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Article ; Online: Defaunation changes leaf trait composition of recruit communities in tropical forests in French Guiana

Vaessen, Rens W. / Jansen, Patrick A. / Richard‐Hansen, Cécile / Boot, René G. A. / Denis, Thomas / Derroire, Géraldine / Petronelli, Pascal / de Vries, Jesse S. / Barry, Kathryn E. / Steege, Hans ter / van Kuijk, Marijke

Ecology. 2023 Jan., v. 104, no. 1 p.e3872-

2023

Abstract: Hunting impacts tropical vertebrate populations, causing declines of species that function as seed dispersers and predators, or that browse seedlings and saplings. Whether and how the resulting reductions in seed dispersal, seed predation, and browsing ... ...

Abstract	Hunting impacts tropical vertebrate populations, causing declines of species that function as seed dispersers and predators, or that browse seedlings and saplings. Whether and how the resulting reductions in seed dispersal, seed predation, and browsing translate to changes in the tree composition is poorly understood. Here, we assess the effect of defaunation on the functional composition of communities of tree recruits in tropical rainforests in French Guiana. We selected eight sites along a gradient of defaunation, caused by differences in hunting pressure, in otherwise intact old‐growth forests in French Guiana. We measured shifts in functional composition by comparing leaf and fruit traits and wood density between tree recruits (up to 5 cm diameter at breast height) and adults, and tested whether and how these compositional shifts related to defaunation. We found a positive relationship with defaunation for shifts in specific leaf area, a negative relationship for shifts of leaf toughness and wood density, and a weak relationship for shifts in fruit traits. Our results suggest that the loss of vertebrates affects ecological processes such as seed dispersal and browsing, of which browsing remains understudied. Even though these changes sometimes seem minor, together they result in major shifts in forest composition. These changes have long‐term ramifications that may alter forest dynamics for generations.
Keywords	forest dynamics ; forests ; fruits ; leaves ; seed dispersal ; seed predation ; specific leaf area ; tree and stand measurements ; trees ; vertebrates ; wood density ; French Guiana
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-01
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1797-8
ISSN	0012-9658
ISSN	0012-9658
DOI	10.1002/ecy.3872
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Assessing spatial equity in access to service-provisioning hotspots in data-scarce tropical forests regions under external pressure

Ramirez-Gomez, Sara O.I / van Laerhoven, Frank / Boot, René / Biermann, Frank / Verweij, Pita A

Ecosystem services. 2020 Oct., v. 45

2020

Abstract: Equity is an essential element in the implementation of policies related to ecosystem services. With the rapid expansion of commercial land use into tropical forest regions, the urgency and importance to integrate equity issues in space and time in ... ...

Abstract	Equity is an essential element in the implementation of policies related to ecosystem services. With the rapid expansion of commercial land use into tropical forest regions, the urgency and importance to integrate equity issues in space and time in decisions and actions stand without doubt. However, data scarcity in these regions limits the understanding of factors that affect spatial and temporal aspects of equity. This again emphasizes the need of rapid and robust ways to address spatio-temporal patterns of equity that are especially suited for data-scarce regions. This study addresses this gap. We assess the factors that have an influence on spatial equity through an empirical study that compares two sub-regions in the Upper Suriname River Basin. In the first sub-region, some logging and road building occur; the other, however, is more remote and such interventions are not yet developed but merely planned. We collected spatial data for 1995 and 2015 using a participatory GIS survey (n = 493), registering provisioning service hotspots. We then explored spatial equity, according to clan and authority position, by analyzing variation over time and across regions in relation to access capabilities of these users. In the region with roads and logging, spatial equity concerns emerged over time regarding the provision of timber and fish. In the remote region, spatial inequity in access to fish provisioning hotspots of ecosystem services increased while it showed a decreasing trend for timber. In outlining spatial equity concerns, we argue that spatial equity analysis unveils an essential social dimension in the use of the space that is integral in spatial planning processes in data scarce forest regions under external pressures.
Keywords	ecosystem services ; empirical research ; fish ; geographic information systems ; issues and policy ; land use ; logging ; planning ; roads ; space and time ; spatial data ; surveys ; tropical forests ; watersheds ; Suriname
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-10
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2681542-4
ISSN	2212-0416
ISSN	2212-0416
DOI	10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101151
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Influence of livelihood assets, experienced shocks and perceived risks on smallholder coffee farming practices in Peru.

Jezeer, Rosalien E / Verweij, Pita A / Boot, René G A / Junginger, Martin / Santos, Maria J

Journal of environmental management

2019 Volume 242, Page(s) 496–506

Abstract: Smallholder farmers might adopt different farming practices to cope with multiple stressors depending on their livelihood assets, and with varying environmental and economic outcomes. Ongoing global change is triggering stronger and different stressors ... ...

