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  1. Article ; Online: Point prevalence of epilepsy in dementia: A "real-world" estimate.

    Muroni, Antonella / Floris, Gianluca / Borghero, Giuseppe / Ardu, Silvia / Pateri, Maria Ida / Pilotto, Silvy / Pisano, Giada / Defazio, Giovanni

    Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape

    2024  Volume 26, Issue 2, Page(s) 209–214

    Abstract: Objective: Several studies have demonstrated a higher frequency of seizures and epilepsy in Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia as compared with healthy elderly individuals. However, incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in the general ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Several studies have demonstrated a higher frequency of seizures and epilepsy in Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia as compared with healthy elderly individuals. However, incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in the general population of dementia are unknown since most previous studies were performed in secondary-tertiary referral centres. In addition, all prior studies but one provided "period" rather than "point" prevalence estimates.
    Methods: We assessed point prevalence estimate of epileptic manifestations requiring antiepileptic medication in patients Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and fronto-temporal dementia from a secondary clinical setting.
    Results: Point prevalence estimates were 6.4% (95% CI: 1.5 to 11.3) in Alzheimer's disease, 8.9% (95% CI: 1.4 to 16.4), in vascular dementia, and 6% (95% CI: 1.3 to 10.7) in fronto-temporal dementia, rates that were greater than those observed in the healthy elderly population. Regardless of the etiology of dementia, epilepsy was characterized by unprovoked seizures that lacked distinguishing clinical features.
    Significance: These findings support epilepsy as part of the spectrum of dementia. The similar point prevalence of definite epilepsy requiring AED treatment in Alzheimer's disease and non Alzheimer dementias raised the possibility of similar underlying mechanism of epileptogenesis. Although this was not a population-based study, accurate point prevalence data from clinic setting would be important to better define the burden of epilepsy in dementia and the demands on health services to manage the condition.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Aged ; Alzheimer Disease/complications ; Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology ; Dementia/etiology ; Dementia/complications ; Prevalence ; Dementia, Vascular/complications ; Epilepsy/drug therapy ; Seizures/complications
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2086797-9
    ISSN 1950-6945 ; 1294-9361
    ISSN (online) 1950-6945
    ISSN 1294-9361
    DOI 10.1002/epd2.20199
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  2. Article ; Online: Increasing prevalence 2015-2019 of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Sardinia, Italy.

    Pateri, Maria Ida / Pilotto, Silvy / Borghero, Giuseppe / Pili, Francesca / Pierri, Vincenzo / Ercoli, Tommaso / Gigante, Angelo Fabio / Muroni, Antonella / Defazio, Giovanni

    Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology

    2023  Volume 44, Issue 8, Page(s) 2781–2786

    Abstract: Background: While amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) incidence has increased during the last decades, structured evidence on increased prevalence is lacking. After reporting a significant yearly increase of ALS incidence over a 10-year period, we ... ...

    Abstract Background: While amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) incidence has increased during the last decades, structured evidence on increased prevalence is lacking. After reporting a significant yearly increase of ALS incidence over a 10-year period, we checked for increased prevalence in Southern Sardinia over a quinquennium.
    Methods: ALS patients (El Escorial Criteria) recruited from the study area and followed at ALS Centre, University of Cagliari, were included. Prevalence was computed for January 1, 2015 and January 1, 2019 and was calculated for the overall ALS population as well as for tracheostomized and non-tracheostomized patients.
    Results: We observed a non-significant trend for greater ALS prevalence in 2019 than in 2015 (18.31 per 100,000 vs. 15.26 per 100,000; rate ratio: 1.83, p = 0.01). By contrast, a significantly raising 2015 to 2019 ALS prevalence was observed in tracheostomized patients. No significant difference could be detected in non-tracheostomized.
    Conclusions: We provided the highest prevalence rate to date reported in the worldwide literature, and also showed a non-significant raising ALS prevalence in the Sardinian population over a quinquennium. The trend in raising ALS prevalence was likely due to extended survival due to invasive interventions.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Italy/epidemiology ; Incidence
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-24
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2016546-8
    ISSN 1590-3478 ; 1590-1874
    ISSN (online) 1590-3478
    ISSN 1590-1874
    DOI 10.1007/s10072-023-06753-5
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  3. Article ; Online: Disease survival and progression in TARDBP ALS patients from Sardinia, Italy.

