foreign residents trended upward over the same period. In 2020, hospitalizations of Mexican residents fell by 36.6%, while foreign resident hospitalizations fell by 348.8%. The distribution of hospitalizations by sex was higher among females for all categories of habitual residence, except among US residents. Obstetric discharges were the most common reason for hospitalization among Mexican residents (42.45%), Central and South American residents (42.24%), and residents from Other Continents (13.73%). The average hospital stay was 2 days. Poisson regression confirmed these results, showing that hospitalizations was higher among women (except among foreign residents) and in the ≤ 17 age group. Poisson modeling also showed that trauma injury was the leading cause of discharge for foreign residents after obstetric causes. Discussion: It is unlikely the upward trend in hospitalizations among foreign residents in Mexico from 2010 to 2019 affected the Mexican public health system, given the small proportion (0.05%) of hospitalizations and the brief length of hospital stay. The increased number of hospitalizations during the study period may be explained by local and national measures to facilitate foreign residents' access to hospital services, while the decrease in hospital utilization in 2020 is likely associated with COVID-19. Geographic location and the most frequent primary discharge categories of hospitalizations within each population could provide evidence for modifications to public health policy in Mexico.
MeSH term(s)	Pregnancy ; Humans ; Female ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Transients and Migrants ; COVID-19 ; Hospitalization ; Length of Stay
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2022.1060861
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Article ; Online: Anxiety among Central American Migrants in Mexico: A Cumulative Vulnerability.

Gorn, Shoshana Berenzon / Saavedra, Nayelhi / Bojorquez, Ietza / Reed, Geoffrey / Wainberg, Milton L / Medina-Mora, María Elena

International journal of environmental research and public health

2023 Volume 20, Issue 6

Abstract: Migration exposes Central American migrants, particularly those who migrate without documents, to a range of incidents, dangers, and risks that increase their vulnerability to anxiety symptoms. In most cases, the poverty, conflict, and violence they ... ...

Abstract	Migration exposes Central American migrants, particularly those who migrate without documents, to a range of incidents, dangers, and risks that increase their vulnerability to anxiety symptoms. In most cases, the poverty, conflict, and violence they experience in their countries of origin are compounded by the unpredictable conditions of their journey through Mexico. The objective of this study was to explore the association between the presence of emotional discomfort and the experience of various vulnerabilities from the perspective of a group of Central American migrants in transit through Mexico. This is a descriptive, mixed-methods study (QUALI-QUAN). During the qualitative phase, thirty-five migrants were interviewed (twenty in Mexico City and six in Tijuana). During the quantitative phase, a questionnaire was administered to 217 migrants in shelters in Tijuana. An analysis of the subjects' accounts yielded various factors associated with stress and anxiety, which were divided into five main groups: (1) precarious conditions during the journey through Mexico, (2) rejection and abuse due to their identity, (3) abuse by Mexican authorities, (4) violence by criminal organizations, and (5) waiting time before being able to continue their journey. The interaction of various vulnerabilities predisposes individuals to present emotional discomfort, such as anxiety. Migrants who reported experiencing three or more vulnerabilities presented the highest percentages of anxiety symptoms.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Transients and Migrants ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Anxiety Disorders ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Central America
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph20064899
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Article ; Online: Prenatal care of Venezuelans in Colombia: migrants navigating the healthcare system.

Giraldo, Vanesa / Sobczyk, Rita / Fernández-Niño, Julián Alfredo / Rojas-Botero, Maylen Liseth / Bojorquez, Ietza

Revista de saude publica

2021 Volume 55, Page(s) 49

Abstract: Objectives: To explore the experiences of irregular (undocumented) Venezuelan migrants in accessing prenatal health services in Colombia and to examine the economic, social, and cultural resources mobilized by them to gain access to care.: Methods: ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: To explore the experiences of irregular (undocumented) Venezuelan migrants in accessing prenatal health services in Colombia and to examine the economic, social, and cultural resources mobilized by them to gain access to care. Methods: Data was retrieved from the qualitative component of a multi-method research conducted with pregnant immigrants in Barranquilla, Colombia, between 2018 and 2019, and triangulated with a review of regulations established by the Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Results: Having limited economic capital, participants use social capital from personal networks and migrant organizations. They obtain cultural health capital in the form of information on the health system and use their cultural competencies to interact with this system. Conclusions for practice: Migrants exert their agency through the use of capitals, although with certain constraints. Policies aimed at this social group should consider the strengths of migrants.
MeSH term(s)	Brazil ; Colombia ; Delivery of Health Care ; Female ; Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Care ; Qualitative Research ; Transients and Migrants
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-16
Publishing country	Brazil
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	732179-x
ISSN	1518-8787 ; 0034-8910
ISSN (online)	1518-8787
ISSN	0034-8910
DOI	10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055002999
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Article ; Online: Life course, sociocultural factors and disordered eating in adult Mexican women.

Bojorquez, Ietza / Bustos, Joyce / Valdez, Verónica / Unikel, Claudia

Appetite

2018 Volume 121, Page(s) 207–214

Abstract: Disordered eating (DE) can appear in women of all ages and in diverse sociocultural contexts, however most research focuses on younger women in higher income countries. The purpose of this article was to explore the association of life course markers ... ...

Abstract	Disordered eating (DE) can appear in women of all ages and in diverse sociocultural contexts, however most research focuses on younger women in higher income countries. The purpose of this article was to explore the association of life course markers with DE, considering the effects of sociocultural factors, in a sample of adult women in Tijuana, Mexico. We employed data from a household survey (n = 2322) conducted in 2014, to evaluate the associations of DE with age, occupation, marital status and having children (life course markers), and indicators of social position and exposure to modernization (sociocultural factors). The prevalence of weight preoccupation was 69.2% (CI95% 67.3,71.1), the prevalence of dieting 24.8% (CI95% 22.4,27.3), and 2.0% (CI95% 1.4,3.0) had a probable eating disorder according to the questionnaire cutoff score. In the adjusted model, younger age, being employed, higher social position and indicators of exposure to modernization had positive associations with DE. There were interactions between marital status and body mass index, and between age and region of birth. The interaction terms showed that overweight was positively associated with DE among single and cohabiting participants, but not among the married ones; and that the negative association between DE and age was apparent from younger age groups in women born in less developed regions of Mexico. Our results replicate others in showing DE to be present in women through the life course, and point to at-risk groups in the confluences of life course, social position and modernization.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Culture ; Diet ; Feeding and Eating Disorders/epidemiology ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Mexico ; Middle Aged ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Overweight/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1095-8304
ISSN (online)	1095-8304
DOI	10.1016/j.appet.2017.11.085
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