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  1. Article ; Online: Cryopreservation of the collector urchin embryo, Tripneustes gratilla.

    Westbrook, Charley E / Daly, Jonathan / Bowen, Brian W / Hagedorn, Mary

    Cryobiology

    2024  Volume 115, Page(s) 104865

    Abstract: The collector urchin, Tripneustes gratilla, is an ecologically important member of the grazing community of Hawai'i's coral reefs. Beyond its ability to maintain balance between native seaweeds and corals, T. gratilla has also been used as a food source ... ...

    Abstract The collector urchin, Tripneustes gratilla, is an ecologically important member of the grazing community of Hawai'i's coral reefs. Beyond its ability to maintain balance between native seaweeds and corals, T. gratilla has also been used as a food source and a biocontrol agent against alien invasive algae species. Due to overexploitation, habitat degradation, and other stressors, their populations face local extirpation. However, artificial reproductive techniques, such as cryopreservation, could provide more consistent seedstock throughout the year to supplement aquaculture efforts. Although the sperm and larvae of temperate urchins have been successfully cryopreserved, tropical urchins living on coral reefs have not. Here, we investigated the urchin embryos' tolerance to various cryoprotectants and cooling rates to develop a cryopreservation protocol for T. gratilla. We found that using 1 M Me2SO with a cooling rate of 9.7 °C/min on gastrula stage embryos produced the best results with survival rates of up to 85.5% and up to 50.8% maturation to the 4-arm echinopluteus stage, assessed three days after thawing. Continued research could see cryopreservation added to the repertoire of artificial reproductive techniques for T. gratilla, thereby assisting in the preservation of this ecologically important urchin, all while augmenting aquaculture efforts that contribute to coral reef restoration.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-16
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 80098-3
    ISSN 1090-2392 ; 0011-2240
    ISSN (online) 1090-2392
    ISSN 0011-2240
    DOI 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104865
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  2. Article ; Online: Plumbing the depths with environmental DNA (eDNA): Metabarcoding reveals biodiversity zonation at 45-60 m on mesophotic coral reefs.

    Hoban, Mykle L / Bunce, Michael / Bowen, Brian W

    Molecular ecology

    2023  Volume 32, Issue 20, Page(s) 5590–5608

    Abstract: Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) are tropical reefs found at depths of ~30-150 m, below the region most heavily impacted by heat stress and other disturbances. Hence, MCEs may serve as potential refugia for threatened shallow reefs, but they also ... ...

    Abstract Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) are tropical reefs found at depths of ~30-150 m, below the region most heavily impacted by heat stress and other disturbances. Hence, MCEs may serve as potential refugia for threatened shallow reefs, but they also harbour depth-endemic fauna distinct from shallow reefs. Previous studies have characterized biodiversity patterns along depth gradients, but focussed primarily on conspicuous taxa (fishes, corals, etc.). Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding offers a more holistic approach to assess biodiversity patterns across the tree of life. Here, we use three metabarcoding assays targeting fishes (16S rRNA), eukaryotes (18S rDNA) and metazoans (COI) to assess biodiversity change from the surface to ~90 m depth across 15-m intervals at three sites within the Hawaiian Archipelago. We observed significant community differences between most depth zones, with distinct zonation centred at 45-60 m for eukaryotes and metazoans, but not for fishes. This finding may be attributable to the higher mobility of reef fishes, although methodological limitations are likely a contributing factor. The possibility for MCEs to serve as refugia is not excluded for fishes, but invertebrate communities >45 m are distinct, indicating limited connectivity for the majority of reef fauna. This study provides a new approach for surveying biodiversity on MCEs, revealing patterns in a much broader context than the limited-taxon studies that comprise the bulk of our present knowledge.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; DNA, Environmental/genetics ; Sanitary Engineering ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Biodiversity ; Anthozoa/genetics ; Fishes/genetics
    Chemical Substances DNA, Environmental ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1126687-9
    ISSN 1365-294X ; 0962-1083
    ISSN (online) 1365-294X
    ISSN 0962-1083
    DOI 10.1111/mec.17140
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  3. Article ; Online: Phylogeography of sharks and rays: a global review based on life history traits and biogeographic partitions.

    Kottillil, Sudha / Rao, Chetan / Bowen, Brian W / Shanker, Kartik

    PeerJ

    2023  Volume 11, Page(s) e15396

    Abstract: Considerable research exists on the life history traits, evolutionary history, and environmental factors that shape the population genetic structure of marine organisms, including sharks and rays. Conservation concerns are particularly strong for this ... ...