Abstract	Smallholder farmers might adopt different farming practices to cope with multiple stressors depending on their livelihood assets, and with varying environmental and economic outcomes. Ongoing global change is triggering stronger and different stressors that threaten conventional farming practices; however, this could be resolved if livelihood assets that drive decision making are actionable and thus can be modified. This study assessed the influence of farmers' livelihood assets, risk perception, and shocks on the choice of non-conventional farming practices for smallholder coffee farmers in San Martín, Peru. Using household survey data, we collected data on 162 coffee plantations along an elevation gradient. We operationalized the sustainable livelihoods framework for the adoption of shade and input coffee farming strategies and explored farmers' motives to change them. Despite associated high risks with pest and disease pressure, coffee price volatility and climate change, these risks did not explain the current shade and input farming strategies. While in the past five years, farmers adapted shade and input management in response to pest and disease and climate change pressures, these occurred in diverging directions: we found higher human and social assets associated with higher shade levels, and a trend for higher physical and financial assets associated with higher input use. These findings illustrate that two main factors affect decisions on farming practices related to shade and input management and they relate to different livelihood capitals. This suggests a potential for conflicting decision-making, push-and-pulling decisions in different directions. Further the disconnect between livelihood assets and perceptions suggests that perception of risk and shocks might not be sufficient to motivate decision making under changing conditions. Such insights in decision-making typologies and drivers can inform the development of farming practices that enhance resilience and sustainability of smallholder coffee production in Peru and elsewhere in the tropics.
MeSH term(s)	Agriculture ; Coffee ; Farmers ; Farms ; Humans ; Peru
Chemical Substances	Coffee
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	184882-3
ISSN	1095-8630 ; 0301-4797
ISSN (online)	1095-8630
ISSN	0301-4797
DOI	10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.101
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Defaunation changes leaf trait composition of recruit communities in tropical forests in French Guiana.

Vaessen, Rens W / Jansen, Patrick A / Richard-Hansen, Cécile / Boot, René G A / Denis, Thomas / Derroire, Géraldine / Petronelli, Pascal / de Vries, Jesse S / Barry, Kathryn E / Ter Steege, Hans / van Kuijk, Marijke

Ecology

2022 Volume 104, Issue 1, Page(s) e3872

Abstract	Hunting impacts tropical vertebrate populations, causing declines of species that function as seed dispersers and predators, or that browse seedlings and saplings. Whether and how the resulting reductions in seed dispersal, seed predation, and browsing translate to changes in the tree composition is poorly understood. Here, we assess the effect of defaunation on the functional composition of communities of tree recruits in tropical rainforests in French Guiana. We selected eight sites along a gradient of defaunation, caused by differences in hunting pressure, in otherwise intact old-growth forests in French Guiana. We measured shifts in functional composition by comparing leaf and fruit traits and wood density between tree recruits (up to 5 cm diameter at breast height) and adults, and tested whether and how these compositional shifts related to defaunation. We found a positive relationship with defaunation for shifts in specific leaf area, a negative relationship for shifts of leaf toughness and wood density, and a weak relationship for shifts in fruit traits. Our results suggest that the loss of vertebrates affects ecological processes such as seed dispersal and browsing, of which browsing remains understudied. Even though these changes sometimes seem minor, together they result in major shifts in forest composition. These changes have long-term ramifications that may alter forest dynamics for generations.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; French Guiana ; Forests ; Trees ; Vertebrates ; Plant Leaves ; Tropical Climate ; Ecosystem
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2010140-5
ISSN	1939-9170 ; 0012-9658
ISSN (online)	1939-9170
ISSN	0012-9658
DOI	10.1002/ecy.3872
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Article: Formalizing community forest tenure rights: A theory of change and conditions for success

Kusters, Koen / de Graaf, Maartje / Ascarrunz, Nataly / Benneker, Charlotte / Boot, René / van Kanten, Rudi / Livingstone, John / Maindo, Alphonse / Mendoza, Heidi / Purwanto, Edi / Rodríguez, Carlos / Ssemmanda, Richard / Thang, Tran Nam / Zagt, Roderick

Forest policy and economics. 2022 Aug., v. 141

2022

Abstract: The formalization of community forest tenure rights is expected to promote sustainable community forest management, and is seen as a way to combine objectives related to environmental conservation, livelihood improvement, and local self-determination. ... ...

