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Article: Sample preparation techniques for suspect and non-target screening of emerging contaminants

Hajeb, Parvaneh / Zhu, Linyan / Bossi, Rossana / Vorkamp, Katrin

Chemosphere. 2022 Jan., v. 287

2022

Abstract: The progress in sensitivity and resolution in mass spectrometers in recent years provides the possibility to detect a broad range of organic compounds in a single procedure. For this reason, suspect and non-target screening techniques are gaining ... ...

Abstract	The progress in sensitivity and resolution in mass spectrometers in recent years provides the possibility to detect a broad range of organic compounds in a single procedure. For this reason, suspect and non-target screening techniques are gaining attention since they enable the detection of hundreds of known and unknown emerging contaminants in various matrices of environmental, food and human sources. Sample preparation is a critical step before analysis as it can significantly affect selectivity, sensitivity and reproducibility. The lack of generic sample preparation protocols is obvious in this fast-growing analytical field, and most studies use those of traditional targeted analysis methods. Among them, solvent extraction and solid phase extraction (SPE) are widely used to extract emerging contaminants from solid and liquid sample types, respectively. Sequential solvent extraction and a combination of different SPE sorbents can cover a broad range of chemicals in the samples. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and adsorption chromatography, including acidification, are typically used to remove matrix components such as lipids from complex matrices, but usually at the expense of compound losses. Ideally, the purification of samples intended for non-target analysis should be selective of matrix interferences. Recent studies have suggested quality assurance/quality control measures for suspect and non-target screening, based on expansion and extrapolation of target compound lists, but method validations remain challenging in the absence of analytical standards and harmonized sample preparation approaches.
Keywords	acidification ; adsorption ; gel chromatography ; humans ; liquids ; quality control ; solid phase extraction ; solvents ; sorbents
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-01
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	120089-6
ISSN	1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
ISSN (online)	1879-1298
ISSN	0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
DOI	10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132306
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Article ; Online: Sample preparation techniques for suspect and non-target screening of emerging contaminants.

Hajeb, Parvaneh / Zhu, Linyan / Bossi, Rossana / Vorkamp, Katrin

Chemosphere

2021 Volume 287, Issue Pt 3, Page(s) 132306

Abstract	The progress in sensitivity and resolution in mass spectrometers in recent years provides the possibility to detect a broad range of organic compounds in a single procedure. For this reason, suspect and non-target screening techniques are gaining attention since they enable the detection of hundreds of known and unknown emerging contaminants in various matrices of environmental, food and human sources. Sample preparation is a critical step before analysis as it can significantly affect selectivity, sensitivity and reproducibility. The lack of generic sample preparation protocols is obvious in this fast-growing analytical field, and most studies use those of traditional targeted analysis methods. Among them, solvent extraction and solid phase extraction (SPE) are widely used to extract emerging contaminants from solid and liquid sample types, respectively. Sequential solvent extraction and a combination of different SPE sorbents can cover a broad range of chemicals in the samples. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and adsorption chromatography, including acidification, are typically used to remove matrix components such as lipids from complex matrices, but usually at the expense of compound losses. Ideally, the purification of samples intended for non-target analysis should be selective of matrix interferences. Recent studies have suggested quality assurance/quality control measures for suspect and non-target screening, based on expansion and extrapolation of target compound lists, but method validations remain challenging in the absence of analytical standards and harmonized sample preparation approaches.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Solid Phase Extraction ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	120089-6
ISSN	1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
ISSN (online)	1879-1298
ISSN	0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
DOI	10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132306
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Article: Persistent organic pollutant exposures among Greenlandic adults in relation to lifestyle and diet: New data from the ACCEPT cohort

Wielsøe, Maria / Long, Manhai / Bossi, Rossana / Vorkamp, Katrin / Bonefeld-Jørgensen, Eva Cecilie

Science of the total environment. 2022 June 25, v. 827

2022

Abstract: High concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in blood of the Greenlandic population are well known. The exposure is mainly through traditional food intake, including marine mammals and seabirds. The present study aimed to follow up on POP ... ...