    Abstract Considerable research exists on the life history traits, evolutionary history, and environmental factors that shape the population genetic structure of marine organisms, including sharks and rays. Conservation concerns are particularly strong for this group as they are highly susceptible to anthropogenic stressors due to a combination of life history traits including late maturity and low fecundity. Here, we provide a review and synthesis of the global phylogeography of sharks and rays. We examined existing data for 40 species of sharks belonging to 17 genera and 19 species of rays belonging to 11 genera. Median joining haplotype networks were constructed for each species for the mtDNA cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI), and an Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) was conducted to understand patterns of genetic diversity and structure across the three major ocean basins-the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Haplotype networks showed very shallow coalescence in most species, a finding previously reported for marine teleosts. Star topologies were predominant among sharks while complex mutational topologies predominated among rays, a finding we attribute to extremely limited dispersal in the early life history of rays. Population structuring varied amongst species groups, apparently due to differences in life history traits including reproductive philopatry, site fidelity, pelagic habitat, migratory habits, and dispersal ability. In comparison to reef-associated and demersal species, pelagic and semi pelagic species showed lower levels of structure between and within ocean basins. As expected, there is variation between taxa and groups, but there are also some broad patterns that can guide management and conservation strategies.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Life History Traits ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Sharks/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2703241-3
    ISSN 2167-8359 ; 2167-8359
    ISSN (online) 2167-8359
    ISSN 2167-8359
    DOI 10.7717/peerj.15396
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  4. Article ; Online: Little Sharks in a Big World: Mitochondrial DNA Reveals Small-scale Population Structure in the California Horn Shark (Heterodontus francisci).

    Canfield, Sean J / Galván-Magaña, Felipe / Bowen, Brian W

    The Journal of heredity

    2022  Volume 113, Issue 3, Page(s) 298–310

    Abstract: The California horn shark (Heterodontus francisci) is a small demersal species distributed from southern California and the Channel Islands to Baja California and the Gulf of California. These nocturnal reef predators maintain small home-ranges as adults ...

    Abstract The California horn shark (Heterodontus francisci) is a small demersal species distributed from southern California and the Channel Islands to Baja California and the Gulf of California. These nocturnal reef predators maintain small home-ranges as adults and lay auger-shaped egg cases that become wedged into the substrate. While population trends are not well documented, this species is subject to fishing pressure through portions of its range and has been identified as vulnerable to overexploitation. Here, we present a survey of 318 specimens from across the range, using mtDNA control region sequences to provide the first genetic assessment of H. francisci. Overall population structure (ΦST = 0.266, P < 0.001) is consistent with limited dispersal as indicated by life history, with two distinct features. Population structure along the continuous coastline is low, with no discernable breaks from Santa Barbara, CA to Bahia Tortugas (Baja California Sur, Mexico); however, there is a notable partition at Punta Eugenia (BCS), a well-known biogeographic break between tropical and subtropical marine faunas. In contrast, population structure is much higher (max ΦST = 0.601, P < 0.05) between the coast and adjacent Channel Islands, a minimum distance of 19 km, indicating that horn sharks rarely disperse across deep habitat and open water. Population structure in most elasmobranchs is measured on a scale of hundreds to thousands of kilometers, but the California Horn Shark has population partitions on an unprecedented small scale, indicating a need for localized management strategies which ensure adequate protection of distinct stocks.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; California ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Mexico ; Sharks/genetics
    Chemical Substances DNA, Mitochondrial
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 3044-2
    ISSN 1465-7333 ; 0022-1503
    ISSN (online) 1465-7333
    ISSN 0022-1503
    DOI 10.1093/jhered/esac008
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  5. Article ; Online: The Three Domains of Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Hawaiian Waters.

    Bowen, Brian W

    The Journal of heredity

    2016  Volume 107, Issue 4, Page(s) 309–317

    Abstract: The scientific field of conservation biology is dominated by 3 specialties: phylogenetics, ecology, and evolution. Under this triad, phylogenetics is oriented towards the past history of biodiversity, conserving the divergent branches in the tree of life. ...

