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  1. Article: The macroeconomics of pandemics around the world: Lives versus livelihoods revisited.

    Almås, Ingvild / Bold, Tessa / von Carnap, Tillmann / Ghisolfi, Selene / Sandefur, Justin

    Journal of development economics

    2023  Volume 163, Page(s) 103099

    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic led governments around the world to impose unprecedented restrictions on economic activity. Were these restrictions equally justified in poorer countries with fewer demographic risk factors and less ability to weather economic ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic led governments around the world to impose unprecedented restrictions on economic activity. Were these restrictions equally justified in poorer countries with fewer demographic risk factors and less ability to weather economic shocks? We develop and estimate a fully specified model of the macroeconomy with epidemiological dynamics, incorporating subsistence constraints in consumption and allowing preferences over "lives versus livelihoods" to vary with income. Poorer countries' demography pushes them unambiguously toward laxer policies. But because both infected and susceptible agents near the subsistence constraint will remain economically active in the face of infection risk and even to some extent under government containment policies, optimal policy in poorer countries pushes in the opposite direction. Moreover, for reasonable income-elasticities of the value of a statistical life, the model can fully rationalize equally strict or stricter policies in poorer countries.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-14
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 0304-3878
    ISSN 0304-3878
    DOI 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103099
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Book ; Thesis: Ein Beitrag zur Evaluierung möglicher Einflüsse von MCT-Infusionen auf das Komplementsystem

    Bold, Thomas

    1990  

    Author's details vorgelegt von Thomas Bold
    Size 117 S. : graph. Darst.
    Document type Book ; Thesis
    Thesis / German Habilitation thesis Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 1990
    HBZ-ID HT003774819
    Database Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Shelf markLoan statusLocation
    91 D 1741 order for loan Magazin

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  3. Article: Spatio-temporal distribution of cadmium levels in Chinese population and its potential risk factors.

    Zhang, Xinglin / Bold, Tsendmaa / Zhang, Wenjing / Zhao, Qianwen / Li, Yanting / Zhang, Jianzhong / Lu, Lin / Ji, Xiaoya / Zhang, Lin / Jin, Yuan / Tang, Jinglong

    Heliyon

    2024  Volume 10, Issue 7, Page(s) e28879

    Abstract: Cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous heavy metal, exists in numerous environmental matrices and has severe adverse effects on various human organs and tissues. This research evaluates blood and urine Cd levels in the Chinese population through data mining using ... ...

    Abstract Cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous heavy metal, exists in numerous environmental matrices and has severe adverse effects on various human organs and tissues. This research evaluates blood and urine Cd levels in the Chinese population through data mining using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). A total of 168 scientific studies (120 on urine and 48 on blood) published between January 1980 and December 2020, reflecting a population of 109,743 individuals in China, were included in the study. The results indicate that the blood and urine Cd levels in the Chinese population exhibited a peak from 1990 to 1995 and remained stable after 1995, averaging 1.21 μg/L of blood Cd (BCd) and 0.61 μg/L of urine Cd (UCd). The spatial trend of Cd levels varied significantly. Shandong, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang, and Guangdong provinces were identified as the top provinces with high Cd levels, which were related to factors such as tobacco sales, E-waste amounts, and contaminated rice. Additionally, the study highlights that BCd concentrations are highest among preschool-aged individuals, whereas school-age and adolescent groups exhibit the lowest levels. However, no significant difference existed among the different age groups. Males showed significantly higher Cd levels than females in the general population. Moreover, exposure to smoking, drinking, and staple food preferences had an impact on Cd levels. Furthermore, this comprehensive study, using biological monitoring and data mining, provides valuable information on Cd pollution levels in the Chinese population. It presents a statistical analysis that can aid decision-makers in implementing effective measures to control potential Cd pollution and improve the health of vulnerable populations.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2835763-2
    ISSN 2405-8440
    ISSN 2405-8440
    DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28879
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Predicted COVID-19 fatality rates based on age, sex, comorbidities, and health system capacity

    Ghisolfi, S. / Ingvild Almas, I. / Sandefur, J. / von Carnap, T. / Heitner, J. / Bold, T.

    Abstract: Early reports suggest the fatality rate from COVID-19 varies greatly across countries, but non-random testing and incomplete vital registration systems render it impossible to directly estimate the infection fatality rate (IFR) in many low- and middle- ... ...

    Abstract Early reports suggest the fatality rate from COVID-19 varies greatly across countries, but non-random testing and incomplete vital registration systems render it impossible to directly estimate the infection fatality rate (IFR) in many low- and middle-income countries. To fill this gap, we estimate the adjustments required to extrapolate estimates of the IFR from high- to lower-income regions. Accounting for differences in the distribution of age, sex, and relevant comorbidities yields substantial differences in the predicted IFR across 21 world regions, ranging from 0.11% in Western Sub-Saharan Africa to 0.95% for High Income Asia Pacific. However, these predictions must be treated as lower bounds, as they are grounded in fatality rates from countries with advanced health systems. In order to adjust for health system capacity, we incorporate regional differences in the relative odds of infection fatality from childhood influenza. This adjustment greatly diminishes, but does not entirely erase, the demography-based advantage predicted in the lowest income settings, with regional estimates of the predicted COVID-19 IFR ranging from 0.43% in Western Sub-Saharan Africa to 1.74% for Eastern Europe.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher MedRxiv; WHO
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2020.06.05.20123489
    Database COVID19