Abstract	The formalization of community forest tenure rights is expected to promote sustainable community forest management, and is seen as a way to combine objectives related to environmental conservation, livelihood improvement, and local self-determination. However, the formalization of forest tenure rights by itself, does not automatically result in the intended impacts. There is a need to better understand the conditions under which communities are able to use these rights to achieve positive outcomes across multiple dimensions. We formulated a simple theory of change that underlies the formalization of community forest tenure rights, and used it to assess the outcomes, bottlenecks and enabling conditions of community forest tenure models across the forested tropics. Based on this analysis, we identified ten conditions that need to be in place for community forest tenure rights formalization to achieve the intended impacts. The theory of change and associated conditions form a generic conceptual framework that can be used to inform policy and practice of actors supporting community forest tenure rights, including civil society organizations and government agencies.
Keywords	community forestry ; forest management ; forest policy ; forests ; governance ; livelihood ; natural resources conservation ; sustainable communities
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-08
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ISSN	1389-9341
DOI	10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102766
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Influence of livelihood assets, experienced shocks and perceived risks on smallholder coffee farming practices in Peru

Jezeer, Rosalien E / Boot, René G.A / Junginger, Martin / Santos, Maria J / Verweij, Pita A

Journal of environmental management. 2019 July 15, v. 242

2019

Abstract	Smallholder farmers might adopt different farming practices to cope with multiple stressors depending on their livelihood assets, and with varying environmental and economic outcomes. Ongoing global change is triggering stronger and different stressors that threaten conventional farming practices; however, this could be resolved if livelihood assets that drive decision making are actionable and thus can be modified. This study assessed the influence of farmers' livelihood assets, risk perception, and shocks on the choice of non-conventional farming practices for smallholder coffee farmers in San Martín, Peru. Using household survey data, we collected data on 162 coffee plantations along an elevation gradient. We operationalized the sustainable livelihoods framework for the adoption of shade and input coffee farming strategies and explored farmers’ motives to change them. Despite associated high risks with pest and disease pressure, coffee price volatility and climate change, these risks did not explain the current shade and input farming strategies. While in the past five years, farmers adapted shade and input management in response to pest and disease and climate change pressures, these occurred in diverging directions: we found higher human and social assets associated with higher shade levels, and a trend for higher physical and financial assets associated with higher input use. These findings illustrate that two main factors affect decisions on farming practices related to shade and input management and they relate to different livelihood capitals. This suggests a potential for conflicting decision-making, push-and-pulling decisions in different directions. Further the disconnect between livelihood assets and perceptions suggests that perception of risk and shocks might not be sufficient to motivate decision making under changing conditions. Such insights in decision-making typologies and drivers can inform the development of farming practices that enhance resilience and sustainability of smallholder coffee production in Peru and elsewhere in the tropics.
Keywords	altitude ; climate change ; crop production ; decision making ; farmers ; farming systems ; financial assets ; household surveys ; livelihood ; pests ; plantations ; prices ; risk perception ; shade ; tropics ; Peru
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0715
Size	p. 496-506.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	184882-3
ISSN	1095-8630 ; 0301-4797
ISSN (online)	1095-8630
ISSN	0301-4797
DOI	10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.101
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Shaded coffee and cocoa

Jezeer, Rosalien E / Boot, René G.A / Santos, Maria J / Verweij, Pita A

Ecological economics : the transdisciplinary journal of the International Society for Ecological Economics Vol. 140 , p. 136-145

double dividend for biodiversity and small-scale farmers

2017 Volume 140, Page(s) 136–145

Author's details	Jezeer Rosalien E., Verweij Pita A., Santos Maria J., Boot René G.A
Keywords	Kaffeeanbau ; Kakaoanbau ; Doppelte Dividende ; Artenvielfalt ; Kleinbauern ; Meta-Analyse ; Welt
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier
Publishing place	Amsterdam [u.a.]
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1002942-4
ISSN	0921-8009
Database	ECONomics Information System

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Article ; Online: Defaunation changes leaf trait composition of recruit communities in tropical forests in French Guiana

Vaessen, Rens W. / Jansen, Patrick A. / Richard-Hansen, Cécile / Boot, René G.A. / Denis, Thomas / Derroire, Géraldine / Petronelli, Pascal / de Vries, Jesse S. / Barry, Kathryn E. / ter Steege, Hans / van Kuijk, Marijke