    Abstract The scientific field of conservation biology is dominated by 3 specialties: phylogenetics, ecology, and evolution. Under this triad, phylogenetics is oriented towards the past history of biodiversity, conserving the divergent branches in the tree of life. The ecological component is rooted in the present, maintaining the contemporary life support systems for biodiversity. Evolutionary conservation (as defined here) is concerned with preserving the raw materials for generating future biodiversity. All 3 domains can be documented with genetic case histories in the waters of the Hawaiian Archipelago, an isolated chain of volcanic islands with 2 types of biodiversity: colonists, and new species that arose from colonists. This review demonstrates that 1) phylogenetic studies have identified previously unknown branches in the tree of life that are endemic to Hawaiian waters; 2) population genetic surveys define isolated marine ecosystems as management units, and 3) phylogeographic analyses illustrate the pathways of colonization that can enhance future biodiversity. Conventional molecular markers have advanced all 3 domains in conservation biology over the last 3 decades, and recent advances in genomics are especially valuable for understanding the foundations of future evolutionary diversity.
    MeSH term(s) Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Genetics, Population ; Hawaii ; Phylogeny
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-03-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 3044-2
    ISSN 1465-7333 ; 0022-1503
    ISSN (online) 1465-7333
    ISSN 0022-1503
    DOI 10.1093/jhered/esw018
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  6. Article ; Online: Genomic assessment of larval odyssey: self-recruitment and biased settlement in the Hawaiian surgeonfish Acanthurus triostegus sandvicensis.

    Coleman, Richard R / Kraft, Derek W / Hoban, Mykle L / Toonen, Robert J / Bowen, Brian W

    Journal of fish biology

    2023  Volume 102, Issue 3, Page(s) 581–595

    Abstract: The gap between spawning and settlement location of marine fishes, where the larvae occupy an oceanic phase, is a great mystery in both natural history and conservation. Recent genomic approaches provide some resolution, especially in linking parent to ... ...

    Abstract The gap between spawning and settlement location of marine fishes, where the larvae occupy an oceanic phase, is a great mystery in both natural history and conservation. Recent genomic approaches provide some resolution, especially in linking parent to offspring with assays of nucleotide polymorphisms. Here, the authors applied this method to the endemic Hawaiian convict tang (Acanthurus triostegus sandvicensis), a surgeonfish with a long pelagic larval stage of c. 54-77 days. They collected 606 adults and 607 juveniles from 23 locations around the island of O'ahu, Hawai'i. Based on 399 single nucleotide polymorphisms, the authors assigned 68 of these juveniles back to a parent (11.2% assignment rate). Each side of the island showed significant population differentiation, with higher levels in the west and north. The west and north sides of the island also had little evidence of recruitment, which may be due to westerly currents in the region or an artefact of uneven sampling. In contrast, the majority of juveniles (94%) sampled along the eastern shore originated on that side of the island, primarily within semi-enclosed Kāne'ohe Bay. Nearly half of the juveniles assigned to parents were found in the southern part of Kāne'ohe Bay, with local settlement likely facilitated by extended water residence time. Several instances of self-recruitment, when juveniles return to their natal location, were observed along the eastern and southern shores. Cumulatively, these findings indicate that most dispersal is between adjacent regions on the eastern and southern shores. Regional management efforts for Acanthurus triostegus and possibly other reef fishes will be effective only with collaboration among adjacent coastal communities, consistent with the traditional moku system of native Hawaiian resource management.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Larva/genetics ; Hawaii ; Perciformes/genetics ; Fishes ; Genomics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 410564-3
    ISSN 1095-8649 ; 0022-1112
    ISSN (online) 1095-8649
    ISSN 0022-1112
    DOI 10.1111/jfb.15294
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  7. Article ; Online: Genomic assessment of larval odyssey: self‐recruitment and biased settlement in the Hawaiian surgeonfish Acanthurus triostegus sandvicensis

    Coleman, Richard R. / Kraft, Derek W. / Hoban, Mykle L. / Toonen, Robert J. / Bowen, Brian W.

    Journal of Fish Biology. 2023 Mar., v. 102, no. 3 p.581-595

    2023  

    Abstract: The gap between spawning and settlement location of marine fishes, where the larvae occupy an oceanic phase, is a great mystery in both natural history and conservation. Recent genomic approaches provide some resolution, especially in linking parent to ... ...