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  5. Book: Risk-sharing in village economies revisited

    Bold, Tessa / Broer, Tobias

    (Discussion paper series / Centre for Economic Policy Research : Development economics ; DP 11143)

    2016  

    Author's details Tessa Bold and Tobias Broer
    Series title Discussion paper series / Centre for Economic Policy Research : Development economics ; DP 11143
    Keywords Schätzung ; Indien ; Dörfliche Wirtschaft ; Einkommen ; Risikomanagement ; Versicherung ; Informelle Gruppe ; Kollektives Handeln ; Selbstverpflichtung ; Verhandlungstheorie ; Theorie
    Language English
    Size 63 Seiten, Illustrationen
    Publisher Centre for Economic Policy Research
    Publishing place London
    Document type Book
    Note Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  6. Book ; Online: Clientelism in the public sector

    Bold, Tessa / Molina, Ezequiel / Safir, Abla

    why public service reforms fail and what to do about it

    (Policy research working paper ; 8439)

    2018  

    Author's details Tessa Bold, Ezequiel Molina, Abla Safir
    Series title Policy research working paper ; 8439
    Keywords Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Öffentlicher Sektor ; Reform ; Rent-Seeking ; Patronage ; Entwicklungsländer
    Language English
    Size 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  7. Book: The lost human capital

    Bold, Tessa / Filmer, Deon / Molina, Ezequiel / Svensson, Jakob

    teacher knowledge and student learning in Africa

    (Discussion paper series / Centre for Economic Policy Research : Development economics and public economics ; DP 12956)

    2018  

    Author's details Tessa Bold, Ezequiel Molina, Deon Filmer and Jakob Svensson
    Series title Discussion paper series / Centre for Economic Policy Research : Development economics and public economics ; DP 12956
    Language English
    Size 55 Seiten, Illustrationen
    Document type Book
    Note Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  8. Article: Predicted COVID-19 fatality rates based on age, sex, comorbidities and health system capacity.

    Ghisolfi, Selene / Almås, Ingvild / Sandefur, Justin C / von Carnap, Tillman / Heitner, Jesse / Bold, Tessa

    BMJ global health

    2020  Volume 5, Issue 9

    Abstract: Early reports suggest the fatality rate from COVID-19 varies greatly across countries, but non-random testing and incomplete vital registration systems render it impossible to directly estimate the infection fatality rate (IFR) in many low- and middle- ... ...

    Abstract Early reports suggest the fatality rate from COVID-19 varies greatly across countries, but non-random testing and incomplete vital registration systems render it impossible to directly estimate the infection fatality rate (IFR) in many low- and middle-income countries. To fill this gap, we estimate the adjustments required to extrapolate estimates of the IFR from high-income to lower-income regions. Accounting for differences in the distribution of age, sex and relevant comorbidities yields substantial differences in the predicted IFR across 21 world regions, ranging from 0.11% in Western Sub-Saharan Africa to 1.07% for high-income Asia Pacific. However, these predictions must be treated as lower bounds in low- and middle-income countries as they are grounded in fatality rates from countries with advanced health systems. To adjust for health system capacity, we incorporate regional differences in the relative odds of infection fatality from childhood respiratory syncytial virus. This adjustment greatly diminishes but does not entirely erase the demography-based advantage predicted in the lowest income settings, with regional estimates of the predicted COVID-19 IFR ranging from 0.37% in Western Sub-Saharan Africa to 1.45% for Eastern Europe.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Comorbidity ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/mortality ; Female ; Health Resources/supply & distribution ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Statistical ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/mortality ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Young Adult
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ISSN 2059-7908
    ISSN 2059-7908
    DOI 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003094
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Implications of endogenous group formation for efficient risk-sharing

    Bold, Tessa

    The economic journal : the journal of the Royal Economic Society Bd. 119.2009 (Mar.)=Nr. 536, S. 562-591

    2009  

    Author's details Tessa Bold
    Keywords Risiko ; Versicherung ; Implizite Kontrakte ; Vertragstheorie ; Spieltheorie
    Language English
    Size graph. Darst.
    Publisher Blackwell
    Publishing place Oxford [u.a.]
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 3025-9
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  10. Book: Insurance companies of the poor

    Bold, Tessa / Dercon, Stefan

    (Discussion paper series / Centre for Economic Policy Research : Development economic ; 10278)

    2014  

    Author's details Tessa Bold and Stefan Dercon
    Series title Discussion paper series / Centre for Economic Policy Research : Development economic ; 10278
    Keywords Mikroversicherung ; Versicherung ; Informeller Finanzsektor ; Vertrag ; Normbefolgung ; Sparen ; Sozialkapital ; Theorie ; Äthiopien
    Language English
    Size 49 S., graph. Darst.
    Publisher Centre for Economic Policy Research
    Publishing place London
    Document type Book
    Database ECONomics Information System

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