Abstract	High concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in blood of the Greenlandic population are well known. The exposure is mainly through traditional food intake, including marine mammals and seabirds. The present study aimed to follow up on POP concentrations (organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs)) and relations to lifestyle and diet of the mothers included in the Greenlandic ACCEPT cohort (3–5 years after inclusion in 2013–15) and to include the children's fathers. This new data collection in 2019–20 included blood samples for measurement of POP concentrations and lifestyle and food frequency questionnaires from 101 mothers and 76 fathers aged 24–55 years living in Nuuk, Sisimiut, and Ilulissat, Greenland. The mothers' intra-individual median percentage decrease in POP concentrations from inclusion to this follow-up (3–5 years later) was 16–58%, except for mirex (0% change). Median concentrations of POPs were 1.4–4.6 times higher in fathers than in mothers. The POPs differed by residential town with generally higher concentrations in Ilulissat compared to Sisimiut and Nuuk. We report, for the first time, novel HFRs in human samples from Greenland. However, concentrations were low and only dechlorane plus (with its anti-isomer) was detected in >50% of the samples. Most POPs correlated positively with age and n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio. The lipophilic POPs correlated positively with the percentage of life lived in Greenland, whereas few POPs correlated positively with BMI, income (personal and household), education, and alcohol intake. The POPs generally associated positively with the intake of marine mammals, seabirds, and dried fish, while few POPs associated positively with Greenlandic fish intake. In contrast, POPs generally associated negatively with imported meat products intake. The study findings may be of interest for future dietary recommendations in Greenland. We discuss the potential explanations for the findings and suggestions for future research.
Keywords	alcohol drinking ; blood ; data collection ; dried fish ; education ; environment ; fatty acid composition ; fish consumption ; humans ; income ; lifestyle ; lipophilicity ; meat ; mirex ; persistent organic pollutants ; polychlorinated biphenyls ; traditional foods ; Greenland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0625
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154270
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Article ; Online: Persistent organic pollutant exposures among Greenlandic adults in relation to lifestyle and diet: New data from the ACCEPT cohort.

Wielsøe, Maria / Long, Manhai / Bossi, Rossana / Vorkamp, Katrin / Bonefeld-Jørgensen, Eva Cecilie

The Science of the total environment

2022 Volume 827, Page(s) 154270

Abstract	High concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in blood of the Greenlandic population are well known. The exposure is mainly through traditional food intake, including marine mammals and seabirds. The present study aimed to follow up on POP concentrations (organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs)) and relations to lifestyle and diet of the mothers included in the Greenlandic ACCEPT cohort (3-5 years after inclusion in 2013-15) and to include the children's fathers. This new data collection in 2019-20 included blood samples for measurement of POP concentrations and lifestyle and food frequency questionnaires from 101 mothers and 76 fathers aged 24-55 years living in Nuuk, Sisimiut, and Ilulissat, Greenland. The mothers' intra-individual median percentage decrease in POP concentrations from inclusion to this follow-up (3-5 years later) was 16-58%, except for mirex (0% change). Median concentrations of POPs were 1.4-4.6 times higher in fathers than in mothers. The POPs differed by residential town with generally higher concentrations in Ilulissat compared to Sisimiut and Nuuk. We report, for the first time, novel HFRs in human samples from Greenland. However, concentrations were low and only dechlorane plus (with its anti-isomer) was detected in >50% of the samples. Most POPs correlated positively with age and n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio. The lipophilic POPs correlated positively with the percentage of life lived in Greenland, whereas few POPs correlated positively with BMI, income (personal and household), education, and alcohol intake. The POPs generally associated positively with the intake of marine mammals, seabirds, and dried fish, while few POPs associated positively with Greenlandic fish intake. In contrast, POPs generally associated negatively with imported meat products intake. The study findings may be of interest for future dietary recommendations in Greenland. We discuss the potential explanations for the findings and suggestions for future research.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Diet ; Environmental Pollutants/analysis ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; Humans ; Life Style ; Mammals ; Persistent Organic Pollutants ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Chemical Substances	Environmental Pollutants ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls (DFC2HB4I0K)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154270
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Article ; Online: Assessment of exposure to perfluorinated industrial substances and risk of immune suppression in Greenland and its global context: a mixed-methods study.

Sonne, Christian / Desforges, Jean-Pierre / Gustavson, Kim / Bossi, Rossana / Bonefeld-Jørgensen, Eva C / Long, Manhai / Rigét, Frank F / Dietz, Rune

The Lancet. Planetary health

2023 Volume 7, Issue 7, Page(s) e570–e579

Abstract: Background: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous global contaminants that do not readily biodegrade and are therefore routinely found worldwide in wildlife, humans, and the environment. There is a paucity of global assessments to understand ... ...