    Abstract The gap between spawning and settlement location of marine fishes, where the larvae occupy an oceanic phase, is a great mystery in both natural history and conservation. Recent genomic approaches provide some resolution, especially in linking parent to offspring with assays of nucleotide polymorphisms. Here, the authors applied this method to the endemic Hawaiian convict tang (Acanthurus triostegus sandvicensis), a surgeonfish with a long pelagic larval stage of c. 54–77 days. They collected 606 adults and 607 juveniles from 23 locations around the island of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi. Based on 399 single nucleotide polymorphisms, the authors assigned 68 of these juveniles back to a parent (11.2% assignment rate). Each side of the island showed significant population differentiation, with higher levels in the west and north. The west and north sides of the island also had little evidence of recruitment, which may be due to westerly currents in the region or an artefact of uneven sampling. In contrast, the majority of juveniles (94%) sampled along the eastern shore originated on that side of the island, primarily within semi‐enclosed Kāneʻohe Bay. Nearly half of the juveniles assigned to parents were found in the southern part of Kāneʻohe Bay, with local settlement likely facilitated by extended water residence time. Several instances of self‐recruitment, when juveniles return to their natal location, were observed along the eastern and southern shores. Cumulatively, these findings indicate that most dispersal is between adjacent regions on the eastern and southern shores. Regional management efforts for Acanthurus triostegus and possibly other reef fishes will be effective only with collaboration among adjacent coastal communities, consistent with the traditional moku system of native Hawaiian resource management.
    Keywords Acanthurus ; fish ; genomics ; larvae ; natural history ; progeny ; resource management
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-03
    Size p. 581-595.
    Publishing place Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 410564-3
    ISSN 1095-8649 ; 0022-1112
    ISSN (online) 1095-8649
    ISSN 0022-1112
    DOI 10.1111/jfb.15294
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  8. Article: Dominance of endemics in the reef fish assemblages of the Hawaiian Archipelago

    Friedlander, Alan M / Donovan, Mary K / DeMartini, Edward E / Bowen, Brian W

    Journal of biogeography. 2020 Dec., v. 47, no. 12

    2020  

    Abstract: AIM: Species ranges provide a valuable foundation for resolving biogeographical regions, evolutionary processes and extinction risks. To inform conservation priorities, here we develop the first bioregionalization based on reef fish abundance of the ... ...

    Abstract AIM: Species ranges provide a valuable foundation for resolving biogeographical regions, evolutionary processes and extinction risks. To inform conservation priorities, here we develop the first bioregionalization based on reef fish abundance of the Hawaiian Archipelago, which spans nearly 10° of latitude across 2,400 km, including 8 high volcanic islands in the populated main Hawaiian Islands (MHI), and 10 low islands (atolls, shoals and islets) in the remote northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). LOCATION: The Hawaiian Archipelago. TAXON: Fishes (276 taxa). METHODS: We compiled 5,316 visual fish surveys at depths of 1–30 m from throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago. Geographical range (km²) for each species was measured as extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occurrence (AOO). PERMANOVA and PCO were used to investigate drivers of fish assemblage structure. Distance‐based multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between fish assemblage structure and predictor variables including latitude, reef area, temperature, chlorophyll‐a, wave energy and human population density. RESULTS: Distinct fish assemblages exist in the MHI and NWHI, with two additional faunal breaks driven primarily by endemic species abundance. Latitude explained 37% of the variability in fish assemblages, with reef area accounting for an additional 9%. EOO showed a significant correlation with latitude. Endemics comprised 52%–55% of the numerical abundance at the northern end of the archipelago but only 17% on Hawai‘i Island in the extreme south. Maximum size and activity regime (day vs. night) explained the most variation in the abundance of endemics. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The Hawaiian fish assemblages are strongly influenced by endemic species, affirming the archipelago as a biodiversity hotspot of high conservation value. The higher abundance of endemics in the NWHI may represent preadaptation to oceanic (oligotrophic) conditions. Resolution of distinct bioregions across the archipelago provides a better understanding of reef fish macroecology, with implications for management at the archipelago scale.
    Keywords biogeography ; chlorophyll ; extinction ; fauna ; fish ; geographical distribution ; human population ; indigenous species ; latitude ; population density ; species abundance ; temperature ; water power
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-12
    Size p. 2584-2596.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 188963-1
    ISSN 0305-0270
    ISSN 0305-0270
    DOI 10.1111/jbi.13966
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  9. Article ; Online: (with research data) Flickers of speciation: Sympatric colour morphs of the arc-eye hawkfish, Paracirrhites arcatus, reveal key elements of divergence with gene flow.