    Borghero, Giuseppe / Pili, Francesca / Muroni, Antonella / Ercoli, Tommaso / Pateri, Maria Ida / Pilotto, Silvy / Maccabeo, Alessandra / Defazio, Giovanni

    Journal of neurology

    2023  Volume 271, Issue 2, Page(s) 929–934

    Abstract: Background: Common genes implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) development may also influence its progression rate. The C9orf72 mutations featured a faster progression rate while the European SOD1 mutations were associated with a slower ... ...

    Abstract Background: Common genes implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) development may also influence its progression rate. The C9orf72 mutations featured a faster progression rate while the European SOD1 mutations were associated with a slower progression. In this study, we assessed the relationship between TARDBP and ALS progression/survival.
    Methods: ALS incident patients (2010-2019) were diagnosed by El Escorial revised criteria and staged over the disease course by the King's staging system. Disease progression was analysed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression models, with survival measured from symptom onset to death/tracheostomy or censor date.
    Results: The study population included 76 patients carrying TARDBP mutations (A382T/G295S), 28 patients carrying the C9orf72 GGGGCC expansion, and 158 patients who had no evidence of causative genetic mutations (nmALS group). TARDBP patients reached death/tracheostomy later than C9orf72 and nmALS patients, independently of possible prognostic indicators (sex, age at ALS onset, diagnostic delay, phenotype at onset, and family history of ALS). On King's staging, the time elapsed between disease onset (King's stage 1) and involvement of the second body region (King's stage 2B) was similar in TARDBP and nmALS patients but longer in TARDBP than in C9orf72 patients. TARDBP patients reached King's stages 3 and 4 later than C9orf72 and nmALS patients.
    Conclusions: TARDBP patients have a better survival/prognosis than C9orf72-positive and nmALS patients. King's staging also suggested that the higher survival rate and the slower progression associated with the TARDBP mutation could mainly be attributed to the longer time elapsed between King's stages 2B to 3.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/diagnosis ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/epidemiology ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics ; C9orf72 Protein/genetics ; Delayed Diagnosis ; Disease Progression ; Italy/epidemiology ; Mutation/genetics ; Phenotype
    Chemical Substances C9orf72 Protein ; TARDBP protein, human
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-19
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 187050-6
    ISSN 1432-1459 ; 0340-5354 ; 0012-1037 ; 0939-1517 ; 1619-800X
    ISSN (online) 1432-1459
    ISSN 0340-5354 ; 0012-1037 ; 0939-1517 ; 1619-800X
    DOI 10.1007/s00415-023-12037-x
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  4. Article ; Online: Spatial clustering of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Sardinia, Italy: The contribution of age, sex, and genetic factors.

    Borghero, Giuseppe / Sechi, Maria Margherita / Vasta, Rosario / Pierri, Vincenzo / Pili, Francesca / Pateri, Ida / Pilotto, Silvy / Ercoli, Tommaso / Muroni, Antonella / Chiò, Adriano / Defazio, Giovanni

    Muscle & nerve

    2023  Volume 68, Issue 3, Page(s) 323–328

    Abstract: Introduction/aims: Several microgeographic clusters of higher/lower incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been identified worldwide. Differences in the distribution of local factors were proposed to explain the excess ALS risk, whereas ... ...

    Abstract Introduction/aims: Several microgeographic clusters of higher/lower incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been identified worldwide. Differences in the distribution of local factors were proposed to explain the excess ALS risk, whereas the contribution of known genetic/epigenetic factors remains unclear. The aim is to identify restricted areas of higher risk in Sardinia and to assess whether age, sex, and the most common causative genetic mutations in Sardinia (C9orf72 and TARDBP mutations) contributed to the variation in the ALS risk.
    Methods: We performed an ad hoc analysis of the 10-y population-based incident cohort of ALS cases from a recent study of a large Sardinian area. Cluster analysis was performed by age- and sex-adjusted Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic.
    Results: We identified a statistically significant cluster of higher ALS incidence in a relatively large area including 34 municipalities and >100,000 individuals. The investigated genetic mutations were more frequent in the cluster area than outside. Regardless of the genetic mutations, the excess of ALS risk was significantly associated with either sex or with age ≥ 65 y. Finally, an additive interaction between older age and male sex contributed to the excess of ALS risk in the cluster area but not outside.
    Discussion: Our analysis demonstrated that known genetic factors, age, and sex may contribute to microgeographic variation in ALS incidence. The significant additive interaction between older age and male sex we found in the high-incidence cluster could suggest the presence of a third factor connecting the analyzed risk factors.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/epidemiology ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics ; Mutation/genetics ; Incidence ; Risk Factors ; Cluster Analysis ; Italy/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 438353-9
    ISSN 1097-4598 ; 0148-639X
    ISSN (online) 1097-4598
    ISSN 0148-639X
    DOI 10.1002/mus.27939
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  5. Article ; Online: Impact of occupational categories on the incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Sardinia Island, Italy.