Abstract	Background: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous global contaminants that do not readily biodegrade and are therefore routinely found worldwide in wildlife, humans, and the environment. There is a paucity of global assessments to understand regional and continental differences in exposure to PFASs and the associated health risks, including those for Indigenous Arctic communities who consume high trophic marine diets. We aimed to estimate the long-term exposure of dietary PFASs from consumption of polar bear and ringed seal meat and establish its association with blood serum concentrations of PFASs in Inuit in Ittoqoortoormiit (Scoresby Sound), East Greenland. We also aimed to assess the risk of immune suppression on the basis of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) thresholds for weekly intake and blood serum concentrations of PFASs. Last, we conducted a worldwide risk assessment based on blood concentrations of PFASs emphasising Arctic exposure in a global context. Methods: In this mixed-methods study, we conducted interviews to compare dietary exposure of PFASs in anonymous, non-pregnant, Inuit adults (aged ≥18 years) from full-time or part-time hunter families in Ittoqoortoormiit, East Greenland with ESFA toxic threshold values for tolerable weekly intake of the four most immunotoxic PFASs (∑ Findings: Between Sept 21, and Oct 2, 2015, 22 participants were enrolled in the study, of which 12 were male and ten were female. Sex data were obtained from personal social security numbers and options were male or female. As a result of a subsistence diet high in marine mammal muscle, 322 (92%) of 350 people in the Ittoqoortoormiit cohort exceeded the established immunotoxic thresholds of ∑ Interpretation: PFAS contamination of the environment and human populations occurs worldwide. This pollution not only poses substantial risks for immune system adverse events but also cardiovascular, cancerous, and reproductive endpoints. Data on such PFAS exposure is scarce in numerous countries. Therefore, it is important to also map out the exposure in these countries to enable a thorough global assessment of exposure and risks. Funding: Danish Cooperation for Environment in the Arctic.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Animals ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adolescent ; Greenland ; Industry ; North America ; Denmark ; Africa ; Mammals
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2542-5196
ISSN (online)	2542-5196
DOI	10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00106-7
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Article ; Online: Diet, lifestyle and contaminants in three east Greenland Inuit municipalities.

Long, Manhai / Sonne, Christian / Dietz, Rune / Bossi, Rossana / Jørgensen, Najannguaq / Olsen, Taatsiannguaq Inuuteq / Bonefeld-Jørgensen, Eva Cecilie

Chemosphere

2023 Volume 344, Page(s) 140368

Abstract: Persistent organic pollutants (POP) are environmental contaminants transported over long distances to the Arctic where they biomagnify in marine mammals subsistence hunted by Inuit and may therefore affect human health. Marine mammals in east Greenland ... ...

Abstract	Persistent organic pollutants (POP) are environmental contaminants transported over long distances to the Arctic where they biomagnify in marine mammals subsistence hunted by Inuit and may therefore affect human health. Marine mammals in east Greenland are known to have the highest POP concentrations in the circumpolar Arctic area. Due to high intake of marine mammals, east Greenlandic Inuit likewise have the highest POP body burdens across the Arctic. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the levels of POP and metals in Inuit with a high intake of top predatory species including killer whales and polar bears. Study participants include 37 men and 21 women from Kulusuk, Tasiilaq and Ittoqqortoormiit during year 2013-2015. Lipophilic POP (11 organochlorine-pesticides, 14 polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCB), 10 polybrominated diphenyl ethers), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PFUA) and cotinine were determined in plasma. Fifteen perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) were measured in serum and urine and the renal clearance was estimated. Finally the concentration of 10 metals were measured in whole blood. The median age was 38 years, Ittoqqortoormiit Inuit being the oldest. The smoking rate was around 70%, and Kulusuk participants had the lowest PFUA concentrations. Significant municipality differences were observed for lipophilic POP, serum PFAS, mercury, arsenic and selenium with highest concentrations in Ittoqqortoormiit Inuit. Males had higher blood concentrations of PFAS and lead. The estimated PFAS renal clearance and ratio of urine to serum were significantly higher for females, suggesting a sex difference in excretion via the kidney, maybe partly because men had higher serum PFAS concentrations. We observed that Inuit with intake of >200 g polar bear per week had significantly higher levels of PCB, PFAS, arsenic and selenium. In summary, the level of blood POP and heavy metals seems to relate to sex and the frequency intake of meat from marine mammals.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Arsenic ; Cities ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diet ; Environmental Pollutants/analysis ; Fluorocarbons ; Greenland ; Inuit ; Life Style ; Mammals ; Selenium
Chemical Substances	Arsenic (N712M78A8G) ; Environmental Pollutants ; Fluorocarbons ; Selenium (H6241UJ22B)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	120089-6
ISSN	1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
ISSN (online)	1879-1298
ISSN	0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
DOI	10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140368
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Article ; Online: EU need to protect its environment from toxic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.