Ecology

2023 Volume 104, Issue 1

Abstract	Hunting impacts tropical vertebrate populations, causing declines of species that function as seed dispersers and predators, or that browse seedlings and saplings. Whether and how the resulting reductions in seed dispersal, seed predation, and browsing translate to changes in the tree composition is poorly understood. Here, we assess the effect of defaunation on the functional composition of communities of tree recruits in tropical rainforests in French Guiana. We selected eight sites along a gradient of defaunation, caused by differences in hunting pressure, in otherwise intact old-growth forests in French Guiana. We measured shifts in functional composition by comparing leaf and fruit traits and wood density between tree recruits (up to 5 cm diameter at breast height) and adults, and tested whether and how these compositional shifts related to defaunation. We found a positive relationship with defaunation for shifts in specific leaf area, a negative relationship for shifts of leaf toughness and wood density, and a weak relationship for shifts in fruit traits. Our results suggest that the loss of vertebrates affects ecological processes such as seed dispersal and browsing, of which browsing remains understudied. Even though these changes sometimes seem minor, together they result in major shifts in forest composition. These changes have long-term ramifications that may alter forest dynamics for generations.
Keywords	functional composition ; functional trait ; hunting ; leaf toughness ; specific leaf area ; wood density
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1797-8
ISSN	0012-9658
ISSN	0012-9658
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: An Assessment of Soil Phytolith Analysis as a Palaeoecological Tool for Identifying Pre-Columbian Land Use in Amazonian Rainforests

Hill, James / Black, Stuart / Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro / Boot, Rene / Brienen, Roel / Feldpausch, Ted / Leigue, John / Murakami, Samaria / Monteagudo, Abel / Pardo, Guido / Peña-Claros, Marielos / Phillips, Oliver L. / Toledo, Marisol / Vos, Vincent / Zuidema, Pieter / Mayle, Francis E.

Quaternary

2023 Volume 6, Issue 2

Abstract: Phytolith analysis is a well-established archaeobotanical tool, having provided important insights into pre-Columbian crop cultivation and domestication across Amazonia through the Holocene. Yet, its use as a palaeoecological tool is in its infancy in ... ...

Abstract	Phytolith analysis is a well-established archaeobotanical tool, having provided important insights into pre-Columbian crop cultivation and domestication across Amazonia through the Holocene. Yet, its use as a palaeoecological tool is in its infancy in Amazonia and its effectiveness for reconstructing pre-Columbian land-use beyond archaeological sites (i.e., ‘off-site’) has so far received little critical attention. This paper examines both new and previously published soil phytolith data from SW Amazonia to assess the robustness of this proxy for reconstructing pre-Columbian land-use. We conducted the study via off-site soil pits radiating 7.5 km beyond a geoglyph in Acre state, Brazil, and 50 km beyond a ring-ditch in northern Bolivia, spanning the expected gradients in historical land-use intensity. We found that the spatio-temporal patterns in palm phytolith data across our soil-pit transects support the hypothesis that pre-Columbian peoples enriched their forests with palms over several millennia, although phytoliths are limited in their ability to capture small-scale crop cultivation and deforestation. Despite these drawbacks, we conclude that off-site soil phytolith analysis can provide novel insights into pre-Columbian land use, provided it is effectively integrated with other land-use (e.g., charcoal) and archaeological data.
Keywords	Amazonia ; Holocene ; palaeoecology ; phytoliths ; pre-Columbian
Language	English
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Article ; Online
ISSN	2571-550X
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: The New Face of Debt-Peonage in the Bolivian Amazon: Social Networks and Bargaining Instruments

Cardona, Walter Cano / De Jong, Wil / Boot, René G. A / Zuidema, Pieter A

Human ecology. 2014 Aug., v. 42, no. 4

2014

Abstract: The debt-peonage system is an agreement between patrons and laborers in different economic activities worldwide. A common feature is social exploitation of laborers that generate profits to the patrons. In recent literature it has been argued that debt- ... ...

Abstract	The debt-peonage system is an agreement between patrons and laborers in different economic activities worldwide. A common feature is social exploitation of laborers that generate profits to the patrons. In recent literature it has been argued that debt-peonage can be an economically sound arrangement that secures the needs of actors. The paper evaluates to what extent traditionally strong debt-peonage in forest-dwelling communities in the Bolivian Amazon, has developed in a way that better secures the needs and economic interest of multiple actors. Case studies in sixteen communities yielded qualitative information on debt relations between peasants, traders and former patrons. Debt-peonage changed from a mechanism to provide and keep workforce indebted to new social relationships, equitable commercial links, opportunity to access work capital and production chain diversification. This rapid shift was caused by important changes in land and forest regulations.
Keywords	capital ; case studies ; debt ; forestry law ; labor force ; peasantry ; profits and margins ; social networks ; Amazonia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-08
Size	p. 541-549.
Publishing place	Springer-Verlag
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	216107-2
ISSN	0300-7839
ISSN	0300-7839
DOI	10.1007/s10745-014-9666-4
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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