    Pierri, Vincenzo / Borghero, Giuseppe / Pili, Francesca / Ercoli, Tommaso / Gigante, Angelo Fabio / Lecca, Luigi Isaia / Vasta, Rosario / Campagna, Marcello / Chiò, Adriano / Defazio, Giovanni

    Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration

    2022  Volume 24, Issue 3-4, Page(s) 212–218

    Abstract: Objective: Occupation is one of the potential risk factors for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) for which previous controlled studies produced inconsistent results. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of several groups of occupational ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Occupation is one of the potential risk factors for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) for which previous controlled studies produced inconsistent results. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of several groups of occupational categories on ALS incidence.
    Methods: ALS patients from the southern part of Sardinia who had onset during 2012-2021 and fulfilled El Escorial revised diagnostic criteria were included. The risk of ALS was estimated in relation to the occupation held in 2011, as obtained from the 2011 Census that classified working activities in ten groups. Each occupational group was compared with a reference category represented by all other occupations, and rate ratio were calculated. Additive interaction between activity at work and age at ALS onset/sex on ALS incidence was calculated.
    Results: Employment in agriculture/breeding and in the armed forces were significantly associated with increasing ALS risk. None of the other assessed occupation groups was associated with change in the risk of ALS. Geographic analysis indicated that the effect of agriculture/breeding was particularly evident in the areas of higher risk for the general population. By contrast, an inverse pattern of spatial risk was associated with armed forces activity at work. The increased risk of ALS associated to agriculture/breeding was more evident in older people. No significant interaction was detected between working in the armed forces and older age/sex.
    Conclusions: The significant interaction between agriculture/breeding and age suggests that the mechanisms leading to ALS are complex and involve several factors.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Aged ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/diagnosis ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/epidemiology ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/etiology ; Incidence ; Italy/epidemiology ; Risk Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2705049-X
    ISSN 2167-9223 ; 2167-8421
    ISSN (online) 2167-9223
    ISSN 2167-8421
    DOI 10.1080/21678421.2022.2153606
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  6. Article ; Online: Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Sardinia, Italy: age-sex interaction and spatial-temporal variability.

    Borghero, Giuseppe / Pierri, Vincenzo / Vasta, Rosario / Ercoli, Tommaso / Primicerio, Giulia / Pili, Francesca / Gigante, Angelo Fabio / Rocchi, Lorenzo / Chiò, Adriano / Defazio, Giovanni

    Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration

    2022  Volume 23, Issue 7-8, Page(s) 585–591

    Abstract: ... Objective: ... This study assessed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) incidence in Sardinia, Italy, and the combined contribution of age and gender to disease risk. We also checked disease incidence for spatial-temporal variability. ... Methods ... : ... ...

    Abstract Objective: This study assessed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) incidence in Sardinia, Italy, and the combined contribution of age and gender to disease risk. We also checked disease incidence for spatial-temporal variability. Methods: ALS patients from all neurological centers of the study area who had onset during 2010-2019 and fulfilled El Escorial revised diagnostic criteria were included. Incidence was calculated for the overall study area and each province separately. Additive interaction between age and sex on ALS incidence was assessed. Results: The average crude annual incidence rate was 3.6/100,000 person-years (95% CI, 3.2-4.1), 3.1/100,000 person-years (95% CI, 2.7-3.5) when age-adjusted. Incidence was greater among people aged ≥65 years and men, with the two variables undergoing significant additive interaction. Incidence increased yearly over the study period, with annual incidence correlating with the increasing yearly frequency of people aged ≥65 years, but not with the proportion of incident cases carrying genetic mutations. Stratifying by province, the rates from Oristano and South Sardinia were higher than the rate from Cagliari. ALS patients from areas at different risk were comparable for frequency of clinical/genetic features. Conclusion: ALS incidence in Sardinia was in the upper part of the European range of variability. We also provided new information about age and sex as risk factors for ALS, showing male sex as a modifier of the effect of aging on ALS incidence. Spatial-temporal variations in ALS incidence correlated to changes in the proportion of the aging population rather than to the distribution of genetic factors.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Incidence ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/diagnosis ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/epidemiology ; Italy/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Mutation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2705049-X
    ISSN 2167-9223 ; 2167-8421
    ISSN (online) 2167-9223
    ISSN 2167-8421
    DOI 10.1080/21678421.2022.2041670
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  7. Article: The