Sonne, Christian / Jenssen, Bjørn M / Rinklebe, Jörg / Lam, Su Shiung / Hansen, Martin / Bossi, Rossana / Gustavson, Kim / Dietz, Rune

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 876, Page(s) 162770

Abstract: The Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs) of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Germany and the Netherlands submitted a proposal to the European Chemical Agency (ECHA) in February 2023 calling for a ban in the use of toxic industrial chemicals per- and ... ...

Abstract	The Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs) of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Germany and the Netherlands submitted a proposal to the European Chemical Agency (ECHA) in February 2023 calling for a ban in the use of toxic industrial chemicals per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These chemicals are highly toxic causing elevated cholesterol, immune suppression, reproductive failure, cancer and neuro-endocrine disruption in humans and wildlife being a significant threat to biodiversity and human health. The main reason for the submitted proposal is recent findings of significant flaws in the transition to PFAS replacements that is leading to a widespread pollution. Denmark was the first country banning PFAS, and now other EU countries support the restrictions of these carcinogenic, endocrine disruptive and immunotoxic chemicals. The proposed plan is among the most extensive received by the ECHA for 50 years. Denmark is now the first EU country to initiate the establishment of groundwater parks to try and protect its drinking water. These parks are areas free of agricultural activities and nutritious sewage sludge to secure drinking water free of xenobiotic including PFAS. The PFAS pollution also reflects the lack of comprehensive spatial and temporal environmental monitoring programs in the EU. Such monitoring programs should include key indicator species across ecosystems of livestock, fish and wildlife, to facilitate detection of early ecological warning signals and sustain public health. Simultaneously with inferring a total PFAS ban, the EU should also push for more persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) PFAS substances to be listed on the Stockholm Convention (SC) Annex A such as PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid) that is currently listed on the SCs Annex B. The combination of these regulative restrictions combined with groundwater parks and pan-European biomonitoring programs, would pave the way forward for a cleaner environment to sustain health across the EU.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Ecosystem ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Environmental Pollution/prevention & control ; Environmental Monitoring ; Alkanesulfonic Acids/toxicity ; Alkanesulfonic Acids/analysis ; Fluorocarbons/toxicity ; Fluorocarbons/analysis
Chemical Substances	Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Alkanesulfonic Acids ; Fluorocarbons
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-10
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162770
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Article: Perfluoroalkyl substances in circum-ArcticRangifer: caribou and reindeer

Roos, Anna Maria / Gamberg, Mary / Muir, Derek / Kärrman, Anna / Carlsson, Pernilla / Cuyler, Christine / Lind, Ylva / Bossi, Rossana / Rigét, Frank

Environmental science and pollution research. 2022 Apr., v. 29, no. 16

2022

Abstract: Livers of caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) from Canada (n = 146), Greenland (n = 30), Svalbard (n = 7), and Sweden (n = 60) were analyzed for concentrations of eight perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and four perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids. In ... ...