    Whitney, Jonathan L / Bowen, Brian W / Karl, Stephen A

    Molecular ecology

    2018  Volume 27, Issue 6, Page(s) 1479–1493

    Abstract: One of the primary challenges of evolutionary research is to identify ecological factors that favour reproductive isolation. Therefore, studying partially isolated taxa has the potential to provide novel insight into the mechanisms of evolutionary ... ...

    Abstract One of the primary challenges of evolutionary research is to identify ecological factors that favour reproductive isolation. Therefore, studying partially isolated taxa has the potential to provide novel insight into the mechanisms of evolutionary divergence. Our study utilizes an adaptive colour polymorphism in the arc-eye hawkfish (Paracirrhites arcatus) to explore the evolution of reproductive barriers in the absence of geographic isolation. Dark and light morphs are ecologically partitioned into basaltic and coral microhabitats a few metres apart. To test whether ecological barriers have reduced gene flow among dark and light phenotypes, we evaluated genetic variation at 30 microsatellite loci and a nuclear exon (Mc1r) associated with melanistic coloration. We report low, but significant microsatellite differentiation among colour morphs and stronger divergence in the coding region of Mc1r indicating signatures of selection. Critically, we observed greater genetic divergence between colour morphs on the same reefs than that between the same morphs in different geographic locations. We hypothesize that adaptation to the contrasting microhabitats is overriding gene flow and is responsible for the partial reproductive isolation observed between sympatric colour morphs. Combined with complementary studies of hawkfish ecology and behaviour, these genetic results indicate an ecological barrier to gene flow initiated by habitat selection and enhanced by assortative mating. Hence, the arc-eye hawkfish fulfil theoretical expectations for the earliest phase of speciation with gene flow.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/genetics ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genetics, Population ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Pigmentation/genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; Sympatry/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-03-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1126687-9
    ISSN 1365-294X ; 0962-1083
    ISSN (online) 1365-294X
    ISSN 0962-1083
    DOI 10.1111/mec.14527
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  10. Article: Phylogeography of Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems: Squirrelfish and Soldierfish (Holocentriformes: Holocentridae)

    Copus, Joshua M. / Walsh, Cameron A. J. / Hoban, Mykle L. / Lee, Anne M. / Pyle, Richard L. / Kosaki, Randall K. / Toonen, Robert J. / Bowen, Brian W.

    Diversity. 2022 Aug. 21, v. 14, no. 8

    2022  

    Abstract: Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs: ~30 to 100+ m depth) may be older and more stable than shallow coral ecosystems that are more prone to disturbances in both the long term (glacial sea level cycles) and short term (heavy weather and anthropogenic ... ...

    Abstract Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs: ~30 to 100+ m depth) may be older and more stable than shallow coral ecosystems that are more prone to disturbances in both the long term (glacial sea level cycles) and short term (heavy weather and anthropogenic activities). Here, we assess the phylogeography of two MCE fishes, the soldierfish Myripristis chryseres (N = 85) and the squirrelfish Neoniphon aurolineatus (N = 74), with mtDNA cytochrome oxidase C subunit I. Our goal is to resolve population genetic diversity across the Central and West Pacific and compare these patterns to three shallow-reef species in the same taxonomic family (Holocentridae). Significant population structure (ΦST = 0.148, p = 0.01) was observed in N. aurolineatus, while no structure was detected in M. chryseres (ΦST = −0.031, p = 0.83), a finding that matches the shallow-water congener M. berndti (ΦST = −0.007, p = 0.63) across the same range. Nucleotide diversity in the MCE fishes was low (π = 0.0024–0.0028) compared to shallow counterparts (π = 0.003–0.006). Coalescence times calculated for M. chryseres (~272,000 years) and N. aurolineatus (~284,000 years) are more recent or comparable to the shallow-water holocentrids (~220,000–916,000 years). We conclude that the shallow genetic coalescence characteristic of shallow-water marine fishes cannot be attributed to frequent disturbance. We see no evidence from holocentrid species that MCEs are older or more stable habitats.
    Keywords Holocentriformes ; Myripristis ; Neoniphon ; corals ; cytochrome-c oxidase ; genetic variation ; phylogeography ; population genetics ; population structure ; sea level ; weather
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0821
    Publishing place Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2518137-3
    ISSN 1424-2818
    ISSN 1424-2818
    DOI 10.3390/d14080691
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