    Canosa, Antonio / Calvo, Andrea / Mora, Gabriele / Moglia, Cristina / Brunetti, Maura / Barberis, Marco / Borghero, Giuseppe / Caponnetto, Claudia / Trojsi, Francesca / Spataro, Rossella / Volanti, Paolo / Simone, Isabella Laura / Salvi, Fabrizio / Logullo, Francesco Ottavio / Riva, Nilo / Tremolizzo, Lucio / Giannini, Fabio / Mandrioli, Jessica / Tanel, Raffaella /
    Murru, Maria Rita / Mandich, Paola / Conforti, Francesca Luisa / Zollino, Marcella / Sabatelli, Mario / Tarlarini, Claudia / Lunetta, Christian / Mazzini, Letizia / D'Alfonso, Sandra / Guy, Nathalie / Meininger, Vincent / Clavelou, Pierre / Camu, William / Chiò, Adriano / On Behalf Of Italsgen Consortium

    Biomedicines

    2023  Volume 11, Issue 3

    Abstract: ... ...

    Abstract Background
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-24
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2720867-9
    ISSN 2227-9059
    ISSN 2227-9059
    DOI 10.3390/biomedicines11030704
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  8. Article ; Online: Sleep cardiac dysautonomia and EEG oscillations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

    Congiu, Patrizia / Mariani, Sara / Milioli, Giulia / Parrino, Liborio / Tamburrino, Ludovica / Borghero, Giuseppe / Defazio, Giovanni / Pereira, Bruno / Fantini, Maria L / Puligheddu, Monica

    Sleep

    2019  Volume 42, Issue 11

    Abstract: Study objectives: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease due to loss of motor neurons. However, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can also be involved. The aim of this research was to assess the sleep macro- and ... ...

    Abstract Study objectives: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease due to loss of motor neurons. However, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can also be involved. The aim of this research was to assess the sleep macro- and microstructure, the cardiac ANS during sleep, and the relationships between sleep, autonomic features, and clinical parameters in a cohort of ALS patients.
    Methods: Forty-two consecutive ALS patients underwent clinical evaluation and full-night video-polysomnography. Only 31 patients met inclusion criteria (absence of comorbidities, intake of cardioactive drugs, or recording artifacts) and were selected for assessment of sleep parameters, including cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) and heart rate variability (HRV). Subjective sleep quality and daytime vigilance were also assessed using specific questionnaires.
    Results: Although sleep was subjectively perceived as satisfactory, compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls, ALS patients showed significant sleep alteration: decreased total sleep time and sleep efficiency, increased nocturnal awakenings, inverted stage 1 (N1)/stage 3 (N3) ratio, reduced REM sleep, and decreased CAP rate, the latter supported by lower amounts of A phases with an inverted A1/A3 ratio. Moreover, a significant reduction in HRV parameters was observed during all sleep stages, indicative of impaired autonomic oscillations.
    Conclusion: Our results indicate that sleep is significantly disrupted in ALS patients despite its subjective perception. Moreover, electroencephalogram activity and autonomic functions are less reactive, as shown by a decreased CAP rate and a reduction in HRV features, reflecting an unbalanced autonomic modulation.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/complications ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/physiopathology ; Autonomic Nervous System/physiopathology ; Brain/physiopathology ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Heart Rate/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polysomnography ; Primary Dysautonomias/complications ; Primary Dysautonomias/physiopathology ; Sleep/physiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 424441-2
    ISSN 1550-9109 ; 0161-8105
    ISSN (online) 1550-9109
    ISSN 0161-8105
    DOI 10.1093/sleep/zsz164
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  9. Article ; Online: Isolated rapid eye movement sleep without atonia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

    Puligheddu, Monica / Congiu, Patrizia / Aricò, Debora / Rundo, Francesco / Borghero, Giuseppe / Marrosu, Francesco / Fantini, Maria Livia / Ferri, Raffaele

    Sleep medicine

    2016  Volume 26, Page(s) 16–22

    Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to quantitatively analyze, with the most recent and advanced tools, the presence of periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS) and/or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without atonia (RSWA), in a group of patients with ... ...

    Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to quantitatively analyze, with the most recent and advanced tools, the presence of periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS) and/or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without atonia (RSWA), in a group of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and to assess their eventual correlation with the clinical severity of the disease.
    Methods: Twenty-nine ALS patients were enrolled (mean age 63.6 years) along with 28 age-matched "normal" controls (mean age 63.8 years). Functional impairment due to ALS was evaluated using the ALS-Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALS-FRS) and the ALS severity scale (ALSSS). Full video polysomnographic night recordings were obtained, and PLMS were analyzed by considering their number/hour of sleep and periodicity index, the distribution of intermovement intervals, and the distribution during the night. The characteristics of the chin electromyogram (EMG) amplitude during REM sleep were analyzed by means of the automatic atonia index and the number of chin EMG activations (movements).
    Results: The ALS patients showed longer sleep latency than the controls, together with an increase in number of stage shifts, increased sleep stage 1, and decreased sleep stage 2. None of the leg PLMS parameters were different between the ALS patients and controls. The REM atonia index was significantly decreased in the ALS patients, and the number of chin movements/hour tended to increase. Both REM atonia index and number of chin movements/hour correlated significantly with the ALS-FRS; REM atonia was higher and chin movements were less in ALS patients with more preserved function (higher scores on the ALS-FRS).
    Conclusion: Abnormal REM sleep atonia seemed to be a genuine effect of ALS pathology per se and correlated with the clinical severity of the disease. It is unclear if this might constitute the basis of a possible risk for the development of REM sleep behavior disorder or represent a form of isolated RSWA in ALS.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Electromyography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Hypotonia ; Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome ; Polysomnography ; Risk Factors ; Severity of Illness Index ; Sleep, REM/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2012041-2
    ISSN 1878-5506 ; 1389-9457
    ISSN (online) 1878-5506
    ISSN 1389-9457
    DOI 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.05.016
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  10. Article ; Online: Pisa-Like Syndrome Under Baclofen in a Patient With Spastic Hemiparesis due to Ischemic Stroke.

    Cannas, Antonino / Solla, Paolo / Mascia, Marcello / Muroni, Antonella / Floris, Gian Luca / Borghero, Giuseppe / Orofino, Gianni / Meloni, Mario / Marrosu, Francesco

    Clinical neuropharmacology

    2015  Volume 38, Issue 5, Page(s) 217–219

    Abstract: In its original description, Pisa syndrome was reported as an iatrogenic dystonia of the trunk caused by neuroleptic drugs. However, sometimes, not dystonic lateral flexion of the trunk is described as Pisa syndrome. These observations support the ... ...

    Abstract In its original description, Pisa syndrome was reported as an iatrogenic dystonia of the trunk caused by neuroleptic drugs. However, sometimes, not dystonic lateral flexion of the trunk is described as Pisa syndrome. These observations support the possibility of a drug-induced lateral flexion of the trunk with clinical presentation similar to Pisa syndrome, although with a different etiology and pathophysiology. Here, we describe the case of a male patient, with a previous ischemic stroke and residual spastic hemiparesis to the right side, who subacutely developed a dramatic lateral flexion of trunk (approximately 45° to the right) a few days after the introduction of Baclofen (5 mg 3 times per day). After the discontinuation of baclofen, a full recovery of the correct posture was obtained. In this respect, our case is paradigmatic: it is drug-induced but not clearly dystonic in its manifestation. Baclofen reduces the spasticity depressing the monosinaptic and polisinaptic reflex in the spinal cord by stimulating Gamma-aminobutyric acid B (GABA-B) receptors, which inhibit the release of excitatory amino acids, glutamate and aspartate. We believe that the definition of Pisa syndrome for these forms, not clearly dystonic, might be not completely appropriate, but they should be defined more correctly as Pisa-like syndromes.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Baclofen/adverse effects ; Dystonia/chemically induced ; GABA-B Receptor Agonists/adverse effects ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Spasticity/complications ; Muscle Spasticity/drug therapy ; Paresis/complications ; Paresis/etiology ; Stroke/complications ; Syndrome
    Chemical Substances GABA-B Receptor Agonists ; Baclofen (H789N3FKE8)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 199293-4
    ISSN 1537-162X ; 0362-5664
    ISSN (online) 1537-162X
    ISSN 0362-5664
    DOI 10.1097/WNF.0000000000000105
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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