Abstract	Livers of caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) from Canada (n = 146), Greenland (n = 30), Svalbard (n = 7), and Sweden (n = 60) were analyzed for concentrations of eight perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and four perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids. In Canadian caribou, PFNA (range < 0.01–7.4 ng/g wet weight, ww) and PFUnDA (<0.01–5.6 ng/g ww) dominated, whereas PFOS predominated in samples from South Greenland, Svalbard, and Sweden, although the highest concentrations were found in caribou from Southwest Greenland (up to 28 ng/g ww). We found the highest median concentrations of all PFAS except PFHxS in Akia-Maniitsoq caribou (Southwest Greenland, PFOS 7.2–19 ng/g ww, median 15 ng/g ww). The highest concentrations of ΣPFAS were also found in Akia-Maniitoq caribou (101 ng/g ww) followed by the nearby Kangerlussuaq caribou (45 ng/g ww), where the largest airport in Greenland is situated, along with a former military base. Decreasing trends in concentrations were seen for PFOS in the one Canadian and three Swedish populations. Furthermore, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, and PFTrDA showed decreasing trends in Canada’s Porcupine caribou between 2005 and 2016. In Sweden, PFHxS increased in the reindeer from Norrbotten between 2003 and 2011. The reindeer from Västerbotten had higher concentrations of PFNA and lower concentrations of PFHxS in 2010 compared to 2002. Finally, we observed higher concentrations in 2010 compared to 2002 (albeit statistically insignificant) for PFHxS in Jämtland, while PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, and PFTrDA showed no difference at all.
Keywords	Rangifer tarandus ; airports ; military lands ; perfluorohexane sulfonic acid ; perfluorotridecanoic acid ; pollution ; reindeer ; research ; Canada ; Greenland ; Norway ; Sweden
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-04
Size	p. 23721-23735.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1178791-0
ISSN	1614-7499 ; 0944-1344
ISSN (online)	1614-7499
ISSN	0944-1344
DOI	10.1007/s11356-021-16729-7
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Article: South polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki) as biovectors for long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants to Antarctica

Wild, Seanan / Eulaers, Igor / Covaci, Adrian / Bossi, Rossana / Hawker, Darryl / Cropp, Roger / Southwell, Colin / Emmerson, Louise / Lepoint, Gilles / Eisenmann, Pascale / Nash, Susan Bengtson

Elsevier Ltd Environmental pollution. 2022 Jan. 01, v. 292

2022

Abstract: Migratory bird species may serve as vectors of contaminants to Antarctica through the local deposition of guano, egg abandonment, or mortality. To further investigate this chemical input pathway, we examined the contaminant burdens and profiles of the ... ...

Abstract	Migratory bird species may serve as vectors of contaminants to Antarctica through the local deposition of guano, egg abandonment, or mortality. To further investigate this chemical input pathway, we examined the contaminant burdens and profiles of the migratory South polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki) and compared them to the endemic Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). A range of persistent organic pollutants were targeted in muscle and guano to facilitate differentiation of likely exposure pathways. A total of 56 of 65 targeted analytes were detected in both species, but there were clear profile and magnitude differences between the species. The South polar skua and Adélie penguin muscle tissue burdens were dominated by p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (mean 5600 ng g⁻¹ lw and 330 ng g⁻¹ lw respectively) and hexachlorobenzene (mean 2500 ng g⁻¹ lw and 570 ng g⁻¹ lw respectively), a chemical profile characteristic of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean region. Species profile differences, indicative of exposure at different latitudes, were observed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with lower chlorinated congeners and deca-chlorinated PCB-209 detected in South polar Skua, but not in Adélie penguins. Notably, the more recently used perfluoroalkyl substances and the brominated flame retardants, hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A, were detected in both species. This finding suggests local exposure, given the predicted slow and limited long-range environmental transport capacity of these compounds to the eastern Antarctic sector.
Keywords	Pygoscelis adeliae ; animal manures ; bromination ; chemical species ; eggs ; hexabromocyclododecane ; hexachlorobenzene ; migratory behavior ; migratory birds ; mortality ; muscle tissues ; muscles ; perfluorocarbons ; pollution ; polychlorinated biphenyls ; Antarctic region ; Antarctica
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0101
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	280652-6
ISSN	1873-6424 ; 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
ISSN (online)	1873-6424
ISSN	0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
DOI	10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118358
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: PFAS pollution threatens ecosystems worldwide.

Sonne, Christian / Bank, Michael S / Jenssen, Bjørn M / Cieseielski, Tomasz M / Rinklebe, Jörg / Lam, Su Shiung / Hansen, Martin / Bossi, Rossana / Gustavson, Kim / Dietz, Rune

Science (New York, N.Y.)

2023 Volume 379, Issue 6635, Page(s) 887–888

MeSH term(s)	Ecosystem ; Fluorocarbons/toxicity ; Environmental Pollution
Chemical Substances	Fluorocarbons
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	128410-1
ISSN	1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
ISSN (online)	1095-9203
ISSN	0036-8075
DOI	10.1126/science.adh0934
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